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Item does not contain fulltext, Inoculation theory was introduced 60 years ago, after McGuire and Papageorgis (1961) published their first study on how resistance to persuasion can be induced. They demonstrated that people who are pre-exposed to weakened arguments against an attitude or position they currently hold (i.e., inoculated) are less affected by a subsequent strong counter-attitudinal message than people who are pre-exposed to arguments consistent with their attitude (i.e., supportive defense treatment) or to no arguments. Although these results significantly impacted both science and practice on a general level, rigid tests of the key theoretical propositions are lacking. We conducted a highly powered replication study (N = 679) and found that an inoculation treatment is more effective in increasing resistance toward persuasion compared to a supportive defense treatment and a no-treatment control condition. Our results were mostly consistent with McGuire and Papageorgis’s original work., 13 september 2023, 10 p.

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Item does not contain fulltext, Background: Disinformation has become an increasing societal concern, especially due to the speed that news is shared in the digital era. In particular, disinformation in the health care sector can lead to serious casualties, as the current COVID-19 crisis clearly shows. Objective: The main aim of this study was to experimentally examine the effects of information about the source and a protective warning message on users’ critical evaluation of news items, as well as the perception of accuracy of the news item. Methods: A 3 (unreliable vs reliable vs no identified source) × 2 (with protective message vs without) between-subject design was conducted among 307 participants (mean age 29 (SD 10.9] years). Results: The results showed a significant effect of source information on critical evaluation. In addition, including a protective message did not significantly affect critical evaluation. The results showed no interaction between type of source and protective message on critical evaluation. Conclusions: Based on these results, it is questionable whether including protective messages to improve critical evaluation is a way to move forward and improve critical evaluation of health-related news items, although effective methodologies to tackle the spread of disinformation are highly needed. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05030883; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05030883

In this thesis I evaluate the role of the body, visuality and visibility in constituting identities by analysing The Dante Hotel and The Novalis Hotel, two art installations made by Lynn Hershman Leeson. The differences between the art installations characterize the shift from materiality and surveillance to digitality and dataveillance. Surveillance tactics rely on visibility and read the surveyed objects' bodies through their outward performed bodily inscriptions. In contemporary society, dataveillance processes have emerged. These mechanisms do not rely on visible bodies anymore but have the power to deduce identities from metadata. I investigate how this shift is emphasized in the art installations in which material and digital artefacts are deliberately arranged by Hershman Leeson in order to represent the identities of the former inhabitants. By anticipating processes of signification with regards to the inanimate objects, Hershman Leeson implies identities for the audience to infer. By departing from a poststructuralist methodological framework and using semiotics as research method, I deconstruct the socially constructed and naturalised relation between signs and its connotations upon which both surveillance and dataveillance mechanisms rely in order to construct their objects' identities. By using the concept of performativity, a concept specifically helpful in understanding how identity is founded on socially constructed conventions, and the concept of the simulacrum or hyperreal, a concept that is useful for understanding how socially constructed conventions are perpetuated, I show how contemporary dataveillance mechanisms reinforce the arbitrary relation between signs and meanings and create false notions of 'realities' and agency.

IMPORTANCE Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases mediate resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (eg, ceftriaxone) in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Significant infections caused by these strains are usually treated with carbapenems, potentially selecting for carbapenem resistance. Piperacillin-tazobactam may be an effective "carbapenem-sparing" option to treat extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers. OBJECTIVES To determine whether definitive therapy with piperacillin-tazobactam is noninferior to meropenem (a carbapenem) in patients with bloodstream infection caused by ceftriaxone-nonsusceptible E coli or K pneumoniae. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Noninferiority, parallel group, randomized clinical trial included hospitalized patients enrolled from 26 sites in 9 countries from February 2014 to July 2017. Adult patients were eligible if they had at least 1 positive blood culture with E coli or Klebsiella spp testing nonsusceptible to ceftriaxone but susceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam. Of 1646 patients screened, 391 were included in the study. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to intravenous piperacillin-tazobactam, 4.5 g, every 6 hours (n = 188 participants) or meropenem, 1 g, every 8 hours (n = 191 participants) for a minimum of 4 days, up to a maximum of 14 days, with the total duration determined by the treating clinician. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at 30 days after randomization. A noninferiority margin of 5% was used. RESULTS Among 379 patients (mean age, 66.5 years; 47.8% women) who were randomized appropriately, received at least 1 dose of study drug, and were included in the primary analysis population, 378 (99.7%) completed the trial and were assessed for the primary outcome. A total of 23 of 187 patients (12.3%) randomized to piperacillin-tazobactam met the primary outcome of mortality at 30 days compared with 7 of 191 (3.7%) randomized to meropenem (risk difference, 8.6

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Een oude vraag in de meta-ethiek is de vraag of ethische eigenschappen zich in de werkelijkheid bevinden, of een projectie zijn van onze geest op die werkelijkheid. John McDowell stelt een alternatief voor, volgens hem leren we in onze opvoeding om ethische eigenschappen waar te nemen in de werkelijkheid. Dit is een onderdeel van een fatsoenlijke opvoeding, waarbij we conceptuele vermogens aanleren, dit duidt hij aan met de term Bildung. In deze scriptie heb ik onderzocht wat een fatsoenlijke Bildung kan inhouden en wat een goede kritische dimensie kan zijn van waaruit we onze eigen ethische kijk op de werkelijkheid kunnen beoordelen.

The aim of the study was to investigate the use of hyperglycaemic clamp tests to identify individuals who will develop diabetes among insulinoma-associated protein-2 antibody (IA-2A)-positive first-degree relatives (IA-2A(+) FDRs) of type 1 diabetic patients. Hyperglycaemic clamps were performed in 17 non-diabetic IA-2A(+) FDRs aged 14 to 33 years and in 21 matched healthy volunteers (HVs). Insulin and C-peptide responses were measured during the first (5-10 min) and second (120-150 min) release phase, and after glucagon injection (150-160 min). Clamp-induced C-peptide release was compared with C-peptide release during OGTT. Seven (41%) FDRs developed diabetes 3-63 months after their initial clamp test. In all phases they had lower C-peptide responses than non-progressors (p < 0.05) and HVs (p < 0.002). All five FDRs with low first-phase release also had low second-phase release and developed diabetes 3-21 months later. Two of seven FDRs with normal first-phase but low second-phase release developed diabetes after 34 and 63 months, respectively. None of the five FDRs with normal C-peptide responses in all test phases has developed diabetes so far (follow-up 56 to 99 months). OGTT-induced C-peptide release also tended to be lower in progressors than in non-progressors or HVs, but there was less overlap in results between progressors and the other groups using the clamp. Clamp-derived functional variables stratify risk of diabetes in IA-2A(+) FDRs and may more consistently identify progressors than OGTT-derived variables. A low first-phase C-peptide response specifically predicts impending diabetes while a low second-phase response may reflect an earlier disease stage. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00654121 The insulin trial was financially supported by Novo Nordisk Pharma nv.

Density delay theory, which predicts that higher levels of competition at founding will lead organizations to have persistently higher failure rates throughout their existence, has traditionally been among the least contested theories in organizational ecology. A growing number of empirical studies, however, have failed to support the theory's predictions, suggesting that density delay in its current form apparently does not apply to all populations in all conditions. Rather than discarding the theory altogether, we apply insights from the burgeoning literature on pre-entry ecologies to make sense of this empirical anomaly and use logical formalization to synthesize arguments of both theory fragments in a single, logically sound framework. Our results suggest that the nature of the density delay effect depends to a large extent on the chosen observation window, and, possibly, a confounding with the number of organizers concurrently present in the pre-entry stages. In addition, we derive a number of testable hypotheses that should strengthen research on both density delay and pre-entry ecologies.

Het onderzoek waarvan in dit rapport verslag is gedaan, had als doel 'het bepalen voor welke afmetingen van een natte strook van een natuurvriendelijke oever een 1- of 2-dimensionale stromingsberekening moet worden gemaakt'. Bij het aanleggen van een natuurvriendelijke oever met vooroeverconstructie worden berekeningen gemaakt om de wateruitwisseling van het kanaal met de natte strook te voorspellen. Momenteel worden deze berekeningen gemaakt met een speciaal, door de Dienst Weg- en Waterbouwkunde (DWW) ontwikkeld, programma PLONS. PLONS staat voor: Positionering en Lengteverdeling van de Openingen in de Natte Strook-verdediging. PLONS is gebaseerd op de 1-dimensionale lange golf vergelijkingen. PLONS is ontwikkeld voor de berekening van de waterbeweging in een natte strook. De toepassingsmogelijkheden zijn beperkt tot smalle stroken. Momenteel zijn natte stroken in de praktijk kort en smal, de golfbeweging kan in deze situatie als 1-dimensionaal geschematiseerd worden. Op grond van metingen mag aangenomen worden dat PLONS hiervoor voldoet. Echter de huidige ontwikkelingen leiden tot bredere stroken waardoor de verhouding lengte/breedte van de natte stroken kleiner wordt. Hier kan niet a priori aangenomen worden dat de golfbeweging een 1-dimensionale beweging is. Daarom is middels dit onderzoek nagegaan in hoeverre PLONS voor dergelijke stroken voldoet. Hiervoor is een vergelijking gemaakt tussen PLONS en een 2-dimensionaal programma, WAQUA. WAQUA is gebaseerd op de lange golf vergelijkingen in twee richtingen en geïntegreerd over de diepte. Om WAQUA te testen zijn bestaande natte stroken geschematiseerd in WAQUA. De berekeningen van WAQUA voor de waterstanden en de stroomsnelheden in de natte strook zijn vergeleken met metingen in het Noordhollands kanaal en Kanaal Wessem-Nederweert. Uit deze vergelijkingen blijkt dat voor vooroeverconstructies in de vorm van een damwand, een dichte dam met buizen of een doorlatende dam de berekeningsresultaten nagenoeg gelijk zijn, Hydraulic Engineering, Civil Engineering and Geosciences