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6. Recent Advances in Extraction, Analysis, Value Addition, and Applications of Essential Oils

Author

Singh, Munmun Kumar, Singh, Swati, Mishra, Suyashi, Shankar, Uma, Maurya, Aransha, Verma, Ram Swaroop, Amer, Mourad, Series Editor, Pollice, Fabio, Editorial Board Member, Darko, Amos, Editorial Board Member, Ujang, Muhamad Uznir, Editorial Board Member, Rodrigo-Comino, Jesús, Editorial Board Member, El Kaftangui, Mohamed, Editorial Board Member, Battisti, Alessandra, Editorial Board Member, Albatayneh, Aiman, Editorial Board Member, Turan, Veysel, Editorial Board Member, Doronzo, Domenico M., Editorial Board Member, Morsy, Alaa M., Editorial Board Member, Yehia, Moustafa, Editorial Board Member, Di Stefano, Elisabetta, Editorial Board Member, Salih, Gasim Hayder Ahmed, Editorial Board Member, Michel, Mina, Editorial Board Member, Vishwakarma, Vinita, Editorial Board Member, Mortada, Ashraf, Editorial Board Member, Mehmet, Alkan, Editorial Board Member, Jat, Mahesh Kumar, Editorial Board Member, Gallo, Paola, Editorial Board Member, AREF, M. M. El, Editorial Board Member, Hamimi, Zakaria, Editorial Board Member, Elewa, Ahmed Kalid, Editorial Board Member, Trapani, Ferdinando, Editorial Board Member, Alberti, Francesco, Editorial Board Member, Maarouf, Ibrahim, Editorial Board Member, Soliman, Akram M., Editorial Board Member, Kumar, Lakhan, editor, Bharadvaja, Navneeta, editor, Singh, Ram, editor, and Anand, Raksha, editor

Published
2024
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17. Bridging fungal resistance and plant growth through constitutive overexpression ofThchit42gene inPelargonium graveolens

Author

Khatoon, Kahkashan, primary, Warsi, Zafar Iqbal, additional, Singh, Akanksha, additional, Singh, Kajal, additional, Khan, Feroz, additional, Singh, Palak, additional, Shukla, Rakesh Kumar, additional, Verma, Ram Swaroop, additional, Singh, Munmun K., additional, Verma, Sanjeet K., additional, Husain, Zakir, additional, Parween, Gazala, additional, Singh, Pooja, additional, Afroz, Shama, additional, and Rahman, Laiq Ur, additional

Published
2024
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23. Chemical investigation, quality assessment, and antimicrobial activity of davana (Artemisia pallens Wall. ex DC) essential oil collected from different locations in India

Author

Singh, Swati, primary, Kurmi, Alka, additional, Gowda, M. R. Swamy, additional, Singh, Munmun Kumar, additional, Hiremath, Channayya, additional, Sundaresan, Velusamy, additional, Tandon, Sudeep, additional, Padalia, Rajendra Chandra, additional, Verma, Rajesh Kumar, additional, Saikia, Dharmendra, additional, and Verma, Ram Swaroop, additional

Published
2022
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24. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the leaf essential oil of Ravenia spectabilis Engl. (Rutaceae)

Author

Singh, Swati, Kurmi, Alka, Singh, Munmun Kumar, Kashyap, Praveen Kumar, Tandon, Sudeep, Chauhan, Amit, Padalia, Rajendra Chandra, Saikia, Dharmendra, and Verma, Ram Swaroop

Abstract

Ravenia spectabilis Engl. belongs to the family Rutaceae is known to possess several biologically active phytomolecules. This study was planned to investigate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the leaf essential oil of R. spectabilis. The hydrodistillation of fresh leaves of R. spectabilis gave 0.19 ± 0.02% essential oil. The resulting essential oil was analysed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Altogether, thirty-one constituents forming 97.6 ± 1.72% of the total oil composition were identified. Major components of the oil were sabinene (60.8 ± 0.36%), α-pinene (5.4 ± 0.30%), myrcene (4.8 ± 0.25%), δ-3-carene (4.7 ± 0.62%) and β-pinene (4.3 ± 0.17%). The in-vitro antimicrobial potential of the oil was examined against eight human pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. The essential oil showed significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans, and Candida kefyr. This is the first report on R. spectabilis leaf essential oil composition and its antimicrobial activity. The essential oil could be a promising natural source of sabinene and antimicrobial for developing new phytotherapeutics.

Published
2022
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25. Contributors

Author

Abbas, Ali, primary, Abdulazeez, Mansurah A., additional, Abdullahi, Abdulmalik S., additional, Abusamra, Yousef, additional, Adegoke, Gabriel Olaniran, additional, Adelakun, Oluyemisi Elizabeth, additional, Adjou, Euloge S., additional, Afolabi, M.O., additional, Ahmad, Naveed, additional, Ahmed, Nafees, additional, Al Awwad, Nasir, additional, Al-Harrasi, Ahmed, additional, Alkharfy, Khalid M., additional, Allameh, Abdolamir, additional, Almeida, Jackson Roberto Guedes da Silva, additional, Al-Sokari, Saeed S., additional, Altindal, Demet, additional, Altindal, Nüket, additional, Ameh, Sunday J., additional, Amerah, Ahmed M., additional, Ansari, Shabana Y., additional, Anwar, Farooq, additional, Anwar, Sirajudheen, additional, Ali, Nor Azah Mohamad, additional, Avila-Sosa, Raúl, additional, Ayala-Zavala, J.F., additional, Ayinde, Buniyamin A., additional, Baliga, Manjeshwar Shrinath, additional, Bandoni, Arnaldo L., additional, Barrajón-Catalán, Enrique, additional, Basti, Afshin Akhondzadeh, additional, Bekhit, Alaa El-Din Ahmed, additional, Bhat, Harshith P., additional, Bhattacharya, Sanjib, additional, Boloor, Rekha, additional, Bouajila, J., additional, Bruñá, Nuria Martí, additional, Cardoso-Ugarte, Gabriel A., additional, Chandra, Mahesh, additional, Chandrasekaran, Natarajan, additional, Chang, Chiou L., additional, Chauhan, Amit, additional, Chen, Qi-Xiong, additional, Chivandi, Eliton, additional, Chou, Su-Tze, additional, Cid-Pérez, Teresa Soledad, additional, Cimino, Francesco, additional, Cornelius, Wanjala W., additional, Costa, Emmanoel Vilaça, additional, Cruz-Valenzuela, M.R., additional, Dangarembizi, Rachael, additional, Das, Kuntal, additional, David, Jairus R.D., additional, DebMandal, Manisha, additional, Dellacassa, Eduardo, additional, Dini, Irene, additional, Ekanayake, Athula, additional, Elder, Heriberto V., additional, Emami, Seyed Ahmad, additional, Erland, Lauren A.E., additional, Erlwanger, Kennedy H., additional, Evwiehurhoma, Felix O., additional, Fang, Evandro Fei, additional, Ferhout, H., additional, Fernandes, Caio P., additional, Franco-Vega, Avelina, additional, Gandomi, Hassan, additional, Gebremedhin, Gereziher, additional, George, Thomas, additional, Ghizzoni, Roberta, additional, Ghosh, Vijayalakshmi, additional, Gibrelibanos, Mebrahtom, additional, Gilani, Anwar-ul-Hassan, additional, Goñi, María G., additional, González-Aguilar, G.A., additional, Green, Ivan R., additional, Guala, María S., additional, Guo, Hongwei, additional, Gurudutt, K.N., additional, Habibatni, Sofiane, additional, Hanani, Yousef A., additional, Haniadka, Raghavendra, additional, Ben Hassine, D., additional, Hassanzadeh, Mohammad K., additional, Hernández, Ángel, additional, Hernández, María Dolores, additional, Hussain, Hidayat, additional, Jakribettu, Ramakrishna Pai, additional, James, Bolanle D., additional, Jamil, Mailina, additional, Jin, Chee Beng, additional, Jordán, María José, additional, Joshi, Rajesh K., additional, Judžentienė, Asta, additional, Karakoç, Ömer Cem, additional, Karim, Aman, additional, Khanjari, Ali, additional, Khlifi, D., additional, Koidis, Anastasios, additional, Kokotkiewicz, Adam, additional, Kuriyama, Isoko, additional, Lapissonde, Matìas O., additional, Leyva, J.M., additional, Li, Chun, additional, Lin, Chih-Chien, additional, Li, Qing X., additional, Li, Xiaolin, additional, Li, Xiao-Wen, additional, Ložienė, Kristina, additional, López, Domingo Saura, additional, López-Malo, Aurelio, additional, Luczkiewicz, Maria, additional, Lu, Qiu, additional, Mahmoud, Soheil S., additional, Maia, José Guilherme S., additional, Malešević, Vera Krimer, additional, Mallavarapu, G.R., additional, Mandal, Manisha, additional, Mandal, Shyamapada, additional, Mariod, Abdalbasit Adam, additional, Marques, António, additional, Miao, Jing-Kun, additional, Micol, Vicente, additional, Mizushina, Yoshiyuki, additional, Morales-Soto, Aranzazu, additional, Morcia, Caterina, additional, Moreira, María R., additional, Mourão, Rosa Helena V., additional, Mukherjee, Amitava, additional, Najaran, Zahra Tayarani, additional, Nasery, Maryam, additional, Navarro-Cruz, Addí Rhode, additional, Nevárez-Moorillón, Guadalupe Virginia, additional, Ng, Tzi Bun, additional, Noori, Negin, additional, Nunes, Maria Leonor, additional, Nyakudya, Trevor T., additional, Obodozie-Ofoegbu, Obiageri, additional, Olanipekun, Bosede Folake, additional, Ortega-Ramirez, L.A., additional, Ouwehand, Arthur C., additional, Ovando-Martínez, M., additional, Oyelade, Olusegun James, additional, Chandra Padalia, Rajendra, additional, Palou, Enrique, additional, Pant, A.K., additional, Park, Yong-Lak, additional, Peričin-Starčević, Ivana, additional, Periasamy, Gomathi, additional, Polatoğlu, Kaan, additional, Ponce, Alejandra G., additional, Prakash, Om, additional, Punetha, H., additional, Qin, Lu-ping, additional, Quintans Júnior, Lucindo José, additional, Quintans, Jullyana de Sousa Siqueira, additional, Quirós-Sauceda, A.E., additional, Rabelo, Suzana Vieira, additional, Radulović-Popović, Ljiljana, additional, Rai, Manoj P., additional, Rajeswara Rao, B.R., additional, Ramadan, Mohamed F., additional, Raoelison, E.G., additional, Rasooli, Iraj, additional, Rawat, D.S., additional, Rehman, Najeeb U., additional, Reyes-Jurado, Fatima, additional, Ríos, José-Luis, additional, Rocha, Leandro, additional, Rodriguez-Garcia, I., additional, Roura, Sara I., additional, Saija, Antonella, additional, Sani, Ibrahim, additional, Segura-Carretero, Antonio, additional, Senka, Mađarev-Popovič, additional, Shih, Ying, additional, Shi, Rui-He, additional, Silva-Espinoza, B.A., additional, Sosa-Morales, Maria E., additional, Sotomayor, Jose Antonio, additional, Soumanou, Mohamed M., additional, Speciale, Antonio, additional, Stratakos, Alexandros Ch, additional, Strife, Robert J., additional, Sugumar, Saranya, additional, Sultanbawa, Yasmina, additional, Syamasundar, K.V., additional, Tak, Jun-Hyung, additional, Tapia-Rodríguez, M.R., additional, Teixeira, Bárbara, additional, Terzi, Valeria, additional, Thaliath, Andrew, additional, Candido Tietbohl, Luis Armando, additional, Tomás-Menor, Laura, additional, Torres-Muñoz, José Vinicio, additional, Tumino, Giorgio, additional, van Baren, Catalina M., additional, Vaštag, Žužana, additional, Vazquez-Armenta, F.J., additional, Velderrain-Rodríguez, G.R., additional, Venskutonis, Petras Rimantas, additional, Verma, Ram Swaroop, additional, Wagih, Mohamed E., additional, Wong, Jack Ho, additional, Wycliffe, Wanzala, additional, Zeb, Alam, additional, Zehentbauer, Gerhard N., additional, and Zheng, Cheng-jian, additional

Published
2016
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28. New Insights into the Chemical Composition, Pro‐Inflammatory Cytokine Inhibition Profile of Davana ( Artemisia pallens Wall. ex DC.) Essential Oil and cis‐ Davanone in Primary Macrophage Cells

Author

Singh, Swati, primary, Bhatt, Divya, additional, Singh, Munmun Kumar, additional, Sundaresan, Velusamy, additional, Tandon, Sudeep, additional, Padalia, Rajendra Chandra, additional, Bawankule, Dnyaneshwar Umrao, additional, and Verma, Ram Swaroop, additional

Published
2021
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30. Gamma irradiation-induced variability in morpho-agronomic and oil quality traits of Mentha piperita L

Author

Prasad, Priyanka, Vagmi Singh, Nashra Aftab, Akancha Gupta, Kishor, Ram, Himanshu Kumar Kushwaha, Singh, Vivek, Verma, Ram Swaroop, and Birendra Kumar

Abstract

To develop elite mutant in Mentha piperita having morphotype and oil content of Mentha arvensis, and oil quality of M. piperita. The dormant runner of menthol rich genotype MPK-5 were subjected to different doses of γ- irradiation (10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, and 110 Gy) at a dose rate of 55 Gy/min to induce the genetic variability for herb and oil yield as well as oil quality. A wide spectrum of variability for agro-morphological traits, herb yield, and quality profile was observed among the mutants. The developed and selected superior mutants viz. MPK-5(1) and MPK-5(3) have a mean herb yield potential of 23.923 and 21.503 Kg/9 m2; mean oil yield of 92.953 and 80.047 ml/plot; mean menthol content of 69.012% and 69.160% with mean menthofuran content of 1.554% and 0.531%, respectively. Mutational breeding through γ- irradiation is considered complementary to the conventional breeding method, to broaden the spectrum of genetic variability. The developed and selected mutants namely viz. MPK-5(1) and MPK-5(3) identified as promising mutants, based on herb yield, oil yield, and essential oil quality, could be used as a parental line for exploitation in hybridization program/recombinant breeding.

Published
2021
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35. Chemical investigation, quality assessment, and antimicrobial activity of davana (Artemisia pallensWall. ex DC) essential oil collected from different locations in India

Author

Singh, Swati, Kurmi, Alka, Gowda, M. R. Swamy, Singh, Munmun Kumar, Hiremath, Channayya, Sundaresan, Velusamy, Tandon, Sudeep, Padalia, Rajendra Chandra, Verma, Rajesh Kumar, Saikia, Dharmendra, and Verma, Ram Swaroop

Abstract

ABSTRACTArtemisia pallensWall. ex DC, commonly known as davana, is cultivated in India for extraction of its essential oil (DO). In this study, DO collected from thirteen locations (DO1-DO13) and those extracted from six different phenophases and different plant parts were investigated using GC-FID and GC-MS. Altogether, 84 constituents were identified, forming 81.0–96.2% of the total oil composition. Major components of the oils were cis-davanone (17.4–65.1%), bicyclogermacrene (4.0–22.0%), cis-methyl jasmonate (0.4–8.5%), β-eudesmol (0.3–6.6%), davana ether isomer (0.5–6.1%), trans-ethyl cinnamate (1.4–6.1%), and germacrene D (0.1–4.7%). Among all tested oils, the DO10, having low cis-davanone content (27.5%), was found more potent against test microorganisms. The oils collected from different locations showed variations in their physical properties, chemical composition, and antimicrobial activity. Based on the yield and cis-davanone content, the flower bud and full-flowering stages could be suitable for harvesting good quality oil in north Indian plains.

Published
2022
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38. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of senescent leaves of guava (Psidium guajava L.)

Author

Trishna Chaturvedi, Singh, Swati, Indrajeet Nishad, Kumar, Ajay, Tiwari, Neha, Sudeep Tandon, Dharmendra Saikia, and Verma, Ram Swaroop

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of the senescent leaves of Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae). The hydrodistilled essential oil of the leaves was analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The antimicrobial activity of the oil was assessed against human and plant pathogenic microorganisms by disc diffusion, microdilution broth and poison food techniques. A total of forty-six constituents, representing 90.9% of the total oil composition were identified. Major constituents of the oil were limonene (29.1%), (E)-caryophyllene (15.7%), caryophyllene oxide (8.8%), caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5-ol (6.5%), (E)-nerolidol (4.0%), α-cadinol (3.4%), and muurola-4,10(14)-dien-1-β-ol (2.5%). The chemical composition of the examined essential oil was quite different from those reported earlier. The essential oil showed significant inhibition of human pathogenic bacteria (MIC: 0.065–0.261 mg/mL) and plant pathogenic fungi, namely Curvularia lunata (86.02%) and Fusarium chlamydosporum (82.80%).

Published
2019
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39. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of senescent leaves of guava (Psidium guajava L.).

Author

Chaturvedi, Trishna, Singh, Swati, Nishad, Indrajeet, Kumar, Ajay, Tiwari, Neha, Tandon, Sudeep, Saikia, Dharmendra, and Verma, Ram Swaroop

Subjects
GUAVA, ESSENTIAL oils, FOOD poisoning, PHYTOPATHOGENIC fungi, PATHOGENIC fungi
Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of the senescent leaves of Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae). The hydrodistilled essential oil of the leaves was analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The antimicrobial activity of the oil was assessed against human and plant pathogenic microorganisms by disc diffusion, microdilution broth and poison food techniques. A total of forty-six constituents, representing 90.9% of the total oil composition were identified. Major constituents of the oil were limonene (29.1%), (E)-caryophyllene (15.7%), caryophyllene oxide (8.8%), caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5-ol (6.5%), (E)-nerolidol (4.0%), α-cadinol (3.4%), and muurola-4,10(14)-dien-1-β-ol (2.5%). The chemical composition of the examined essential oil was quite different from those reported earlier. The essential oil showed significant inhibition of human pathogenic bacteria (MIC: 0.065–0.261 mg/mL) and plant pathogenic fungi, namely Curvularia lunata (86.02%) and Fusarium chlamydosporum (82.80%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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44. DEFORMATION OF POROELASTIC HALF-SPACE DUE TO TENSILE DISLOCATION

Author

Heena Verma*, Ram Swaroop, Vinay Kumar

Subjects
Poroelastic half-space, displacement, epicentral distance, Tensile Dislocation
Abstract

The closed-form analytical expressions for the displacements and strains due to Tensile Dislocation (TD) located in a homogeneous, isotropic poroelastic half-space are obtained. The variation of radial displacement and strains with epicentral distance for the various materials Ruhr Sandstone, Tennessee Marble, Charcoal Granite, Berea Sandstone and Westerly Granite are discussed.

Published
2017
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46. Chemical composition, bactericidal kinetics, mechanism of action, and anti-inflammatory activity of Isodon melissoides (Benth.) H. Hara essential oil.

Author

Kumar, Ajay, Singh, Swati, Kumar, Anant, Bawankule, Dnyaneshwar Umrao, Tandon, Sudeep, Singh, Anil Kumar, Verma, Ram Swaroop, and Saikia, Dharmendra

Subjects
ESSENTIAL oils, BACTERICIDAL action, MEMBRANE permeability (Biology), CELL permeability, ANALYTICAL mechanics
Abstract

Present study was aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity, bactericidal mechanism of action, killing kinetics and anti-inflammatory activity of Isodon melissoides (Benth.) H. Hara essential oil. The gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of carvacrol (45.4%), p-cymene (11.6%) and thymol (11.3%) as major constituents of the oil. The oil displayed broad spectrum significant antibacterial activity (MIC: 0.13–8.33 ppm; MBC: 0.13–>33.34 ppm) against test strains. The oil exhibited a time and dose-dependent bactericidal effect. The oil disrupted the cell membrane by changing the cell membrane permeability. The essential oil significantly decreased the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced inflammation in HaCaT cells without any cytotoxic effect. I. melissoides essential oil can be a promising alternative antimicrobial agent for the control of methicillin resistant staphylococci and other pathogenic bacteria tested, and also useful for the topical anti-inflammatory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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47. Chemical composition, antimicrobial activity, kinetics and mechanism of action of Himalayan-thyme (Thymus linearis Benth.).

Author

Kumar, Ajay, Kamal, Aditi, Singh, Swati, Padalia, Rajendra Chandra, Tandon, Sudeep, Chauhan, Amit, Saikia, Dharmendra, and Verma, Ram Swaroop

Subjects
CANDIDA, BIOCHEMICAL mechanism of action, CANDIDA albicans, THYMUS, CELL membranes, MEMBRANE permeability (Biology), GAS chromatography
Abstract

In this study, antimicrobial activity of the essential oil (EO) and extracts of Himalayan-thyme (Thymus linearis Benth.) was evaluated against nine pathogenic microbial strains using disc diffusion and microdilution broth assays. The chemical composition of the EO was determined by gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The molecular mechanism of action of the EO was investigated against three pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis) and three fungal strains (Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida tropicalis) using the assays of protein leakage, and DNA and RNA leakage through the membrane. Major components of the EO were thymol (54.9%), γ-terpinene (16.6%) and p- cymene (5.2%). The EO showed broad-spectrum potent antibacterial and antifungal activity (MIC 240–990 µg/mL) against test strains. The EO damaged cell membranes and altered cell membrane permeability of test microorganisms. The EO showed a time- and dose-dependent bactericidal and fungicidal effect. It could act as a promising antimicrobial agent due to its short killing time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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49. Development of postharvest management practices for quality essential oil production of Cymbopogon flexuosus(Nees ex Steud.) W. Watson

Author

Upadhyay, Rakesh Kumar, Singh, Ved Ram, Verma, Ram Swaroop, Padalia, Rajendra Chandra, Kumar, Rakesh, Chauhan, Amit, and Tewari, S.K.

Abstract

ABSTRACTCymbopogon flexuosus(Nees ex Steud.) W. Watson, commonly known as lemongrass, is a member of Cymbopogongenus renowned for their highly prized essential oils for flavor and fragrance industries. A field experiment was conducted to standardize the postharvest storage practices for a prevalent high oil yielding cultivar ‘Krishna’ of lemongrass during 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 under open field, shade, and ventilated room; up to 10 days after harvest. Results revealed significantly higher essential oil content (1.14%) for freshly distilled herb as compared to stored herbs under different condition.The highest geranial and neral ratio (1.45 to 1.58) recorded in essential oil i.e. distilled at first day of harvest (T1) as compared to 1.37 to 1.44 in essential oil i.e. distilled at 10th day of harvest (T10). In conclusion, C flexuosusshould preferably be distilled as fresh i.e. same day of harvest for higher yield of quality essential oil.

Published
2019
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50. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae species on essential oil yield and chemical composition of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii) varieties grown under salinity stress soil.

Author

Pankaj, Umesh, Verma, Rajesh Kumar, Verma, Ram Swaroop, and Yadav, Anju

Subjects
ESSENTIAL oils, VACCINATION, SALINITY, SOILS, GAS chromatography
Abstract

This study was framed to assess the essential oil yield and quality of four varieties of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. var. motia Burk, viz. Trishna, Tripta, PRC-1 and CIMAP-Harsh under the salt affected soil with intervention of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The essential oil yield (7.04-12.70 g kg-1 fresh biomass) and geraniol yield (5.71-10.56 g kg-1 fresh biomass) were significantly affected by the variety, soil type and AMF inoculation. Altogether, twenty-eight constituents, representing 96.90-99.43% of the total oil compositions were identified using Gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionisation detection and GC-mass spectrometry techniques. Major constituents of the oils of different varieties were geraniol (76.73-83.28%), geranyl acetate (6.60-13.06%), linalool (0.90-3.00%), (2E,6Z)-farnesol (0.80-3.00%), geranial (0.30-2.03%), myrcene (0.54-2.00%), (E)-β-ocimene (0.43-1.95%), (E)-caryophyllene (0.30-1.30%) and geranyl hexanoate (0.31-1.20%). Significantly higher essential oil and geraniol yields were observed in var. Tripta due to AMF intervention (Funneliformis mosseae and Glomus aggregatum). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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