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This is an expository version of our paper [arXiv:1902.07384]. Our aim is to present recent Macaulay2 algorithms for computation of mixed multiplicities of ideals in a Noetherian ring which is either local or a standard graded algebra over a field. These algorithms are based on computation of the equations of multi-Rees algebras of ideals that generalises a result of Cox, Lin and Sosa. Using these equations we propose efficient algorithms for computation of mixed volumes of convex lattice polytopes and sectional Milnor numbers of hypersurfaces with an isolated singularity., Comment: The manuscript is prepared for the volume based on the International Conference in Honor of Prof. Ravi S. Kulkarni's 80th Birthday on Geometry, Groups and Mathematical Philosophy. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1902.07384

In this paper we extend a result of Cowsik on set-theoretic complete intersection and a result Huneke, Morales and Goto and Nishida about Noetherian symbolic Rees algebras of ideals. As applications, we show that the symbolic Rees algebras of the following ideals are Noetherian and the ideals are set-theoretic complete intersections: (a) the edge ideal of a complete graph, (b) the Fermat ideal and (c) the Jacobian ideal of a certain hyperplane arrangement., Comment: 16 pages

We provide suitable conditions under which the asymptotic limit of the Hilbert-Samuel coefficients of the Frobenius powers of an $\mathfrak{m}$-primary ideal exists in a Noetherian local ring $(R,\mathfrak{m})$ with prime characteristic $p>0.$ This, in turn, gives an expression of the Hilbert-Kunz multiplicity of powers of the ideal. We also prove that for a face ring $R$ of a simplicial complex and an ideal $J$ generated by pure powers of the variables, the generalized Hilbert-Kunz function $\ell(R/(J^{[q]})^k)$ is a polynomial for all $q,k$ and also give an expression of the generalized Hilbert-Kunz multiplicity of powers of $J$ in terms of Hilbert-Samuel multiplicity of $J.$ We conclude by giving a counter-example to a conjecture proposed by I. Smirnov which connects the stability of an ideal with the asymptotic limit of the first Hilbert coefficient of the Frobenius power of the ideal., Comment: 16 pages

Let $R$ be the face ring of a simplicial complex of dimension $d-1$ and ${\mathcal R}(\mathfrak{n})$ be the Rees algebra of the maximal homogeneous ideal $\mathfrak{n}$ of $R.$ We show that the generalized Hilbert-Kunz function $HK(s)=\ell({\mathcal R}(\mathfrak n)/(\mathfrak n, \mathfrak n t)^{[s]})$ is given by a polynomial for all large $s.$ We calculate it in many examples and also provide a Macaulay2 code for computing $HK(s).$, Comment: to appear in Commutative Algebra:150 years with Roger and Sylvia Wiegand, Contemporary Mathematics, Amer. Math. Soc

We prove that the Hilbert-Kunz function of the ideal $(I,It)$ of the Rees algebra $\mathcal{R}(I)$, where $I$ is an $\mathfrak{m}$-primary ideal of a $1$-dimensional local ring $(R,\mathfrak{m})$, is a quasi-polynomial in $e$, for large $e.$ For $s \in \mathbb{N}$, we calculate the Hilbert-Samuel function of the $R$-module $I^{[s]}$ and obtain an explicit description of the generalized Hilbert-Kunz function of the ideal $(I,It)\mathcal{R}(I)$ when $I$ is a parameter ideal in a Cohen-Macaulay local ring of dimension $d \geq 2$, proving that the generalized Hilbert-Kunz function is a piecewise polynomial in this case., Comment: Some changes in section 3, to appear in Communications in Algebra

We show unusual cooperative two-photon resonance between two-modes of field inside a photonic crystal cavity. The two-photon resonance occurs when two off resonant quantum dots emit one photon in each cavity mode and de-excite simultaneously. In the presence of phonon coupling the conditions for two-photon resonance change significantly. Using such two-photon two-mode interaction we propose to generate entangled state of two qutrits. The basis of a qutrit are formed by the state of the cavity mode containing $0$, $1$ and $2$ photons. We also discuss effect of phonon coupling on negativity of the generated entangled state., Comment: One of the coauthor does not want to publish on arxiv

We present a package 'MixedMultiplicity' for computing mixed multiplicities of ideals in a Noetherian ring which is either local or a standard graded algebra over a field. This enables us to find mixed volumes of convex lattice polytopes and sectional Milnor numbers of hypersurfaces with an isolated singularity. The algorithms make use of the defining equations of the multi-Rees algebra of ideals, which are obtained by generalising a result of D. Cox. K.-N. Lin, and G. Sosa., Comment: Vivek Mukundan joined as a new co-author. The package has improved significantly from its earlier version

Using vanishing of graded components of local cohomology modules of the Rees algebra of the normal filtration of an ideal, we give bounds on the normal reduction number. This helps to get necessary and sufficient conditions in Cohen-Macaulay local rings of dimension $d\geq 3$, for the vanishing of the normal Hilbert coefficients $\overline{e}_k(I)$ for $k\leq d,$ in terms of the normal reduction number., Comment: Theorem 5.5 corrected, to appear in Journal of Ramanujan Mathematical Society

In this exposition of the equality and inequality of Minkowski for multiplicity of ideals, we provide simple algebraic and geometric proofs. Connections with mixed multiplicities of ideals are explained., Comment: 28 pages

Let $(R,\mathfrak m)$ be an analytically unramified local ring of positive prime characteristic $p.$ For an ideal $I$, let $I^*$ denote its tight closure. We introduce the tight Hilbert function $H^*_I(n)=\ell(R/(I^n)^*)$ and the corresponding tight Hilbert polynomial $P_I^*(n)$ where $I$ is an $\mathfrak m$-primary ideal. It is proved that $F$-rationality can be detected by the vanishing of the first coefficient of $P_I^*(n).$ We find the tight Hilbert polynomial of certain parameter ideals in hypersurface rings and Stanley-Reisner rings of simplicial complexes., Comment: 24 pages, to appear in Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society

Analogues of Eakin-Sathaye theorem for reductions of ideals are proved for ${\mathbb N}^s$-graded good filtrations. These analogues yield bounds on joint reduction vectors for a family of ideals and reduction numbers for $\mathbb N$-graded filtrations. Several examples related to lex-segment ideals, contracted ideals in $2$-dimensional regular local rings and the filtration of integral and tight closures of powers of ideals in hypersurface rings are constructed to show effectiveness of these bounds., Comment: 19 pages, minor corrections done

We predict dominating cooperative two-photon emission from two quantum dots coupled with a single mode photonic crystal cavity. The cooperative two photon emission occurs when excitons in two off-resonantly coupled quantum dots decay simultaneously. The interaction with common cavity field leads to cavity induced two-photon emission which is strongly inhibited by electron phonon coupling. The interaction with common phonon bath produces phonon induced two-photon emission which increases on increasing temperature. For identical quantum dots cavity induced two-photon emission is negligible but phonon induced two-photon emission could be large., Comment: 6 pages

We discuss the generation of two types of entangled state of two photons-- noon state which is entangled in number and polarization, and polarization entangled state which is entangled in polarization and frequency. We consider a single quantum dot coupled with a bimodal cavity in strong coupling regime. We analyze the effect of exciton-phonon coupling on the concurrence of the generated entangled states. We find that for both states concurrence is maximum in the absence of the anisotropic energy gap between exciton states and remains unchanged in the presence of exciton-phonon coupling. However, for finite anisotropic energy gap concurrence decreases on the increasing temperature of phonon bath., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures

We propose measurement based conditional generation of superposition of motional states of nanomechanical resonator. We consider a two level quantum mechanical system coupled with nanomechanical resonator through phonon exchange. An interaction, which produces shifts in the state of nanomechanical resonator depending on the state of the qubit, is realized by driving qubit through two resonant lasers. The measurement of the state of quantum mechanical system produces superposition states of nanomechanical resonator. We show that the quantum interference between states in superposition may lead to arbitrary large displacement in resonator. We also discuss decoherence of generated states using Wigner function., Comment: 5 pages 4 fig

In this expository paper we present proofs of Grothendieck-Serre Formula for multi-graded algebras and Rees algebras for admissible multi-graded filtrations. As applications, we derive formulas of Sally for postulation number of admissible filtrations and Hilbert coefficients. We also discuss a partial solution of Itoh's conjecture by Kummini and Masuti. We present an alternate proof of Huneke-Ooishi Theorem and a generalisation for multi-graded filtrations., Comment: 32 pages

We propose a scheme to realize a highly efficient solid state source of photon pairs using cavity-assisted stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) in a single quantum dot, where a single photon from pump pulse and two stokes photons from cavity mode drives the Raman transition. The Autler-Townes doublet, generated by using a resonant continuous wave laser between biexciton and exciton states, and two-photon-resonant transition through strongly coupled cavity mode are utilized to facilitate (1+2)type Raman transition in the quantum dot. We show in the case of weak pump although the probability of generating two photons in cavity mode is small without cavity damping but two-photon-resonant emission is enhanced by cavity damping within strong coupling regime. We also discuss spectrum of the generated photon pair and photon-photon correlations in the generated photon pair. The efficiency of two photon source could be more than 80\% in current experimental conditions.

We study relationship between postulation and reduction vectors of admissible multigraded filtrations $\mathcal F= \{\mathcal F (\underline n)\}_{\underline n\in\mathbb Z^s}$ of ideals in Cohen-Macaulay local rings of dimension at most two. This is enabled by a suitable generalisation of the Kirby-Mehran Complex. An analysis of its homology leads to an analogue of Huneke's Fundamental Lemma which plays a crucial role in our investigations. We also clarify the relationship between the Cohen-Macaulay property of the multigraded Rees algebra of $\mathcal F$ and reduction vectors with respect to complete reductions of $\mathcal F.$, Comment: 25 pages

We find conditions on the local cohomology modules of multi-Rees algebras of admissible filtrations which enable us to predict joint reduction numbers. As a consequence we are able to prove a generalisation of a result of Reid-Roberts-Vitulli in the setting of analytically unramified local rings for completeness of power products of complete ideals., Comment: 16 pages

In this paper, we obtain a generalization, in dimension $3$, of a theorem of David Rees about joint reductions of the bigraded filtration $\{ \overline{I^rJ^s}\}$ of complete ${\mathfrak m}$-primary ideals and vanishing of the second normal Hilbert coefficient $\overline{e}_2(IJ)$ where $R$ is a two-dimensional Cohen-Macaulay analytically unramified local ring with maximal ideal $\mathfrak m.$ This generalization is obtained as a consequence of a formula for the third local cohomology module of the extended Rees algebras of the $\mathbb Z^3$-graded filtration $\{\overline{I^rJ^sK^t}\}$ with support in the ideal $(x_1t_1,x_2t_2,x_3t_3)$ where $(x_1,x_2,x_3)$ is a good joint reduction of $\{\overline{I^rJ^sK^t}\}.$, Comment: Dedicated to Ngo Viet Trung on his 60th Birthday

Let $(R,\m)$ be an analytically unramified Cohen-Macaulay local ring of dimension 2 with infinite residue field and $\ov{I}$ be the integral closure of an ideal $I$ in $R$. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for $\ov{I^{r+1}J^{s+1}}=a\ov{I^rJ^{s+1}}+b\ov{I^{r+1}J^s}$ to hold ${for all}r \geq r_0{and}s \geq s_0$ in terms of vanishing of $[H^2_{(at_1,bt_2)}(\ov{\mathcal{R}^\prime}(I,J))]_{(r_0,s_0)}$, where $a \in I,b \in J$ is a good joint reduction of the filtration $\{\ov{I^rJ^s}\}.$ This is used to derive a theorem due to Rees on normal joint reduction number zero. The vanishing of $\ov{e}_2(IJ)$ is shown to be equivalent to Cohen-Macaulayness of $\ov{\mathcal{R}}(I,J)$., Comment: 24 pages

We survey some of the major results about normal Hilbert polynomials of ideals. We discuss a formula due to Lipman for complete ideals in regular local rings of dimension two, theorems of Huneke, Itoh, Huckaba, Marley and Rees in Cohen-Macaulay analytically unramified local rings. We also discuss recent works of Goto-Hong-Mandal and Mandal-Singh-Verma concerning the positivity of the first coefficient of the normal Hilbert polynomial in unmixed analytically unramified local rings. Results of Moral{\'e}s and Villarreal linking normal Hilbert polynomial of monomial ideals with Ehrhart polynomials of polytopes are also presented.

Let $I$ be an $\m$-primary ideal of a Noetherian local ring $(R, \m)$ of positive dimension. The coefficient $e_1(\mathcal I)$ of the Hilbert polynomial of an $I$-admissible filtration $\mathcal I$ is called the Chern number of $\mathcal I$. A formula for the Chern number has been derived involving Euler characteristic of subcomplexes of a Koszul complex. Specific formulas for the Chern number have been given in local rings of dimension at most two. These have been used to provide new and unified proofs of several results about $e_1(\mathcal I)$.

Let I be an m-primary ideal of a Noetherian local ring (R,m) of positive dimension. The coefficient $e_1(A)$ of the Hilbert polynomial of an I-admissible filtration A is called the Chern number of A. The Positivity Conjecture of Vasconcelos for the Chern number of the integral closure filtration ${\bar{I^n}}$ is proved for a 2-dimensional complete local domain and more generally for any analytically unramified local ring R whose integral closure in its total ring of fractions is Cohen-Macaulay as an R-module. It is proved that if I is a parameter ideal then the Chern number of the I-adic filtration is non-negative. Several other results on the Chern number of the integral closure filtration are established, especially in the case when R is not necessarily Cohen-Macaulay., Comment: 20 pages

We settle the negativity conjecture of Vasconcelos for the Chern number of an ideal in certain unmixed quotients of regular local rings by explicit calculation of the Hilbert polynomials of all ideals generated by systems of parameters., Comment: 6 pages

This paper is a survey on major results on Hilbert functions of multigraded algebras and mixed multiplicities of ideals, including their applications to the computation of Milnor numbers of complex analytic hypersurfaces with isolated singularity, multiplicities of blowup algebras and mixed volumes of polytopes., Comment: 34 pages

In this expository paper we survey results that relate Hilbert coefficients of an m-primary ideal I in a Cohen-Macaulay local ring (R, m) with depth of the associated graded ring G(I). Several results in this area follow from two theorems of S. Huckaba and T. Marley. These were proved using homological techniques. We provide simple proofs using superficial sequences., Comment: 24 pages, expository paper to appear in Mathematics Student

The growth of Hilbert coefficients for powers of ideals are studied. For a graded ideal $I$ in the polynomial ring $S=K[x_1,...,x_n]$ and a finitely generated graded $S$-module, the Hilbert coefficients $e_i(M/I^kM)$ are polynomial functions. Given two families of graded ideals $(I_k)_{k\geq 0}$ and $(J_k)_{k\geq 0}$ with $J_k\subset I_k$ for all $k$ with the property that $J_kJ_\ell\subset J_{k+\ell}$ and $I_kI_\ell\subset I_{k+\ell}$ for all $k$ and $\ell$, and such that the algebras $A=\Dirsum_{k\geq 0}J_k$ and $B=\Dirsum_{k\geq 0}I_k$ are finitely generated, we show the function $k \mapsto_0(I_k/J_k)$ is of quasi-polynomial type, say given by the polynomials $P_0,..., P_{g-1}$. If $J_k = J^k$ for all $k$ then we show that all the $P_i$ have the same degree and the same leading coefficient. As one of the applications it is shown that $\lim_{k\to \infty}\length(\Gamma_\mm(S/I^k))/k^n \in \mathbb{Q}.$ We also study analogous statements in the local case., Comment: 24 pages

Two formulas for the multiplicity of the fiber cone $F(I)=\oplus_{n=0}^{\infty} I^n/\m I^n$ of an $\m$-primary ideal of a $d$-dimensional Cohen-Macaulay local ring $(R,\m)$ are derived in terms of the mixed multiplicity $e_{d-1}(\m | I),$ the multiplicity $e(I)$ and superficial elements. As a consequence, the Cohen-Macaulay property of $F(I)$ when $I$ has minimal mixed multiplicity or almost minimal mixed multiplicity is characterized in terms of reduction number of $I$ and lengths of certain ideals. We also characterize Cohen-Macaulay and Gorenstein property of fiber cones of $\m$-primary ideals with a $d$-generated minimal reduction $J$ satisfying (i) $\ell(I^2/JI)=1$ or (ii) $\ell(I\m/J\m)=1.$, Comment: 17 Pages

Fiber cones of 0-dimensional ideals with almost minimal multiplicity in Cohen-Macaulay local rings are studied. Ratliff-Rush closure of filtration of ideals with respect to another ideal is introduced. This is used to find a bound on the reduction number with respect to an ideal. Rossi's bound on reduction number in terms of Hilbert coefficients is obtained as a consequence. Sufficient conditions are provided for the fiber cone of 0-dimensional ideals to have almost maximal depth. Hilbert series of such fiber cones are also computed., Comment: 17 pages

Let (R, m) be a Cohen-Macaulay local ring and I be an m-primary ideal. We introduce ideals of almost minimal mixed multiplicty which are analogues of ideals studied by J. Sally. The main theorem describes the Hilbert series of fiber cones of these ideals., Comment: 12 pages

Cohen Macaulay property of fiber cones of ideals is characterized in terms of its Hilbert series. Hilbert series of fiber cones of ideals with minimal mixed multiplicity is calculated. It is proved that the fiber cone of an m-primary ideal I with minimal mixed multiplicity is Cohen-Macaulay if and only if its reduction number is atmost one. Hilbert series of fiber cones of ideals generated by quadratic sequences in standard graded rings is computed by deforming it to a face ring of a simplicial complex. Applications are given to defining ideals of monomial projective space curves lying on the quadric xw-yz=0, straightening-closed ideals in graded algebras with straightening law and Huckaba-Huneke ideals of analytic spread 1 and 2., Comment: 16 pages, appeared in "Commutative Algebra, Algebraic Geometry and Computational Methods", proceedings of the 1996 Hanoi conference, published by Springer(1999) and edited by D. Eisenbud

A theorem of Macaulay on colons of ideals in polynomial rings is proved for homogeneous Gorenstein algebras., Comment: 3 pages, modified version of the paper published in "Contributions to Algebra and Geometry", 2002

Formulas are obtained in terms of complete reductions for the bigraded components of local cohomology modules of bigraded Rees algebras of 0-dimensional ideals in 2-dimensional Cohen-Macaulay local rings. As a consequence, cohomological expressions for the coefficients of the Bhattacharya polynomial of such ideals are obtained., Comment: 11 pages. To appear in "Advances in Algebra and Geometry", Proceedings of Hyderabad Conference 2001

Criteria are given in terms of certain Hilbert coefficients for the fiber cone F(I) of an m-primary ideal I in a Cohen-Macaulay local ring (R,m) so that it is Cohen-Macaulay or has depth at least dim(R)-1. A version of Huneke's fundamental lemma is proved for fiber cones. S. Goto's results concerning Cohen-Macaulay fiber cones of ideals with minimal multiplicity are obtained as consequences., Comment: 17 pages. Revised version, to appear in J. Pure Appl. Algebra

We present short and elementary proofs of two theorems of Huckaba and Marley, while generalizing them at the same time to the case of a module. The theorems concern a characterization of the depth of the associated graded ring of a Cohen-Macaulay module, with respect to a Hilbert filtration, in terms of the Hilbert coefficient e_1. As an application, we derive bounds on the higher Hilbert coefficient e_i in terms of e_0., Comment: 7 pages; This is a slightly modified version of the previously uploaded file

The Grothendieck-Serre formula for the difference between the Hilbert function and Hilbert polynomial of a graded algebra is generalized for bigraded standard algebras. This is used to get a similar formula for the difference between the Bhattacharya function and Bhattacharya polynomial of two m-primary ideals I and J in a local ring (A,m) in terms of local cohomology modules of Rees algebras of I and J. The cohomology of a variation of the Kirby-Mehran complex for bigraded Rees algebras is studied which is used to characterize the Cohen-Macaulay property of bigraded Rees algebra of I and J for two dimensional Cohen-Macaulay local rings., Comment: 23 pages