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As carbon-based nanomaterials have such remarkable physical, chemical, and electrical capabilities, they have become a major focus of materials science study. A thorough examination of several carbon nanomaterial varieties, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerenes, and carbon nanodiamonds, is given in this review work. These materials all have distinctive qualities that qualify them for particular uses. This work starts by examining the synthesis processes of these nanomaterials, outlining the ways by which they are made and the variables affecting their ultimate characteristics. The specific features of each kind of carbon nanomaterial will then be briefly discussed in this study, along with their size, structure, and special physical and chemical properties. These materials have a wide range of possible uses in several fields. They are employed in the electronics industry to fabricate sensors, high-speed transistors, and other devices. Their high surface area and electrical conductivity make them useful in energy storage devices like supercapacitors and batteries. They are applied to environmental remediation and water purification in environmental science. They are employed in biomedicine for biosensing, bioimaging, and medication delivery. Notwithstanding the encouraging uses, the large-scale synthesis and functionalization of carbon nanomaterials present several difficulties. This review discusses the importance of carbon nanomaterials by studying their multifaceted properties and potential applications in industries. The novelty of this work lies in its detailed examination of the degradation and toxicity of these materials, which is essential for their safe integration into various technological and biomedical applications. By thoroughly analysing recent experimental results, this review aims to bridge the gap between fundamental research and practical applications.

The objective of this article is to study the compartmental modeling approach for the prediction of unreported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 by considering six compartments. Our model is described by a system of six ordinary differential equations with initial conditions. The basic properties of solution of the model are established. The model is shown to have two equilibrium points, i.e., the disease-free and endemic equilibrium points. The basic reproduction number R0{R}_{0} is derived by the next-generation matrix method. Stability analysis is carried out in the study. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis is also performed to identify the impact of important parameters that significantly affect R0{R}_{0}. Numerical simulations provide a good approximation model for COVID-19, which will be utilized to investigate future pandemic with similar nature of spread as COVID-19 and estimate the number of unreported cases worldwide.

Nowadays, the physiopathological and molecular mechanisms of multiple diseases have been identified, thus helping scientists to provide a clear answer, especially to those ambiguities related to chronic illnesses. This has been accomplished in part through the contribution of a key discipline known as bioinformatics. In this study, the bioinformatics approach was applied on four compounds identified in Centaurea tougourensis, using two axes of research: an in silico study to predict the molecular characteristics, medicinal chemistry attributes as well as the possible cardiotoxicity and adverse liability profile of these compounds. In this context, four compounds were selected and named, respectively, 2,5-monoformal-l-rhamnitol (compound 1), cholest-7-en-3.beta.,5.alpha.-diol-6.alpha.-benzoate (compound 2), 7,8-epoxylanostan-11-ol, 3-acetoxy- (compound 3), and 1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione, 3-ethyl-4-methyl- (compound 4). The second part looked into molecular docking, which objective was to evaluate the possible binding affinity between these compounds and the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT2A) receptor. Results indicated that compounds 1 and 4 were respecting Pfizer and giant Glaxo-SmithKline rules, while compounds 2 and 3 exhibited an optimal medicinal chemistry evolution 18 score. The structural and molecular features of almost all tested compounds could be considered optimal, indicating that these phyto-compounds may possess drug-likeness capacity. However, only compounds 1 and 4 could be considered non-cardiotoxic, but with a level of confidence more pronounced for compound 1 (80%). In addition, these four biocompounds could preferentially interact with G protein-coupled receptor, ion channel, transporters, and nuclear receptors. However, the heat map was less pronounced for compound 2. Data also indicated that these four compounds could possibly interact with serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, but in an antagonistic way. This research proved once again that plants could be crucial precursors of pharmaceutical substances, which could be helpful to enrich the international pharmacopoeia.

Priyanka Siwach,1 Mark P Jensen,2 Bhawna Verma1 1College of Physiotherapy, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, India; 2Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USACorrespondence: Mark P Jensen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Box 359612, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98104-2499, USA, Email mjensen@uw.eduBackground: Chronic pain is a common health problem worldwide that results in significant costs to society and has negative impacts on the individuals with chronic pain. In order to study and treat pain, valid and reliable pain assessment is necessary, including assessment of pain quality. However, all of the most commonly used measures of pain quality were developed in Western countries. Evidence has shown that some of these measures are not content valid for use in non-Western countries. Moreover, it remains unclear which pain descriptors are universal across people from different countries who speak different languages, and which are specific to individuals from a particular country or even from a particular region within one country.Aim: The current study sought to: (1) identify the number and frequency of words used by native speakers of Hindi in northern India to describe their pain; (2) compare the rates of descriptor use in these individuals with samples of individuals from Nepal and the USA; and (3) investigate the content validity of the most commonly used pain quality measures for measuring pain in this Hindi-speaking population.Methods: Two hundred and forty individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain who speak and understand Hindi were asked to describe their pain.Results: The results showed overlap as well as differences in the words used to describe pain with samples of individuals with pain from other countries. Moreover, none of the pain quality measures examined were found to be content valid in the Hindi-speaking sample, suggesting that these measures need to be adapted to assess pain quality in this population.Conclusion: The study findings confirm the conclusion that pain quality measures developed in one country or in one pain population are not necessarily valid for assessing pain quality in a population from another country. The findings also suggest the possibility that a measure could be developed which would allow for more valid assessment of pain quality in individuals with pain from different countries.Keywords: pain quality, descriptors, content validity, chronic pain, musculoskeletal pain, meaning, language

The presence of the exotic and potentially invasive pheretimoid earthworm Amynthas aspergillum (Perrier, 1872) of the family Megascolecidae is reported for the first time from South Asia. Specimens were collected from Dehradun of the Uttarakhand state in the Western Himalayan biodiversity hotspot of India. This work provides the detailed description of the specimens collected along with figures. Besides, certain biological aspects are also discussed.

Mohit Bhutani,1 Jean Bourbeau,2 Shaun G Goodman,3 Nathaniel Mark Hawkins,4 Alan G Kaplan,5 Peter James Lin,6 Erika Dianne Penz,7 Subodh Verma,8 Shelley Zieroth9 1Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; 2Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; 3Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 4Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; 5Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 6The Canadian Heart Research Centre, Primary Care Initiatives, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 7College of Medicine, Division of Respirology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; 8Department of Surgery, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 9College of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaCorrespondence: Mohit Bhutani, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Alberta, 3-133 Clinical Sciences Building, 11304-83 Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada, Tel +1-780-492-3739, Email mohit.bhutani@ualberta.caBackground: In Canada, COPD represents a significant burden to the patient and health system, as it is often under or misdiagnosed and sub-optimally treated. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a common co-morbidity in COPD and there is significant interplay between these two chronic conditions. Across all stages of COPD disease severity, deaths can be attributed not only to respiratory causes but also to cardiovascular-related factors. The established links between COPD and CVD suggest the need for a greater degree of collaboration between respirologists and cardiologists. This modified Delphi consensus was initiated to consider how optimal COPD care can be delivered within Canada, with specific consideration of reducing cardiopulmonary risk and outcomes in COPD patients.Methods: A steering group with interest in the management of COPD and CVD from primary care, cardiology, and respirology identified 40 statements formed from four key themes. A 4-point Likert scale questionnaire was sent to healthcare professionals working in COPD across Canada by an independent third party to assess agreement (consensus) with these statements. Consensus was defined as high if ≥ 75% and very high if ≥ 90% of respondents agreed with a statement.Results: A total of 100 responses were received from respirologists (n=30), cardiologists (n=30), and primary care physicians (n=40). Consensus was very strong (≥ 90%) in 28 (70%) statements, strong (≥ 75 and < 90%) in 7 (17.5%) statements and was not achieved (< 75%) in 5 (12.5%) of statements.Conclusion: Based on the consensus scores, 9 key recommendations were proposed by the steering group. These focus on the need to comprehensively risk stratify and manage COPD patients to help prevent exacerbations. Consensus within this study provides a call to action for the expeditious implementation of the latest COPD guidelines from the Canadian Thoracic Society.Keywords: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, consensus development, consultation and referral, primary care, health care, Canada

Shivani Srivastava,1,&ast; Anuradha Tyagi,2,&ast; Vishakha Anand Pawar,3,&ast; Nawaid Hussain Khan,4,&ast; Kavita Arora,5,6 Chaitenya Verma,7,8 Vinay Kumar9 1Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; 2Department of cBRN, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Science, Delhi, India; 3The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; 4Faculty of Medicine, Ala-Too International University, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic; 5Advanced Instrumentation Research Facility, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 6School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 7Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; 8Department of Biotechnology, SSET, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201306, India; 9Pennsylvania State University Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Dr, Heshey, PA, USA&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Chaitenya Verma; Vinay Kumar, Email chaitenya999@gmail.com; vinayktyagi07@gmail.comAbstract: The CAR-T cell therapy has marked the dawn of new era in the cancer therapeutics and cell engineering techniques. The review emphasizes on the challenges that obstruct the therapeutic efficiency caused by cell toxicities, immunosuppressive tumor environment, and decreased T cell infiltration. In the interest of achieving the overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) of patients, the conceptual background of potential target selection and various CAR-T cell design techniques are described which can minimize the off-target effects, reduce toxicity, and thus increase the resilience of CAR-T cell treatment in the haematological malignancies as well as in solid tumors. Furthermore, it delves into cutting-edge technologies like gene editing and synthetic biology, providing new opportunities to enhance the functionality of CAR-T cells and overcome mechanisms of immune evasion. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the complex and diverse aspects of CAR-T cell-based gene treatments, including both scientific and clinical aspects. By effectively addressing the obstacles and utilizing the capabilities of cutting-edge technology, CAR-T cell therapy shows potential in fundamentally changing immunotherapy and reshaping the approach to cancer treatment.Keywords: CAR-T cells, immune checkpoint inhibitors, gene therapies, gene editing, predictive biomarkers

In this article, we study the role of awareness and its impact on the control of infectious diseases. We analyze a susceptible-infected-recovered model with a media awareness compartment. We find the effective reproduction number R0{R}_{0}. We observe that our model exhibits transcritical forward bifurcation at R0=1{R}_{0}=1. We also performed the sensitivity analysis to determine the sensitivity of parameters of the effective reproduction number R0{R}_{0}. In addition, we study the corresponding optimal control problem by considering control in media awareness and treatment. Our studies conclude that we can reduce the rate of spread of infection in the population by increasing the treatment rate along with media awareness.

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants have instigated the global COVID-19 pandemic, which unfolded in waves over nearly three years since its emergence in 2019. Variances in host immune responses have resulted in a spectrum of symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to mild, moderate, severe pneumonia-like, or critical conditions. For many individuals, symptomatic conditions exacerbated and posed life-threatening risks, particularly when co-morbidities such as diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), hypertension, malignancies, and HIV were present. This study was aimed to ascertain the co-morbidity trends across the two major waves of COVID-19. Method: In India, COVID-19 patients from the first wave (April 1, 2020 to January 31, 2021) and the second wave (March 1, 2021 to October 1, 2021) were categorized into asymptomatic, moderate, severe, and critical groups, with 100 patients in each category. These patient groups were further subdivided based on co-morbidities and subjected to data analysis. Results: Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and lung complications were identified as common co-morbidities significantly impacting the quality of life for COVID-19 patients. Conclusions: Our data analysis has highlighted the influence of co-morbidities or multi-morbidities in exacerbating severe and critical conditions during both waves 1 and 2 of COVID-19 infections.

Introduction: Despite recent advances, management of distal tibial fractures is challenging, with high rate of complications. Fibula pro tibia plating technique fixes fibula and tibia together, via laterally placed fibular plate without disturbing the tibial soft tissue sleeve. We contemplated this pilot study to assess effectiveness of fibula pro tibia plating in management of distal tibia fibula fractures. Materials and methods: A total of 30 patients with distal tibia fibula fractures with fracture line extending within 5cm from tibial plafond were managed with fibula pro tibia plating, with or without minimal articular fixation. Outcome evaluation was done by union, union time, alignment and functional outcome as assessed by AOFAS score. Results: Mean age in the series was 39.4 years with male to female ratio of 3:2. Mean duration of surgery, blood loss and C arm exposure were 79 minutes (range 52 to 98min), 80ml (range 62 to 102ml) and 48 shoots (range 36 to 81 shoots), respectively. All fractures united in mean union time of 10.2 weeks (range 9 to 14 weeks) with acceptable alignment in all the patients except one. Mean AOFAS score was 86.3 (range 70 to 93) with 29 patients having good to excellent outcome. One patient had varus malunion and in one case infection was seen. Conclusion: Fibula pro tibia plating can be successfully used to manage complex distal tibia fractures which leaves the soft tissue and periosteal sleeve undisturbed, thus avoiding wound related problems and leading to early union.

Gaurav Kaushik,1,2 Richa Vashishtha,2 Chaitenya Verma,3 Shipra Sharma,4 Vinay Kumar5 1School of Allied Health Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India; 2Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India; 3Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; 4Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India; 5Pennsylvania State University Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Dr, Hershey, PA, 17033, USACorrespondence: Gaurav Kaushik; Vinay Kumar, Email gaurav.kaushik@sharda.ac.in; vinayktyagi07@gmail.comBackground: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are identified as one of the key components of the innate immune system. The objective of this study was to explore the influence of genetic variability in these TLRs on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression with and without tuberculosis (TB) co-infection.Materials and Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional, and longitudinal study included 373 HIV-positive patients without TB infection. This study aimed to examine the genetic variation in TLRs (TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9) between patients with HIV-1 infection and those who progressed to active TB during the two years of follow-up.Results: During the two year follow-up of 373 positive patients, 98 patients progressed to active TB/AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). When comparing 98 HIV patients who developed active TB/AIDS to 275 HIV patients who did not, it was discovered that the frequency of the A allele in TLR9 was considerably higher (p < 0.001) in HIV patients progressed to active TB/AIDS. Ninety eight HIV individuals who advanced to active TB/AIDS showed a significantly higher frequency of the AA genotype in TLR9 than did in HIV patients who had no TB/AIDS (p < 0.001).Conclusion: The increased association of the AA genotype of TLR9 in HIV patients who progressed to active TB during follow-up suggests that HIV-positive patients with the AA genotype of TLR9 have increased susceptibility towards TB during the disease progression.Keywords: toll-like receptors, human immunodeficiency virus, tuberculosis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, immune system