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Many Neotropical tree species are widespread at continental and even inter-continental scales, but phenotypic variation across their respective ranges has rarely been quantified. We measured traits in the widespread, unisexual Neotropical tree Virola sebifera (Myristicaceae) across its continental-scale range, and predicted that, given its hyperdominant status, generalist-pollinated flower type, high dispersal capacity and wide ecological amplitude there would be: (1) a weak relationship among and within reproductive and vegetative characters with environmental, spatial and biome correlates; (2) undetectable canalization of reproductive traits; and (3) high phenotypic variation of vegetative characters. We measured five foliar and seven floral traits from 187 male-expressing individuals of V. sebifera in specimens collected from Central to South America. Spatial regression models were employed to test for the importance of distance, elevation, mean annual rainfall and temperature on phenotypic variation. Pairwise correlations of vegetative and reproductive characters were calculated to examine intraspecific trait variation among and within these two classes. We found that most phenotypic variation was weakly explained by spatial predictors such as certain major South American domains like the Andes Cordillera and the Amazon Basin. Within-class comparisons of floral characters were no different than among-class (floral-foliar) correlates, suggesting the absence of canalization of reproductive structures. Greater phenotypic variation in flowers relative to leaves may be due to the generalist pollinator regime and high dispersal capacity thus relaxing divergences in the evolutionary process of its floral morphology. The results of these morphometric analyses (e.g. weak signals of isolation by distance) in combination with the biology of this Neotropical tree suggest that V. sebifera operates as a well-dispersed metapopulation across most of its range.

Funding: Floristic identification in plots in the RAINFOR forest monitoring network have been supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (grants NE/B503384/1, NE/ D01025X/1, NE/I02982X/1, NE/F005806/1, NE/D005590/1 and NE/I028122/1) and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. In a time of rapid global change, the question of what determines patterns in species abundance distribution remains a priority for understanding the complex dynamics of ecosystems. The constrained maximization of information entropy provides a framework for the understanding of such complex systems dynamics by a quantitative analysis of important constraints via predictions using least biased probability distributions. We apply it to over two thousand hectares of Amazonian tree inventories across seven forest types and thirteen functional traits, representing major global axes of plant strategies. Results show that constraints formed by regional relative abundances of genera explain eight times more of local relative abundances than constraints based on directional selection for specific functional traits, although the latter does show clear signals of environmental dependency. These results provide a quantitative insight by inference from large-scale data using cross-disciplinary methods, furthering our understanding of ecological dynamics. Publisher PDF

RESUMOO uso de plantas medicinais é uma prática baseada no conhecimento popular e, quase sempre, transmitida oralmente, e é muito significativo nos últimos tempos. Dada sua importância não só para os seres humanos mas para todos seres vivos, os estudos etnobotânicos garantem possibilidades de preservação da sociobiodiversidade. Dessa forma, foi realizada uma análise de estudos etnobotânicos publicados da Região Norte e verificado sua relação com a sustentabilidade ambiental para uma melhor garantia de uso e resgate, focado nas plantas medicinais. O método utilizado foi o quali-quantitativo. Foram analisados 15 artigos científicos no período de 2006 a 2020 e que utilizam as plantas para o tratamento e/ou cura de doenças como uma prática de manutenção e/ou preservação dos saberes tradicionais. Verificou-se que as plantas medicinais possuem relação direta com as pessoas por meio das diversas formas de utilização. Constatou-se que as espécies vegetais usadas com maior frequência foram os representantes das famílias Lamiaceae e Asteraceae. Outro fato observado foi que os moradores criam hortas de plantas medicinais nos próprios quintais, recolhem sementes de plantas, usam folhas fazendo infusão principalmente para tratar doenças relacionadas ao aparelho digestório (55%) e aparelho respiratório (45%), além da preservação dos seus conhecimentos culturais da fitoterapia vindo de gerações passadas. Portanto, se faz necessário compreender e entender como as plantas medicinais podem auxiliar nos recursos terapêuticos das comunidades e sociedades auxiliando de certa forma uma sensibilização para o desenvolvimento de posturas éticas e responsáveis perante ao meio ambiente a fim de garantir a sustentabilidade da flora medicinal.

Rural non-farm activities are adaptation strategies that local communities develop as socioeconomic alternatives, for facing imposed restrictions in protected areas. To highlight these strategies, this study aimed to relate the socioeconomic variables of social agents (SAs) with their perceptions about the impact of rural non-farm enterprises (RNFEns) on the Buen Vivir of their community as residents of the Sustainable Development Reserve of Tupé, Manaus, Amazonas. In this exploratory research, through semi-structured interviews and participatory observations, the perceptions of the SAs about the dimensions of Buen Vivir(Psychological Well-Being, Time Use, Community Vitality, Culture, Environment, and others) were evaluated and how these perceptions relate to the socioeconomic variables of the RNFEns. In the perception of the SAs, the RNFEns positively impact Buen Vivir in the dimensions with the strongest collective tendency and negatively in the dimensions with the strongest private tendency, with pluri activity being the explanatory variable.

Anatomical characters are important for the identification of species, investigation of phylogenies and understanding autoecology. This study analyzed the leaf traits of twenty species of Chrysobalanaceae occurring in Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve, Manaus, AM, Brazil. The species show scleromorphic features such as stomatal crypts, thick cuticle, and vascular bundles with extensions sheaths, indicating adaptations to the poor soil forest environment in which they occur, as well as to high light intensity and precipitation. Stomata above the epidermis line was a frequent character in Licania. Characteristics such as vascularization, midrib shape and presence of sclereids differed between species. None of the traits analyzed was exclusive to any of the genera studied. However, these traits can provide an important database for future phylogenetic studies within the family.

The studies over the local knowledge patterns between man and woman aim to understand specific characteristics of communities in order to develop better strategies for natural resources conservation. The objective of this study was to recognize the useful species and their forms of use in order to evaluate traditional Makuxi knowledge of genders and age in the Darora community, in São Marcos indigenous land, Roraima State, Northern Brazil. The botanical knowledge was analyzed, considering species richness, number of citations and plant uses between gender and age groups. The research was carried out using semi-structured interviews with 60 participants (36 men and 24 women), ranging from 18 to 84 years of age. The interview data were compared between genders and three age groups (< 40, 40 – 60, and > 60 years of age). A total of 69 species and 2.100 citations were recorded (men, 69 species in 1.446 citations; women, 52 species in 654 citations). For the age groups, 53 species were mentioned by the category < 40, 61 by the category 40-60, and 59 by the category > 60 years. This difference was also observed in the species uses and in its parts, being timber uses the most significant purposes among men, and medicinal and food among women. The study provided an analysis of the profile of the Darora community, i.e., they are explorers of the natural resources, mainly oriented towards construction, due to the relatively recent occupation of the area (ca. 75 years ago), which evidences that they are at the establishment stage, as well as the need for medicine, probably related to the lack of health care, to the cost of industrial drugs, and also due to the belief on traditional medicine effectiveness. Results show that respondents over 40 years of age have more botanical knowledge than the younger ones. Elder men were considered the most knowledgeable regarding to the number of species and citations.

QUESTIONS: How are the tree species of the periodically flooded black water forest distributed along the Negro River basin (igapo)? Can we classify the tree communities into similarity groups? Are oligarchic species present? METHODS: We analysed available data on tree species composition in vegetation plots located in the Negro River basin (igapo forests) in Brazil and built a similarity matrix based on Sorensen's similarity index. We applied principal coordinates analysis, established community groups (a posteriori) and applied both multi‐response permutation procedures and indicator species analysis. RESULTS: Among 19 surveys conducted in igapo forests, at least 604 woody taxa were recognized, and 384 taxa were identified to species level. Igapo tree species were not as frequent or abundant as were other tree species of the Amazon upland forest, although they were widely distributed in other forest types. The Sorensen similarity index was low (Sₛ = 0.16). Generally, the highest similarity values were recorded between surveys that were spatially close. The multivariate analyses suggested the existence of a strong vegetation gradient along the Negro River. The two groups established a posteriori showed 25 species with an indicator value (IV) >50%, and 68 species presented IndValues in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show a strong turnover of tree species replacement along the course of the Negro River, with 57.5% of species restricted to one survey of occurrence. This trend is particularly notable from the point at which the Branco River strongly discharges into the Negro River. No species show high values for range distribution or local abundance, although four were considered moderately frequent. The upper parts of the main rivers have indicator species that are less frequent downstream.

Overexploitation is one of the main causes of biodiversity loss and local extinction. In the Brazilian Amazon, the intensive use of high-value timber species is leading to a decline in their populations. When in decline, these species can be replaced by less valuable and more common ones that are more feasible to exploit. We conducted interviews with residents of two communities in a sustainable development reserve in central Amazonia, and used free lists and the cognitive salience index (S) to assess the perceptions of residents regarding the occurrence and purpose of timber exploitation, and to identify possible endangered species in white-sand and terra-firme forests. In addition, to infer possible consequences of logging, we assessed the current population status of timber species cited by residents in forest-plot inventories carried out within the reserve. S-index values and interviewee reports suggested an intensive use of terra-firme timber species and an apparently recent increase in the exploitation of white-sand species, which did not use to be exploited because of their relatively low commercial value. The inventories showed that the white-sand timber species have high relative densities and low S values in contrast to the terra-firme species, which mostly have low relative densities and high S values. Our results highlight the need to identify and monitor relevant timber species in both terra-firme and white-sand forests, and to increase the involvement of the local community in the development of logging management practices. RESUMO A super-exploração madeireira é uma das principais causas de perda da biodiversidade e extinções locais. Na Amazônia brasileira o uso intensivo focado em poucas espécies tem levado à redução de suas populações e à substituição destas espécies, consideradas “nobres” pelo mercado madeireiro, por espécies “menos nobres” com populações ainda viáveis para exploração. Nós realizamos entrevistas com moradores de duas comunidades em uma reserva de desenvolvimento sustentável na Amazônia Central, e usamos listas livres e o Índice de Saliência Cognitiva (S) para elucidar percepções dos moradores sobre a exploração madeireira local e identificar possíveis espécies em risco em florestas de campinarana e terra-firme. Além disso, para inferir possíveis consequências da atividade madeireira, avaliamos o atual status populacional das espécies madeireiras citadas pelos moradores em inventários florestais realizados dentro da reserva. Os resultados do S e os relatos dos moradores sugerem o uso intensivo de espécies madeireiras de terra-firme e um aumento aparentemente recente da exploração de espécies de campinarana, antes desprezadas pelo baixo valor comercial. Os inventários mostram que espécies madeireiras de campinarana têm altas densidades relativas e baixos valores de S, em contraste com espécies de terra-firme, que, em sua maioria, apresentam baixas densidades relativas e altos valores de S. Nossos resultados ressaltam a necessidade de identificar e monitorar as populações de espécies madeireiras importantes, tanto em florestas de terra-firme quanto em campinaranas, e de involver os comunitários no desenvolvimento de políticas de manejo da exploração madeireira na reserva.

Woody plant diversity from the Amazonian savannas has been poorly quantified. In order to improve the knowledge on wood plants of these regional ecosystems, a tree inventory was carried out in four different habitats used by indigenous people living in the savanna areas of the Northern Brazilian Amazon. The habitats were divided into two types (or groups) of vegetation formations: forest (riparian forest, forest island, and buritizal = Mauritia palm formation) and non-forest (typical savanna). The inventory was carried out in two hectares established in the Darora Indigenous Community region, north of the state of Roraima. The typical savanna is the most densely populated area (709 stems ha-1); however, it has the lowest tree species richness (nine species, seven families) in relation to typical forest habitats: riparian forest (22 species, 13 families and 202 stems ha-1), forest islands (13 species, 10 families and 264 stems ha-1), and buritizal (19 species, 15 families and 600 stems ha-1). The tree structure (density and dominance) of the forest habitats located in the savanna areas studied in this work is smaller in relation to forest habitats derived from continuous areas of other parts of the Amazon. These environments are derived from Paleoclimatic fragmentation, and are currently affected by the impact of intensive use of natural resources as timberselective logging and some land conversion for agriculture.

Byrsonima crassifolia and B. coccolobifolia, popularly known as mirixis, muricis, mantecos or nances, are common fruit species in the Amazonian savannas. Their fruits are used in the preparation of juices and other beverages, while the other parts of the plants are used for different purposes in some indigenous communities. The aim of the present ethnobotanical study was to investigate the knowledge and traditional uses of mirixis in the Darora Indigenous Community, of the Makuxi ethnicity, in the São Marcos Indigenous Land, state of Roraima, northern Brazil. The knowledge on these species among the residents was analyzed considering their gender and age. A survey was carried out by means of semi-structured interviews with 60 respondents (36 men and 24 women), between 18 and 84 years of age. Data from the interviewees was compared between genders and two age groups (< 40 and ≥ 40 years of age). Ethnobotanical indices (Informant diversity value; Informant equability value) were calculated, and no significant differences were found in the diversity of uses between genders (U = 283.0000, p > 0.05) and age groups (U = 359.5000, p > 0.05), indicating that the knowledge on the species is evenly distributed among residents. Results show that both species are used for different purposes in the food, fuelwood and medicinal categories in the Darora Community, and this knowledge is widely shared among adult men and women of all ages. RESUMO Byrsonima crassifolia e B. coccolobifolia, popularmente conhecidas como mirixis, muricis, mantecos ou nances, são espécies de frutíferas comuns que ocorrem nas savanas amazônicas. Os seus frutos são utilizados na preparação de sucos e outras bebidas, enquanto outras partes das plantas são utilizadas para diferentes fins em algumas comunidades indígenas. O objetivo do presente estudo etnobotânico foi investigar o conhecimento e usos tradicionais dos mirixis na Comunidade Indígena Darora, da etnia Makuxi, na Terra Indígena São Marcos, no estado de Roraima. Este trabalho analisou o conhecimento dessas espécies entre os moradores da comunidade. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 60 participantes (36 homens e 24 mulheres), entre 18 e 84 anos de idade. Os dados das entrevistas foram comparados entre gêneros e dois grupos de idade (< 40 anos de idade e ≥ 40 anos de idade). Índices etnobotânicos (Valor de diversidade do informante; Valor de equabilidade do informante) foram calculados, e não houve diferenças significativas na diversidade de usos entre os gêneros (U = 283,0000, p > 0,05) e grupos de idade (U = 359,5000, p > 0,05), indicando que o conhecimento das espécies é uniformemente distribuído entre os moradores. Os resultados mostraram que ambas as espécies são usadas com finalidades nas categorias alimentícia, combustível e medicinal na Comunidade Darora, e o conhecimento é amplamente compartilhado entre homens e mulheres, independentemente da faixa etária.

A hipótese da aparência ecológica em estudos etnobotânicos está baseada na relação oferta/procura entre populações humanas e os recursos de seu meio, com a premissa de que as plantas com maior disponibilidade no ambiente (aparentes) seriam as mais reconhecidas por sua utilidade dentro de uma determinada cultura. O presente estudo avaliou esta hipótese em relação às espécies lenhosas nativas registradas nos ambientes florestal (Buritizal, Mata Ciliar e Ilha de Mata) e não florestal (Lavrado) na Comunidade Indígena Darora, etnia Makuxi, na Terra Indígena São Marcos, Roraima. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 60 participantes (36 homens e 24 mulheres), de 38 famílias, entre 18 e 84 anos de idade. Também foi realizado um levantamento fitossociológico para verificar a disponibilidade de recursos lenhosos em oito parcelas (0,25 ha cada), instaladas a diferentes distâncias do centro da comunidade. As espécies com os maiores valores de uso (VU) da comunidade em geral foram Mauritia flexuosa, Copaifera pubiflora, Byrsonima crassifolia e B. coccolobifolia. A hipótese da aparência ecológica foi corroborada nos ambientes Lavrado e Buritizal. Houve correlação positiva entre os parâmetros fitossociológicos e o valor de uso nas categorias Alimentação e Combustível no ambiente Lavrado, nas categorias Alimentação, Artesanato e Construção no ambiente Buritizal, e nas categorias Medicinal e Tecnologia no ambiente Ilha de Mata.

As espécies de Copaifera, popularmente conhecidas como copaíba, tem seu óleo-resina utilizado na medicina tradicional indígena. Além disso, sua madeira é apreciada para produção de carvão, lenha ou para construção de casas, devido à sua durabilidade. O objetivo foi investigar o conhecimento tradicional Macuxi e usos da copaíba na comunidade indígena Darora, Terra Indígena São Marcos, Roraima. Foi realizado um inventário, por gênero e idade, sobre o conhecimento da copaíba entre os moradores da comunidade. As entrevistas semiestruturadas foram realizadas com 60 participantes (36 homens e 24 mulheres) entre 18 e 84 anos de idade. Entre estes, 48 participantes (32 homens e 16 mulheres) indicaram o uso de copaíba. A copaíba apresentou 21 usos, principalmente na categoria medicinal (47% das citações), e para uso de madeira (construção, 33%, combustível, 7,5% e tecnologia, 5%). Embora tenha havido diferenças entre IDV e IEV de homens e mulheres, havia apenas diferenças significativas com homens com mais de 40 anos de idade, indicando que este grupo tem um conhecimento maior sobre o uso de copaíba em relação aos outros participantes, independentemente do gênero e idade (U = 54,5 e p = 0,0075).

Comparing plants of the same species thriving in flooded and non-flooded ecosystems helps to clarify the interplay between natural selection, phenotypic plasticity and stress adaptation. We focussed on responses of seeds and seedlings of Genipa americana and Guazuma ulmifolia to substrate waterlogging or total submergence. Both species are commonly found in floodplain forests of Central Amazonia and in seasonally dry savannas of Central Brazil (Cerrado). Although seeds of Amazonian and Cerrado G. americana were similar in size, the germination percentage of Cerrado seeds was decreased by submergence (3 cm water) and increased in Amazonian seeds. The seeds of Amazonian G. ulmifolia were heavier than Cerrado seeds, but germination of both types was unaffected by submergence. Three-month-old Amazonian and Cerrado seedlings of both species survived 30 days of waterlogging or submersion despite suffering significant inhibition in biomass especially if submerged. Shoot elongation was also arrested. Submersion triggered chlorosis and leaf abscission in Amazonian and Cerrado G. ulmifolia while waterlogging did so only in Cerrado seedlings. During 30 days of re-exposure to non-flooded conditions, G. ulmifolia plants that lost their leaves produced a replacement flush. However, they attained only half the plant dry mass of non-flooded plants. Both submerged and waterlogged G. americana retained their leaves. Consequently, plant dry mass after 30 days recovery was less depressed by these stresses than in G. ulmifolia. Small amounts of cortical aerenchyma were found in roots 2 cm from the tip of well-drained plants. The amount was increased by flooding. Waterlogging but not submergence promoted hypertrophy of lenticels at the stem base of both species and adventitious rooting in G. ulmifolia. Despite some loss of performance in dryland plants, flood tolerance traits were present in wetland and dryland populations of both species. They are part of an overall stress-response potential that permits flexible acclimation to locally flooded conditions., Comparing plants of the same species thriving in flooded and non-flooded ecosystems helps to clarify the interplay between natural selection, plant plasticity and stress adaptation. We compared responses of seeds and seedlings of Genipa americana and Guazuma ulmifolia to substrate waterlogging or total submergence. Both species are commonly found in floodplain forests of Central Amazonia and in seasonally dry savannas of Central Brazil. We provide evidence that flood tolerance traits are also present in dryland populations, being part of an overall stress response potential that permits flexible acclimation to locally flooded conditions.

The Amazonian white-sand vegetation presents a set of unique features, such as the dominance of a few species, high endemism and low species richness, which differentiate it from other Amazonian forests. Soil parameters have long been recognized as the main drivers of white-sand vegetation (WSV) characteristics. However, how they influence the composition, richness and structure of this vegetation type is still poorly understood. In this study we investigated the variation in floristic composition between patches and the soil-vegetation relations in three central Amazonian WSV patches. We tested whether slight differences in soil properties are linked with differences in floristic composition, species richness and forest structure in adjacent patches. In each patch three plots of 50 x 50 m were sampled (a total of 2.25 ha). Soil samples were collected for each plot. The sampling cutoff for arboreal individuals was DBH ≥ 5 cm. We sampled a total of 3956 individuals belonging to 40 families and 140 species. In each patch only a few species were dominant, but the dominant species varied among patches. Differences among patches were significant, but plots in the same patch tended to have similar species composition. The variable sum of bases (SB) was directly related to species composition, however, species richness and forest structure were not related to soil parameters. Even small variations in soil parameters can change species composition in WSV, although these variations do not necessarily influence the richness and other structural parameters. © 2018, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia. All rights reserved.

This chapter intents to contribute to the knowledge of the geographic distribution of tree taxa in Brazilian igapo forest and presents an analysis of the distribution of tropical tree species from periodic flooded areas, focusing on the description and interpretation of the patterns of local, regional and global. We used 19 floristic and phytosociological works carried out in periodically flooded forests of the Rio Negro basin, Brazilian Amazon, and classified them according to the occurrence area of tree species using the phytogeography patterns established by Prance (1977). Considering the different possibilities of occurrence of a taxon in the Amazon biome, we defined three possible tree species geographic patterns: AA – ample amazon; FP – floodplain area; and BW – black water. For each taxon we calculated the frequency of occurrence. For each phytogeographic pattern we investigated the occurrence of each taxon in other formations out of the Amazon forest, according to the five biomes by IBGE classification: Cerrado (CE), Caatinga (CA), Pantanal (PA), Mata Atlântica (MA) and Pampa (PP). In all, 19 surveys were selected; the specific richness of at least 636 woody taxa was recognized. Of these, 380 species are duly determined and belong to 211 genera and 62 families. We checked 231 species with wide distribution on the Amazon (AA), 65 occur only on floodplain (FP), 61 occur only near black water river (BW), 7 are restricted to one formation on Amazon and 16 species are not registered on Species Link site. The majority of the species BW are considered rare (59%) and only 12 species (19.7%) occur in other Brazilian biome. We observed the same with floodplain species (FP), only 12.3% also occur in other Brazilian biome. In general, the most constant/moderately frequent species in the igapo forest showed large geographic amplitude occurring in other Brazilian biomes. A great proportions of them also occurred in cerrado (CE), followed by Atlantic rain forest (MA). The fact that about 37.6% of all species occurred also in other formations, 43.1 % of genera and 69.4 % of families in igapo forest also occur out of Amazon forest.

Morphological studies focusing on vegetative traits are useful in identifying species when fertile material is not available. The aim of this study was to assess the application of comparative leaf morphology to identify species of the Chrysobalanaceae family. The morphological observations were made with a stereomicroscope. We used the diaphanization technique for viewing venation details. It is shown the descriptions of the leaf morphology, illustrations and an identification key for 20 species from genera Couepia, Licania and Parinari (Chrysobalanaceae) occurring in the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve, Manaus, AM, Brazil. The key was constructed using the DELTA (DEscription Language for TAxonomy) software. Leaf traits such as the presence of intersecondary venation and the type of insertion of secondary veins were recorded for each species. These morphological leaf traits are reliable for identifying species of Chrysobalanaceae Estudos morfológicos com foco em caracteres vegetativos são úteis na identificação das espécies quando material fértil não está disponível. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a aplicação da morfologia foliar comparativa na identificação de espécies da família Chrysobalanaceae. A caracterização morfológica foi realizada com observação em estereomicroscópio. Foi utilizada a técnica de diafanização para visualização de detalhes da venação. São apresentadas descrições da morfologia foliar, ilustrações e uma chave de identificação de 20 espécies dos gêneros Couepia, Licania e Parinari (Chrysobalanaceae) que ocorrem na Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Manaus, AM, Brasil. A chave de identificação foi construída com uso do programa DELTA (DEscription Language for TAxonomy). Caracteres foliares como a presença de nervuras intersecundárias e o tipo de inserção das nervuras secundárias foram registrados para cada espécie. Essas características foliares são confiáveis para a identificação de espécies de Chrysobalanaceae.

We investigated how epiphytic species and subfamilies of Bromeliaceae change along the extent of the Atlantic Rain Forest, to answer the questions: (i) How do the epiphytic genera and subfamilies of Bromeliaceae change along the domain? (ii) How similar are the different regions of the Atlantic Rain Forest in relation to the epiphytic species of bromeliads? (iii) Which environmental variables are the most important factors in determining species composition along the domain? We found 114 species of Bromelioideae and 73 of Tillandsioideae. The predominance of Bromelioideae was unexpected, because they are not wind-dispersed as would be expected for most epiphytes. The smaller number of species of Tillandsioideae, and the high frequency of species of Vriesea with limited geographic distributions indicated that epiphytes with rather limited geographic distributions predominate in this domain. Species similarity was divided into one block of south–southeastern localities, and a second block of northeastern–southeastern localities. These results suggest that the distribution of epiphytic bromeliad species resembles that of the phorophyte trees, more than a previous pattern suggested for all epiphytes in the domain. Latitude, temperature and altitude were important factors affecting the species composition along the domain. In general, our results differ from those of other studies in Latin America, and we suggest that historical and evolutionary events generated these differences.

No Brasil, 85% das Bignoniaceae são representadas pela tribo Bignonieae, caracterizada pelo hábito trepador e arbustivo escandente. No Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (PERD), um dos últimos remanescente de Mata Atlântica em Minas Gerais, foram registradas 37 espécies dessa tribo. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: descrever a distribuição vertical das espécies de Bignonieae do PERD; reconhecer os padrões fenológicos de floração apresentados por elas; e associar os padrões morfológicos de corola e síndromes florais já estabelecidos com aqueles encontrados no PERD. As 37 espécies de Bignonieae foram observadas periodicamente, no período de 15 meses e 32 visitas. A distribuição vertical ocorreu em três estratos: dossel (75,7%), entre-copa (16,2%) e sub-bosque (8,1%), significando que 24,3% dessas espécies difundiram-se para outros nichos ecológicos, além do estrato superior da mata. Os padrões fenológicos de floração foram: floração maciça em 40,6% das espécies, várias florações maciças em 21,6%, estacionário modificado em 16,2% e cornucópia em 13,5%. O tipo de corola Anemopaegma foi o mais representativo (44,1% das espécies estudadas), seguido do tipo Stizophyllum e Cydista (14,7%, cada), Pithecoctenium e Pyrostegia (11,8%, cada) e Tynnanthus (2,9%). Associando a morfologia da corola ao possível polinizador, verificou-se que 83,8% das espécies apresentam tipos florais relacionados à melitofilia, reforçando a importância das Bignonieae na manutenção de abelhas médias e grandes em florestas tropicais. The tribe Bignonieae represents eighty-five percent of Bignoniaceae in Brazil, which are predominantly lianas, although some genera also have a few suffruticose species. At the Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (PERD), one of the last Atlantic Forest stretches in the state of Minas Gerais, 37 species of that tribe were recorded. The main purposes of the present study were: to describe the PERD's Bignonieae species vertical distribution and to recognise the flowering phenological patterns displayed by them; and associating corolla morphological patterns and established floral syndromes with those found at PERD. All thirty-seven species were observed on 32 visits during 15 months. Vertical distribution occurred in three strata: canopy (75.7%), intra-crown (16.2%) and under-storey (8.1%), meaning that 24.3% of those species spread out to other ecological niches, besides the forest's higher stratum. The flowering phenological patterns were: big bang in 40.6% of the species, multiple bang in 21.6%, modified steady state in 16.2% and cornucopia in 13.5%. The Anemopaegma corolla type was the most representative (44.1% of the studied species), followed by the types Stizophyllum and Cydista (14.7%, each), Pithecoctenium and Pyrostegia (11.8%, each) and Tynnanthus (2.9%). Associating the floral morphology to a possible pollinator it was found that 83.8% of the species display floral types associated to bee-pollination, highlighting the importance of the Bignonieae on the maintenance of the large and middle sized bees in tropical forests.

RESUMO A utilização de plantas medicinais para o tratamento de doenças tropicais como a malária na Amazônia Central é de suma importância, principalmente em locais onde o sistema único de saúde não se encontra presente como na maioria das comunidades ribeirinhas desta região. Sendo assim, investigar e resgatar o conhecimento popular a respeito de plantas medicinais utilizadas no tratamento de malária e males associados pelos moradores da comunidade Julião situada na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Tupé, Manaus-AM, torna-se importante no registro de como as populações locais se previnem e tratam essa doença tão prevalente e perigosa na região. O trabalho foi conduzido na forma de oficinas participativas, segregadas por gênero e complementadas com entrevistas semiestruturadas aliadas à técnica da turnê-guiada nos quintais e floresta adjacente à comunidade. Foram calculados os índices de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener, equitabilidade e concordância quanto ao uso principal (CUP). A partir da colaboração efetiva de 13 comunitários foram registradas 62 espécies vegetais pertencentes a 53 gêneros e 34 famílias botânicas que resultaram em índice de diversidade (H’) de 1,62 decits e equitabilidade de 0,9. As famílias mais representativas foram: Fabaceae (7 espécies), Asteraceae e Lamiaceae (4 espécies cada) e Solanaceae e Rutaceae (3 espécies cada). Vale destacar que 16 espécies (25,8%) foram citadas para tratamento de malária e males associados pela primeira vez em estudos etnobotânicos realizados na América Latina. ABSTRACT The use of medicinal plants in order to treat tropical diseases such as malaria is of extreme importance, particularly in places where the public health system is not present as in most coastal communities of the Amazonia region. That being stated, investigating and rediscovering the popular knowledge of medicinal plants used to treat malaria and its associated diseases by the residents of the Julião community, located in RDS Tupé, Manaus-AM, becomes relevant in recording how local populations prevent and treat this disease so prevalent and dangerous in this region. In order to carry out this study, it was implemented an ethnobotanical survey through workshops organized in categories and semi-structured interviews as well as guided tours by residents of the community in their backyards and nearby forest areas. The Shannon-Wiener diversity indicators were calculated, measuring equitability and concurrence regarding its main use (CUP). From the effective collaboration of 13 community members, 62 plant species belonging to 53 types and 34 botanic families were observed,which resulted in a diversity index (H ‘) and equitability of 1.62 decits 0.9. The most significant botanical families shown in the survey were: Fabaceae (7 species), Asteraceae (4 species), Lamiaceae (4 species), Solanaceae (3 species) and Rubiaceae (3 species). It is worth to highlight that 16 species (25.8%) were mentioned for malaria treatment and associated diseases, for the first time in ethnobotanical studies conducted in Latin America.

Neste trabalho sao apresentados estudos taxonomicos das especies de Melastomataceae, ocorrentes na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentavel do Tupe (RDS do Tupe), Manaus, Amazonas. Onde foram feitas analises de especimes provenientes de coletas realizadas de 2012 a 2014, alem de materiais desta localidade incorporados ao acervo Biotupe. Neste estudo foram registradas 42 especies, distribuidas em nove generos: Miconia (21 spp.), Clidemia (6 spp.), Aciotis, Bellucia, Tococa (3 spp. cada), Henriettea e Tibouchina (2 spp. cada), Adelobotrys e Maieta (1 sp. cada). Apos analise detalhada das partes vegetativas e reprodutivas foram elaboradas descricoes detalhadas e padronizadas para as especies encontradas e elaboracao de chave de identificacao, ambos com auxilio do software livre DELTA. Tambem sao apresentados ilustracoes e dados de distribuicao geografica das especies. Este estudo apresenta o primeiro registro de ocorrencia de 27 especies para a area de estudo

The relative densities of arboreal species of 17 surveys carried out in the Atlantic Ombrophilous Dense Forest of Sao Paulo state, SE Brazil, were compared by means of multivariate analysis (cluster, TWINSPAN, PCA, DCA and CCA) to assess floristic and structural variation. The arboreal flora of this vegetation formation is heterogeneous: out of the 771 specific binomials cited, 478 were recorded only once. As the results were similar whether these 478 species were included or not, they were therefore excluded from subsequent analyses. The cluster analysis and TWINSPAN recognised two floristic-structural groups: Coastal Province and Atlantic Plateau. The DCA resulted in a gradient related to distance from the sea, from the Coastal Province towards the Atlantic Plateau (λ1=0.6944). The CCA confirmed this separation on the first axis (λ1=0.6944; 12.7% of total variance; p

Lecythidaceae is the family of the Brazil nut, and comprises about 300 species belonging to 17 genera with pantropical distributions. One hundred and twenty-two species belonging to nine genera are distributed throughout Brazil, demonstrating its greatest diversity in the Amazon rainforest where Lecythidaceae is also one of the most abundant families. It is usually difficult to collect fertile material from these trees because of their canopy heights, and species determinations using sterile material can be complex because of their morphological similarities. There have been relatively few studies of this family even though it is one of the most important groups in the Amazon region, and a detailed taxonomic treatment of the species of Lecythidaceae in the Tupé Sustainable Development Reserve was therefore the goal of the present work. Ten species were found, Allantoma lineata (Mart. ex O.Berg) Miers, Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl., Couratari tenuicarpa A.C.Sm., Lecythis poiteaui O. Berg; and six species of Eschweilera, the richest genus. The descriptions and identification keys of the species used 56 characters. The main reproductive characters useful for distinguishing the species were the pubescence of the inflorescence rachis, pedicel length and trichomes presence, floral symmetry, hood type, filament shape, stigma shape, fruit shape and size, and aril type. The most diagnostic vegetative characters were the type and color of the outer bark, inner bark color, midrib prominence, and petiole shape and pubescence.

Orientador : Fernando Roberto Martins Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia Resumo: Este trabalho visa conhecer a distribuição geográfica das espécies arbóreas da Mata Atlântica em toda sua amplitude geográfica de forma a investigar quantitativamente a similaridade florístico-estrutural e diferenças entre amostras vindas de diferentes localidades. Para tal, foram usados 112 trabalhos de florística e fitossociologia, que trazem 268 listas de espécies. Cada referência foi cadastrada no FITOGEO, um sistema de banco de dados desenvolvido especialmente para gerenciar as informações utilizadas no presente estudo, mas que pode ser ampliado para estudos fitogeográficos de uma forma geral. Após análises de agrupamento e ordenação obtivemos os seguintes resultados: 1. a Mata Atlântica é bastante heterogênea floristicamente, com substituições de espécies, sendo que mais de 50% das espécies ocorrem em menos de 20% das amostras. Esta predominância de espécies arbóreas com distribuição restrita e a grande variação espacial de abundância pode aparentemente indicar nichos restritos; 2. nenhum táxon mostrou distribuição disjunta, e a maioria das espécies mostraram padrão de distribuição restrito à região sudeste do país; 3. analisando a ocorrência de táxons da Floresta Ombrófila Densa Atlântica em formações arbóreas vizinhas (cerrado, floresta estacional semidecidual e floresta montana de Pernambuco) observa-se que 63% de todas as espécies também ocorrem em outra formação florestal; 4. observamos uma tendência às localidades das florestas ombrófilas e das florestas estacionais formarem dois grupos florísticoestruturais, mas devido à grande heterogeneidade florística e substituição contínua de espécies, esses grupos não são bem definidos; e 5. a altitude e a temperatura foram as variáveis ambientais que apresentaram maior correlação com as similaridades entre as localidades sendo estas muito importantes para a caracterização do ambiente. O critério de inclusão adotado nos levantamentos, embora não seja uma característica intrínseca do ambiente, e a precipitação também influenciaram a similaridade florística entre as localidades. A partir dos resultados do teste de Mantel, foi detectado a existência de uma correlação positiva entre a distância geográfica e a dissimilaridade florístico-estrutural. Portanto, conclui-se que a Mata Atlântica é um bloco florestal heterogêneo, com substituições contínuas de suas espécies ao longo de toda sua extensão Abstract: The relative densities of arboreal species of 17 surveys carried out in the Atlantic Ombrophilous Dense Forest of São Paulo state, SE Brazil, were compared by means of multivariate analysis (cluster, TWINSPAN, PCA, DCA and CCA) to assess floristic and structural variation. The arboreal flora of this vegetation formation is heterogeneous: out of the 771 specific binomials cited, 478 were recorded only once. As the results were similar whether these 478 species were included or not, they were therefore excluded from subsequent analyses. The cluster analysis and TWINSPAN recognised two floristic-structural groups: Coastal Province and Atlantic Plateau. The DCA resulted in a gradient related to distance from the sea, from the Coastal Province towards the Atlantic Plateau (1.1=0.6944). The CCA confirmed this separation on the first axis (1.1=0.6944; 12.7% of total variance; p

The genus Adenocalymma Mart. ex Meisn,. originally described with 18 species, is currently represented by about 60 species distributed throughout tropical America. The name Adenocalymma is a compound of two Greek words: aden, adenos (m.) = glands, and kalymma (n.) = head-covering. This characteristic, glands on the calyx, is found in almost all species. Although Martius (in herb.) coined the generic name Adenocalymma, the spelling Adenocalymna was used by Meisner (l.c. 1840) when he published the original description of the genus. A year later, Endlicher (Ench. Bot.: 347. 1841), in a list of genera of Bignoniaceae, used the spelling Adenocalymma. As result two different spellings, Adenocalymma and Adenocalymna, were published. That used by Endlicher (I.c.) could be either a typographic error or a correction of the Meisner's spelling. Subsequently, Meisner, himself, in the index to his previous works (PI. Vasc. Gen. 2: 374. 1843), used the spelling Adenocalymma. This seems to have been a correction, made by the author himself, to the spelling he had used previously. In spite of that, de Candolle (Prodr. 9: 199. 1845), whose work has long been considered as a second reference for the genus, returned to Meisner's original spelling (Adenocalymna). Bureau (Bul. Soc. Bot. France 19: 19-20. 1872) pointed out that the original spelling used by Meisner (I.c. 1840) and adopted by de Candolle (l.c.) (Adenocalymna) was wrong: "Dans le tableau qui precede, nous avons ecrit Adenocalymma et non Adenocalymna. Ce genre a ete reconnu par Martius, et inscrit par lui dans son herbier, des 1839, avec l'orthographe que nous lui donnons ici, c'est-a-dire avec deux m. J'ai vu plus de dix etiquettes de la main de Martius, toutes redigees conformement a l'etymologie grecque, et dans l'Enchiridion d'Endlicher, qui a paru en 1841, on trouve le meme nom cite sous la forme correcte: Adenocalymma. Ce nom est en effet compose du substantif masculin a6rbv, evoL (glande), et du substantif neutre Xacuptatc, aro (enveloppe); il exprime un des caracteres les plus apparents du genre, dont le calice porte de larges glandes aplaties. C'est donc par erreur que ce genre a ete publie en 1845, dans le Prodromus, sous la forme Adenocalymna, et nous sommes autorises a retablir l'orthographe veritable, en vertu de l'article 66 des Lois de la nomenclature botanique". Although Bureau's paper could be considered a formal and legal correction of spelling of the generic name, acceptable under Art. 60.1 of the current Code, his judgement has not been universally accepted.

A new species is presented for the genus Adenocalymma (Bignoniaceae tribe Bignonieae). Adenocalymma magnoalatum Scudeller occurs in the Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Its subcoriaceous blades and secondary veins raised and yellow below, a quadrangular ovary, and especially the 4-alate fruit and convex, bi-alate seeds compressed on the back distinguish the species. RESUMEN. Se presenta una nueva especie para el genero Adenocalymma (Bignoniaceae tribu Bignonieae), A. magnoalatum Scudeller, del "Parque Estadual do Rio Doce," Minas Gerais, Brasil. La especie se caracteriza por sus hojas subcoriiceas y venas secundarias elevadas y amarillas en el env s, un ovario cuadrangular y especialmente por el fruto 4-alado y las semillas convexas y bi-aladas comprimidas dorsalmente. The etymology of Adenocalymma Martius ex Meisner is complex. The name is a compound of adenos (asevo; f. = glands) and calymma (KaAVEtta n. = head-covering); these characteristics are found in almost all species of the genus. Meisner (1840) published the original description of the genus with the spelling Adenocalymna. However, Endlicher (1841) used the spelling Adenocalymma. As a result, two different spellings of this name still persist. Scudeller (2000) proposed the conservation of the Adenocalymma spelling, based both on what appears to be Meisner's own correction (1843), to the index of his original description, and Bureau (1872). Bureau pointed out that the original spelling used by Meisner (in his original description) was wrong and commented, "J'ai vu plus de dix etiquettes de la main de Martius, toutes redigees conformement A l'6tymologie grecque, et dans l'Enchiridion d'Endlicher, qui a paru en 1841, on trouve le meme nom cite sous la forme correcte: ADENOCALYMMA" (Bureau, 1872: 19-20). The genus Adenocalymma is represented by approximately 60 species (Mabberley, 1997). It is distributed in tropical America, from Mexico and the Lesser Antilles to Uruguay and northeast Argentina (Bureau & Schumann, 1896-1897; Sandwith & Hunt, 1974). It is characterized by branchlets terete, tendril simple, leaves entire, raceme axillary, bracts usually conspicuous but caducous, calyx with conspicuous black palelliform glands on the outer side, corolla tubular, bright yellow, either wholly tomentose or pubescent, very rarely wholly glabrous outside, 4 fertile stamens, 1 staminode, anther 2-divaricate, stigma 2-lamellate, and fruit capsule septifragal. In this paper, a new species is presented from the Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The Parque Estadual do Rio Doce is located between 42o38'30"-48028'18"W and 1948' 18"-19029'24"S, encompassing the municipalities of Tim6teo, Marlieria, and Dionfsio, comprising an area of approximately 36,000 ha (Instituto Estadual de Florestas, 1994). Adenocalymma magnoalatum Scudeller, sp. nov. TYPE: Brazil. Minas Gerais: Marlieria, Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (PERD), estrada do Restaurante, 10 Oct. 1996, V. V Scudeller 579 (holotype, VIC; isotype, MO (fr only)). Figure 1. Haec species A. paulistaro Bureau & K. Schumann et A. duseni Kraenzlin affinis, sed ab eis calyce et corolla extus tomentosis, ovario 4-angulari, capsula oblonga, 4-alata glandulis pateliformibus in alis et seminibus alatis differt. Liana. Branchlets elliptic to terete, lenticels abundant, without interpetiolar glandular fields; pseudostipules oblong-elliptic to linear, 0.7-1.0 x 0.1-0.3 cm, glabrous, with 1-3 patelliform glands at midpoint, persistent. Leaves opposite, brochidodromous, bifoliolate; tendrils simple; petioles 2.1-3.2 cm long, terete, with prominent lenticels; petiolules 2.6-4.1 cm long, terete; blades 11.417.0 x 4.5-7.7 cm, oblong-elliptic, chartaceous, glabrous above, densely lepidote below, base asymmetric, apex acuminate, margins revolute; primary veins straight, immersed above, prominent and yellowish below; secondary veins 8 to 10 pairs, moderate acute (angle of divergence = 550), yellowish when dry. Inflorescence 5.95-14.27 cm long, 5-8 pairs of flowers, axillary racemiform, bracts and bracteoles 0.2-0.5 x 0.1-0.2 cm, linear, caducous, NovoN 10: 234-237. 2000. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.16 on Thu, 16 Jun 2016 06:01:50 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 10, Number 3 2000 Scudeller Adenocalymma magnoalatum from Brazil 235 without patelliform glands; calyx green, tubular, 5denticulate, 0.9-1.1 x 0.6-0.8 cm, tomentose outside, patelliform glands toward apex, margins villose; corolla yellow, tubular-infundibuliform, with 5 lobes, mucronulate, symmetric, basal tube (ca. 1.2 cm) glabrous, toward apex tomentose outside, glabrate inside except lobes tomentose on both faces, corolla tube 4.2-5.4 x 1.5-1.9 cm, lobes 1.3-1.7 X 1.5-1.7 cm, mucronulate; stamens epipetalous, didynamous, included, longest pair 2.0-2.5 cm long, shortest pair 1.4-1.5 cm long, villose at the level of filament insertion, with capitate glandular trichomes, staminodes inconspicuous, anthers glabrous, 0.6-0.7 cm long, with thecae divergent, connective slightly prolonged, apiculate; ovary narrowly lanceolate, quadrangular, ca. 0.7 X 0.1 cm, glabrous, bilocular, ovules biseriate in each locule, style terete, ca. 3.6 cm long, stigma evenly 2-lamellate, with the lamellae oblong, 0.23 X 0.11 cm; nectar disc annular-pulvinate, ca. 0.2 x 0.1 cm. Capsule septifragal oblong, 4-alate, 21.7 X 4.9 cm, midribs prominent, patelliform glands abundant on the wings; seeds compressed on the back, convex, bi-alate, body 1.4-1.8 x 1.3 cm, wings hyalinemembranaceous, 1.6-1.7 x 1.3 cm each. Distribution and habitat. Adenocalymma magnoalatum is known only from the type locality, Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, occurring in its Southwest area. This forest in the Parque Estadual do Rio Doce represents one of the last remnants of the Atlantic Rain Forest under legal protection in Minas Gerais. The species extends into the forest canopy. The new species is related to the species group with linear pseudostipules, conspicuous glands in the calyx, subcoriaceous blades, and secondary veins raised and yellowish below. Similar species are A. bracteatum DC., A. comosum DC., A. duseni, A. hatschbachii A. H. Gentry (calyx eglandular), and A. paulistarum. Adenocalymma magnoalatum is characterized by the mucronulate corolla lobes and quadrangular ovary, and is especially distinguished by the 4-alate fruit with well-developed veins and winged seeds. Adenocalymma bracteatum is characterized by its tomentose calyx and bracts as long as buds, and it also occurs in the Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (Scudeller & Carvalho-Okano, 1998). This species is easily distinguished from the new species by shorter leaves (7.3-9.7 x 2.6-4.8 cm), ovary terete, and bracts concave. Adenocalymma comosum has the calyx glabrous. Adenocalymma hatschbachii differs from A. magnoalatum by the leaflets lanceolate, long acuminate and the calyx eglandular or with few inconspicuous glands. Adenocalymma duseni presents the petiolule longer than the petiole and leaflets ovate-lanceolate as in A. hatschbachii. Gentry (1993) distinguished the latter species by larger bracts and bracteoles, the usual presence of conspicuous calyx glands, thicker distinctly coriaceous leaves, and the corolla more infundibuliformcampanulate with included anthers. In the absence of fruit, A. magnoalatum can be confused with A. paulistarum and A. duseni, with leaves with yellow veins when dry, bracts caducous, and corolla recurved. However, A. magnoalatum is distinguished from those by the petiolule usually longer than the petiole, the oblong-elliptic leaf blade with 8 to 10 pairs of secondary veins, and the quadrangular ovary. The Parque Estadual do Rio Doce was visited monthly from September 1995 to February 1997 (Scudeller & Carvalho-Okano, 1998). Adenocalymma magnoalatum was found flowering only between January and March 1996, and in October 1996. It follows the phenological pattern multiple bang (see Gentry, 1974), with two or more flowering peaks annually. Despite this phenology, seed dispersal was only observed at the end of October, concomitant with one of the annual flowering peaks. According to Scudeller and Carvalho-Okano (1998), all other species of Adenocalymma flower at the same time (March and October), but only A. bracteatum can be mistaken for A. magnoalatum (see above). As found in the literature, most Adenocalymma species occurring in Brazil and surrounding countries have a cylindrical or a slightly dorsiventrally flattened fruit. Only three species, A. gracielzae A. H. Gentry, A. apurense (HBK) Sandwith, and A. purpurascens Rusby, occurring in the north of Brazil and in Central America present a winged fruit. Adenocalymma gracielzae differs from A. magnoalatum by the dorsal vein of the capsule being inconspicuous; the capsule having a puberulous and grooved surface; and the seeds being quadrangular but unwinged. Although A. apurense presents a slightly winged fruit, its seeds possess a larger seed body and narrow lines. In spite of the superficial similarity of the fruit, this new taxon differs from A. purpurascens by the shape of the leaves (ovate and very thick) and the bracts (as long as the buds and broadly ovate). Paratypes. BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Marliaria, Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, estrada da Campolina, 24 Jan. 1996 (fl), V V Scudeller 187 (PERD, VIC), 24 Jan. 1996 (fl), V V Scudeller 191 (RB, VIC); estrada do Restaurante, 25 Jan. 1996 (fl), V V Scudeller et al. 217 (PERD, UEC, VIC), 12 Mar. 1996 (fl), V V Scudeller 232 (PERD, VIC); estrada do Porto Capim, 10 Oct. 1996 (fr), V V Scudeller 574 (RB, VIC); estrada do Restaurante, 15 Oct. 1996 (fl), V V Scudeller 594 (MO, SPF, VIC). This content downloaded from 207.46.13.16 on Thu, 16 Jun 2016 06:01:50 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:28:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-12-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Amazonian forests are extraordinarily diverse, but the estimated species richness is very much debated. Here, we apply an ensemble of parametric estimators and a novel technique that includes conspecific spatial aggregation to an extended database of forest plots with up-to-date taxonomy. We show that the species abundance distribution of Amazonia is best approximated by a logseries with aggregated individuals, where aggregation increases with rarity. By averaging several methods to estimate total richness, we confirm that over 15,000 tree species are expected to occur in Amazonia. We also show that using ten times the number of plots would result in an increase to just ~50% of those 15,000 estimated species. To get a more complete sample of all tree species, rigorous field campaigns may be needed but the number of trees in Amazonia will remain an estimate for years to come. Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517 Systems Ecology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087 Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Ecologia Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP Rua do Matão Trav. 14 no. 321 Cidade Universitária Ecology & Biodiversity Group Utrecht University, Padualaan 8 Coordenação de Biodiversidade Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA Av. André Araújo 2936 Petrópolis Programa Professor Visitante Nacional Sênior na Amazônia - CAPES Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia Av. Perimetral s/n Coordenação de Botânica Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Av. Magalhães Barata 376 C.P. 399 EMBRAPA – Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima BR 174 km 8 – Distrito Industrial School of Geography University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad Medio Ambiente y Salud-BIOMAS Universidad de las Américas Campus Queri Keller Science Action Center The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Amapá - IEPA Rodovia JK Km 10 Campus do IEPA da Fazendinha Herbario Amazónico Colombiano Instituto SINCHI Calle 20 No 5-44 Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA Av. André Araújo 2936 Petrópolis Dep. of Wetland Ecology Institute of Geography and Geoecology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - KIT Josefstr.1 Biogeochemistry Max Planck Institute for Chemistry Hahn-Meitner Weg 1 AMAP IRD Cirad CNRS INRA Université de Montpellier Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA Av. André Araújo 2936 Petrópolis Science and Education The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive Jardín Botánico de Missouri Oxapampa Centro de Biociências Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Av. Senador Salgado Filho 3000 Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP – Instituto de Biociências – IB Av. 24 A 1515 Bela Vista Herbario Vargas Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco Avenida de la Cultura Nro 733 Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling Divisao de Sensoriamento Remoto – DSR Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais – INPE Av. dos Astronautas 1758 Jardim da Granja Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG- Bionorte Universidade Federal de Rondônia Campus Porto Velho Km 9,5 bairro Rural Department of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal de Rondônia Rodovia BR 364 s/n Km 9,5 - Sentido Acre Unir Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP) Av. A. Quiñones km 2,5 Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal Av. 6 de agosto #28 Km. 14 Doble via La Guardia Casilla 6204 Departamento de Ciencias Forestales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Calle 64 x Cra 65 Agteca-Amazonica Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB) Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street OE 243 Cirad UMR Ecofog AgrosParisTech,CNRS,INRA,Univ Guyane Campus agronomique Natural History Museum University of Oslo Postboks 1172 Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas de Guayana Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana Calle Chile urbaniz Chilemex Puerto Ordaz Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia Parque Estação Biológica Av. W5 Norte Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA Av. André Araújo 2936 Petrópolis Diretoria Técnico-Científica Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá Estrada do Bexiga 2584 Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Pará Av. Augusto Corrêa 01 Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA) Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane Fiocruz Rua Terezina 476 Adrianópolis Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Saúde Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC/FIOCRUZ Pav. Arthur Neiva – Térreo Av. Brasil 4365 – Manguinhos Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Universidade Federal do Pará Av. Augusto Corrêa 01 Embrapa Amazônia Oriental Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n° Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar Herbario Universitario (PORT) UNELLEZ-Guanare Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Botanica Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP Rua do Matão 277 Cidade Universitária Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología Universidad de los Andes Carrera 1 # 18a- 10 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia (Botânica) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA Av. André Araújo 2936 Petrópolis Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam Sciencepark 904 Endangered Species Coalition, 8530 Geren Rd. Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Post al 2489 Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal Universidad de los Andes Via Chorros de Milla Inventory and Monitoring Program National Park Service, 120 Chatham Lane Center for Conservation and Sustainability Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute 1100 Jefferson Dr. SW Suite 3123 Universidade Federal do Amapá Ciências Ambientais Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek km2 Department of Integrative Biology University of California Biologia Vegetal Universidade Estadual de Campinas Caixa Postal 6109 Department of Ecology University of Brasilia Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University, Corson Hall, 215 Tower Road Peruvian Center for Biodiversity and Conservation (PCBC) Department of Global Ecology Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama St. Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program Faculty of Natural Sciences Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Silwood Park South Kensington Campus Escola de Negócios Tecnologia e Inovação Centro Universitário do Pará Universidade Federal do Pará Rua Augusto Corrêa 01 Ecosistemas Biodiversidad y Conservación de Especies Universidad Estatal Amazónica Km. 2 1/2 vía a Tena (Paso Lateral) Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Departamento de Genética Ecologia e Evolução Av. Antônio Carlos 6627 Pampulha Department of Biology University of Miami Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Environmental Change Institute University of Oxford Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Embrapa Amapá Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek km 5 Direccíon de Evaluación Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre Av. Javier Praod Oeste 693 Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM Km 7 via Muyuna Grupo de Ecología y Conservación de Fauna y Flora Silvestre Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Imani Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Amazonia Escuela de Biología Herbario Alfredo Paredes Universidad Central Ap. Postal 17.01.2177 Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development Museu Universitário/Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza/Laboratório de Botânica e Ecologia Vegetal Universidade Federal do Acre Department of Biological Sciences Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst Street Institute of Biological and Health Sciences Federal University of Alagoas Av. Lourival Melo Mota s/n Tabuleiro do Martins Servicios de Biodiversidad EIRL Jr. Independencia 405 School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh, 201 Crew Building, King’s Buildings Tropical Diversity Section Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row New York Botanical Garden 2900 Southern Blvd Bronx Natural Capital and Plant Health Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299 Universidad Nacional de Jaén Carretera Jaén San Ignacio Km 23 School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Department for Identification & Naming Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Richmond Herbario Nacional de Bolivia Universitario UMSA Casilla 10077 Correo Central Biology Department and Center for Energy Environment and Sustainability Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Rd Department of Anthropology University of Texas at Austin SAC 5.150 2201 Speedway Stop C3200 Fundación Estación de Biología Cra 10 No. 24-76 Oficina 1201 Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique CNRS and Université Paul Sabatier UMR 5174 EDB Biosystematics group Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1 Fundación Puerto Rastrojo Cra 10 No. 24-76 Oficina 1201 Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales-COCIBA & Galapagos Institute for the Arts and Sciences-GAIAS Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall ICNHS Federal University of Mato Grosso Av. Alexandre Ferronato 1200 Setor Industrial Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Apartado 7945 ACEER Foundation Jirón Cusco N° 370 PROTERRA Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP) Av. A. Quiñones km 2,5 Laboratory of Human Ecology Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas - IVIC Ado 20632 Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián Campus Universitario Final Av. Ejercito Direction régionale de la Guyane ONF Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Amazon Conservation Team Doekhieweg Oost #24 Environmental Change Institute Oxford University Centre for the Environment Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road Instituto de Ciência Agrárias Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves 2501 Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Forestal Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco Jirón San Martín 451 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan University of Nottingham Geography and the Environment University of Texas at Austin 305 E. 23rd Street CLA building GeoIS El Día 369 y El Telégrafo 3° Piso School of Agriculture and Food Sciences - ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions CEED The University of Queensland Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR) Universidad de los Andes Conjunto Forestal School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Environmental Science and Policy Northern Arizona University Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road Resource Ecology Group Wageningen University & Research Droevendaalsesteeg 3a Lumen building number 100 Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Av. Alberto Lamego 2000 University of Campinas Plant Biology Department Rua Monteiro Lobato 255 Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz Barão Geraldo Campinas Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM – Instituto de Ciências Biológicas – ICB1 Av General Rodrigo Octavio 6200 Cambridge University Botanic Garden 1 Brookside Medio Ambiente PLUSPRETOL The Mauritius Herbarium Agricultural Services Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security Escuela de Ciencias Forestales (ESFOR) Universidad Mayor de San Simon (UMSS) FOMABO Manejo Forestal en las Tierras Tropicales de Bolivia Tropenbos International Lawickse Allee 11 PO Box 232 Living Earth Collaborative Washington University in Saint Louis Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Building 1540 Ny Munkegade Aarhus C School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Marlowe Building Canterbury Department of Biology University of Missouri Facultad de Biologia Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana Pevas 5ta cdra Herbario Nacional del Ecuador Universidad Técnica del Norte Instituto de Biodiversidade e Floresta Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará Rua Vera Paz Campus Tapajós Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP – Instituto de Biociências – IB Av. 24 A 1515 Bela Vista

DFC acknowledges financial support from the Colombian institution Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación COLCIENCIAS (Convocatoria 529 para estudios de doctorado en el exterior). PRS acknowledges the Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, for financial support (INV-2021-128-2268). Aim : To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser‐availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource‐availability hypothesis). Time period : Tree‐inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied : Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location : Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods : We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree‐inventory plots across terra‐firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance‐weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results : Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra‐firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions : The disperser‐availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types. Publisher PDF

Compreender quais os fatores que determinam mudanças na distribuição e abundância das espécies em florestas tropicais e subtropicais é um dos temas centrais da ecologia vegetal. Um dos padrões que ocorrem consistentemente em comunidades ecológicas é o decaimento da similaridade com a distância geográfica. No entanto, diferentes condições abióticas e bióticas podem afetar o decaimento da similaridade e os padrões de abundância e distribuição das espécies. Nesse contexto, as regiões costeiras da Mata Atlântica representam um sistema de estudo bastante adequado para a análises dessas questões. Nessas regiões, existem dois ambientes contrastantes que ocorrem de forma contígua ao longo de toda a extensão latitudinal da Mata Atlântica, as florestas de restinga, consideradas um ambiente recente e restritivo ao desenvolvimento vegetal e as florestas ombrófilas densas, considerada um ambiente antigo e menos restritivo. Nesse estudo, primeiro avaliamos as mudanças na composição de espécies de árvores ao longo do espaço geográfico e quais fatores determinam essas mudanças e, em seguida, investigamos como as populações dessas espécies variam em suas abundâncias e na maneira que se distribuem em diferentes ambientes. No primeiro capítulo estudamos os efeitos relativos da distância geográfica, do clima e do potencial de dispersão das espécies em dois ambientes (que apresentam contrastes edáficos e de idade geológica) sobre a similaridade de espécies de árvores entre diferentes locais da região costeira da Mata Atlântica. Encontramos que a similaridade na composição de espécies varia bastante entre os tipos de ambiente estudados e que o efeito dos diferentes fatores considerados pode mudar não só entre os ambientes, mas também entre os setores biogeográficos norte e sul da Mata Atlântica. Embora esperássemos que o ambiente recente e mais restritivo apresentasse uma composição de espécies mais homogênea, encontramos uma menor similaridade de espécies nesse ambiente em relação ao ambiente antigo e menos restritivo. O potencial de dispersão das espécies contribuiu para aumentar a similaridade entre locais mais distantes entre si, conforme mostrado pela sua interação com a distância geográfica. No entanto, essa relação foi encontrada no ambiente mais recente do setor sul da Mata Atlântica e no ambiente mais antigo do setor norte. Nossa principal conclusão é que estudos que utilizam apenas dados climáticos e inferem o efeito da dispersão sobre a similaridade com base no efeito da distância geográfica, podem superestimar o efeito do clima. No segundo capítulo investigamos como as populações das espécies arbóreas variam em suas abundâncias locais e regionais, e em sua amplitude de distribuição nos dois tipos de ambiente. Também analisamos se algumas características dessas espécies se relacionam com os padrões observados. Encontramos que diferenças nos padrões de distribuição e abundância das espécies ocorrem tanto em escalas locais como regionais. Constatamos um efeito marcante de diferenças edáficas e de idade geológica sobre as populações de diversas espécies. Muitas espécies que ocorrem com baixa abundância e/ou tem distribuição restrita no ambiente antigo e menos restritivo podem ocorrer com abundâncias mais altas no ambiente recente e restritivo. O efeito dos atributos funcionais foi mais pronunciado na abundância regional do que na abundância local das espécies. O atributo que melhor caracterizou as espécies que ocorrem em maiores abundâncias no ambiente mais restritivo foi a menor área foliar das espécies. No ambiente mais antigo, maiores potenciais de dispersão se relacionaram com distribuições regionais mais amplas. Concluímos que a menor riqueza de espécies - métrica muitas vezes considerada na delimitação de áreas a serem conservadas - existente no ambiente mais restritivo não significa que ele não deva ser priorizado, uma vez que grandes populações de espécies que são pouco abundantes no ambiente de maior riqueza podem ser encontradas nesses locais menos diversos. Nosso estudo revelou alguns padrões que trazem novas informações sobre os fatores que estruturam comunidades e populações de árvores em florestas tropicais e subtropicais. O uso desse sistema de estudo composto por dois ambientes contrastantes, mas contíguos, na Mata Atlântica, nos permitiu verificar que diferenças interespecíficas no potencial de dispersão das espécies arbóreas é um processo importante para as relações florísticas e que deve ser considerado em estudos futuros. Por fim, a conservação das espécies arbóreas da Mata Atlântica será beneficiada se também for dada prioridade aos ambientes associados às planícies costeiras Understanding the drivers of change in species distribution and abundance in tropical and subtropical forests is one of the central themes in plant ecology. One of the most consistent pattern of ecological communities is the decay of similarity with geographic distance - the distance decay. However, different abiotic and biotic conditions may affect the patterns of distance decay, species abundance, and species distribution. In this context, the coastal regions of the Atlantic Forest represent a study system well suited to investigate these issues. In these regions, there are two contrasting environments that occur contiguous throughout the entire latitudinal extension of the Atlantic Forest: the restinga forests, considered a recent and harsh environment to plant development and dense ombrophilous forests, considered an old and less restrictive environment. In this study, we first evaluated the changes in composition of tree species along the geographic space and the factors that determine these changes, then we investigated how species populations vary in their abundances and distributions in these environments. In the first chapter we studied the relative effects of geographic distance, climate and species dispersal ability in two environments (which present edaphic and geological age contrasts) on tree species similarities between different sites in the coastal region of the Atlantic Forest. We found that similarity in species composition varies greatly among the environment types and the effect of different factors considered can change not only between the environments, but also between the northern and southern biogeographic regions of the Atlantic Forest. Although we expected the recent and harsher environment to have a more homogeneous species composition, we found a lower species similarity in this environment than in the old and less restrictive environment. The dispersal ability of the species contributed to increase the similarity between sites that are far from each other, as shown by their interaction with geographic distance. However, this relationship was found in the most recent environment in the southern sector of the Atlantic Forest and in the oldest environment of the northern sector. Our main conclusion is that studies that use only climate data and infer the effect of dispersal on similarity based only on the effect of geographic distance can overestimate the effect of climate. In the second chapter, we investigated how tree species populations vary in their local and regional abundances, and in their range of distribution in both types of environment. We also analyze if some functional traits of these species are related to the observed patterns. We found that differences in patterns of species distribution and abundance occur at both local and regional scales. We found a striking effect of edaphic and geological age differences on several species populations. Many species that occur with low abundance and/or have restricted distribution in the old and less restrictive environment may occur with higher abundances in the recent and harsh environment. The effect of functional traits was more pronounced on regional abundance than on local species abundance. The trait value that best characterized the species that occur with greater abundances in the most restrictive environment was the small leaf area. In the older environment, greater dispersion ability was related to wider regional distributions. We conclude that the lower species richness - metric often used in the delimitation of areas to be conserved - found in the more restrictive environment does not mean that it should not be prioritized, since large species populations that are not abundant in the richest environment can be found in these less diverse environments. Our study has revealed some patterns that bring new information about the drivers that structure tree communities and populations of in tropical and subtropical forests. The use of this study system made up of two contrasting but contiguous environments in the Atlantic Forest allowed us to verify that interspecific differences in the dispersal ability of tree species is an important process for floristic relationships and should be considered in future studies. Finally, the conservation of Atlantic Forest tree species will benefit if priority is also given to environments associated with the coastal plains

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:40:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-12-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such “monodominant” forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors. Biodiversity Dynamics Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517 Systems Ecology Free University, De Boelelaan 1087 Department of Biological Sciences Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst Street Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso Department of Ecological Modelling Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15 Institute of Forest Growth and Computer Sciences Technische Universitaet Dresden, Postfach 1117 AMAP IRD CIRAD CNRS INRA Université de Montpellier, TA A-51/PS2, Bd. de la Lironde, A comprehensive Coordenação de Biodiversidade Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis Programa Professor Visitante Nacional Sênior na Amazônia - CAPES Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Perimetral, s/n Coordenação de Botânica Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata 376, C.P. 399 EMBRAPA – Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, BR 174, km 8 – Distrito Industrial School of Geography University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad Medio Ambiente y Salud-BIOMAS Universidad de las Américas, Campus Queri Keller Science Action Center The Field Museum, 1400S. Lake Shore Drive Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Amapá - IEPA, Rodovia JK, Km 10, Campus do IEPA da Fazendinha Herbario Amazónico Colombiano Instituto SINCHI, Calle 20 No 5-44 Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis Dep. of Wetland Ecology Institute of Geography and Geoecology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - KIT, Josefstr.1 Biogeochemistry Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517 Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis Science and Education The Field Museum, 1400S. Lake Shore Drive Jardín Botánico de Missouri Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP – Instituto de Biociências – IB, Av. 24A, 1515, Bela Vista Divisao de Sensoriamento Remoto – DSR Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais – INPE, Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, Jardim da Granja Herbario Vargas Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avenida de la Cultura, Nro 733 Departamento de Geografia Universidade Estadual Paulista -UNESP – Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Extas – IGCE Bela Vista Centro de Biociências Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000 Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364s/n Km 9,5 - Sentido Acre, Unir Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG- Bionorte Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus Porto Velho Km 9,5 bairro Rural Department of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Av. A. Quiñones km 2,5 Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Av. 6 de agosto #28, Km. 14, Doble via La Guardia, Casilla 6204 Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter, Rennes Drive Departamento de Ciencias Forestales Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Calle 64 x Cra 65 Agteca-Amazonica Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno Natural History Museum University of Oslo, Postboks 1172 International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB) Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 243 Cirad UMR Ecofog AgrosParisTech CNRS INRA Univ Guyane, Campus agronomique Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas de Guayana Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Calle Chile, urbaniz Chilemex Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia Parque Estação Biológica, Av. W5 Norte Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA) Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane Fiocruz, Rua Terezina, 476, Adrianópolis Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Saúde Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC/FIOCRUZ Pav. Arthur Neiva – Térreo, Av. Brasil, 4365 – Manguinhos Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa 01 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa 01 Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/no. Diretoria Técnico-Científica Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584 Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar Herbario Universitario (PORT) UNELLEZ-Guanare Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18a- 10 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia (Botânica) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904 Endangered Species Coalition, 8530 Geren Rd. Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Post al 2489 Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal Universidad de los Andes, Via Chorros de Milla Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, 120 Chatham Lane Center for Conservation and Sustainability Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1100 Jefferson Dr. SW, Suite 3123 Universidade Federal do Amapá Ciências Ambientais, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek km2 Department of Integrative Biology University of California Biologia Vegetal Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109 Department of Global Ecology Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama St. Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Rd Tropical Diversity Section Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row Department of Ecology University of Brasilia Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Ambientais Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa 01 Faculty of Natural Sciences Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London, Silwood Park, South Kensington Campus Ecosistemas Biodiversidad y Conservación de Especies Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Km. 2 1/2 vía a Tena (Paso Lateral) Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Departamento de Genética Ecologia e Evolução, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha Department of Biology University of Miami Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Diretoria de Pesquisas Científicas Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Ecologia Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Environmental Change Institute University of Oxford Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Embrapa Amapá, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek km 5 Grupo de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información y Medio Ambiente Instituto Tecnológico de Antioquia - Institución Universitaria, Calle 78B No. 72A-220 Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Km 7 via Muyuna Escuela de Biología Herbario Alfredo Paredes Universidad Central, Ap. Postal 17.01.2177 Taxonomy and Systematics Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517 Museu Universitário/Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza/Laboratório de Botânica e Ecologia Vegetal Universidade Federal do Acre Institute of Biological and Health Sciences Federal University of Alagoas, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh, 201 Crew Building, King’s Buildings Natural Capital and Plant Health Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Servicios de Biodiversidad EIRL, Jr. Independencia 405 Herbario Nacional de Bolivia Universitario UMSA, Casilla 10077 Correo Central Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299 Department for Identification & Naming Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Department of Forestry Management Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Avenido La Molina, Apdo. 456, La Molina School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Biology Department and Center for Energy Environment and Sustainability Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Rd Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique CNRS and Université Paul Sabatier UMR 5174 EDB Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program Department of Anthropology University of Texas at Austin, SAC 5.150, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200 Fundación Puerto Rastrojo, Cra 10 No. 24-76 Oficina 1201 Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales-COCIBA & Galapagos Institute for the Arts and Sciences-GAIAS Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall Fundación Estación de Biología, Cra 10 No. 24-76 Oficina 1201 ICNHS Federal University of Mato Grosso, Av. Alexandre Ferronato 1200, Setor Industrial Direction régionale de la Guyane ONF PROTERRA Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Av. A. Quiñones km 2,5 ACEER Foundation, Jirón Cusco No. 370 Amazon Conservation Team, Doekhieweg Oost #24 Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Environmental Change Institute Oxford University Centre for the Environment Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado 7945 Instituto de Ciência Agrárias Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves 2501 Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Forestal Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Jirón San Martín 451 Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián, Campus Universitario Final, Av. Ejercito Laboratory of Human Ecology Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas - IVIC, Ado 20632 Cambridge University Botanic Garden 1 Brookside. School of Agriculture and Food Sciences - ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions CEED The University of Queensland University of Campinas Plant Biology Department, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas Resource Ecology Group Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, Lumen, building number 100 Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000 Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR) Universidad de los Andes Conjunto Forestal Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM – Instituto de Ciências Biológicas – ICB1, Av General Rodrigo Octavio 6200 GeoIS El Día 369y El Telégrafo 3° Piso Department of Biology University of Maryland University of Nottingham University Park School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Environmental Science and Policy Northern Arizona University Geography and the Environment University of Texas at Austin, 305 E. 23rd Street, CLA building Medio Ambiente PLUSPRETOL The Mauritius Herbarium Agricultural Services Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security Department of Bioscience Aarhus University, Building 1540 Ny Munkegade, Aarhus C FOMABO Manejo Forestal en las Tierras Tropicales de Bolivia Escuela de Ciencias Forestales (ESFOR) Universidad Mayor de San Simon (UMSS) Tropenbos International, Lawickse Allee 11 PO Box 232 School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent, Marlowe Building Herbario Nacional del Ecuador Universidad Técnica del Norte Instituto de Biodiversidade e Floresta Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Rua Vera Paz, Campus Tapajós Facultad de Biologia Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Pevas 5ta cdra Department of Biology University of Missouri Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP – Instituto de Biociências – IB, Av. 24A, 1515, Bela Vista Departamento de Geografia Universidade Estadual Paulista -UNESP – Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Extas – IGCE Bela Vista