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Introduction: Lead, a heavy metal, has been proven to influence the ecosystem negatively. The use of lead in processing or as raw materials increases Pb exposure to humans from various sources, including waste or consumed products. This study aims to determine the most recent information regarding lead contamination sourced from the environment, at-risk populations, and the health impacts of this heavy metal contamination. Results and Discussion: This systematic review used a database sourced from Google Scholar. The keywords searched were "lead exposure, environment, or health" in articles published in 2020-2023. After article screening and exclusion, 26 research articles were eventually reviewed. Lead was detected in water, air, and soil, generally in various foods or products consumed by humans. Environmental factors were the most frequent source of contamination. The population at risk of lead exposure were children. Several studies have found that various health impacts were significantly associated with lead exposure from different environmental sources and lead concentrations in biomarkers. Conclusion: Pb contamination was increasingly widespread in the environment through various sources. Exposure to lead may cause diverse health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) is universal access to clean water and basic sanitation by 2030. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) support SDG targets such as eliminating poverty and improving health and education. Methods: The sample of this study amounted to 30 schools consisting of 10 elementary schools, 10 junior high schools, and 10 senior high schools. Sampling was based on stakeholder decisions on several issues related to washing. Results: This study was conducted by directly observing schools regarding the amount of drinking water, number of toilets, bathrooms, handwashing facilities alone, and handwashing facilities with water and soap. The results showed that elementary and junior high schools have insufficient toilet facilities and low handwashing facilities with water and soap. The average number of handwashing facilities with water and soap in schools in Bekasi City, Indonesia, was 1 for elementary schools, followed by junior high schools and high schools for 4-5 points. Conclusion: As soap is still unavailable in many Bekasi City schools, and there are inadequate handwashing facilities, it is recommended that handwashing facilities must be available with soap and water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usage of mercury in Artisanal and Small Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) is quite troublesome because, within the process, ASGM produces mercury within its waste to the environment that might become pollution. Exposure of mercury to the body in long period could threaten the body's health such as kidney as excretion organ that exerts toxic materials from the body. Glomerulus filtration rate (GFR) is one parameter to evaluate the work of the kidney and the stadium of the kidney disease. This research aimed to understand the relation between mercury level in hair and GFR and used cross-sectional design with measured variables including mercury level in hair, respondent characteristic, and GFR. The respondents included 58 people. The output showed that 51.7% of respondents had mercury level above the guideline (> 2 ppm) in their hair and 43.1% of respondents had experienced a decrease in GFR (abnormality in kidney function). The decrease in GFR was caused by age and mercury level in hair. This decrease can be prevented by consuming more water, reducing medicine consumption, and conducting promotion about health service and the impact of mercury on public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]