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[[Genus Mystrium Roger]] The genus Mystrium Roger is morphologically very peculiar within the poneromorph subfamily group and has the following combination of characteristics: the very wide head; spatulate or squamate hairs on the head; and long, narrow mandibles with a double row of teeth on the inner margins. Monophyly of the genus is strongly supported by a recent molecular phylogenetic study (Saux et al. 2004). Besides their bizarre morphology Mystrium ants have also evolved some unique biological traits. They have a unique defense mechanism in which they snap their mandibles to generate a powerful strike (Gronenberg et al. 1998; Moffett 1986). Molet et al. (2006) demonstrated that, in some species of Mystrium known from Madagascar, normal queens are replaced by wingless reproductives which are smaller than workers. Because Mystrium are rarely encountered, information on their general biology, ecology and behavior remains sparse. They are presumably predaceous like other species of the subfamily Amblyoponinae, although no direct evidence is available (Brown 1960). The genus was erected by Roger (1862) with the description of the queen of M. mysticum. There are few species, all of which occur in the rainforests of the Old World. Most species are found in tropical Africa: six of them are restricted to Madagascar (and its adjacent islands, i.e. the Malagasy region sensu Bolton 1994) and one is recorded from continental Africa. Mystrium camillae Emery 1889 is widespread in the Indo-Australian region. Xu (1998) recently described M. oculatum from southern China, but we do not regard it as a distinct species. Since the first revision of Menozzi (1929) only Brown (1960) made some revisionary notes on the genus. Here we describe two new species of Mystrium from Papua and West Papua Province, Indonesia, and provide a review of the species known from the Indo-Australian Region.

Mystrium maren Bihn & Verhaagh, new species Fig. 7-9, 12, 15 Type material. Holotype: Worker. Indonesia: West Papua Province, Waigeo Island, near Urbinasopen, Gunung Susu, 0��22'45'' S, 131��15'10'' E, 350-450m a.s.l., January 2001 (leg. A. Riedel), deposited at MZB.Paratype: worker from the same collection as holotype, deposited at SMNK. Measurements and indices. Holotype worker: HL 2.46, HW 2.72, CI 111, SL 1.84, SI 68, ML 2,81, WL 2.73, PW 1.37; Paratype worker: HL 2.34, HW 2.64, CI 113, SL 1.71, SI 65, ML 2.81, WL 2.62, PW 1.35. Diagnosis (worker). The following character combination differentiates M. maren from all its congeners: the outer and inner margins of mandibles in dorsal view parallel and sinuate; the apex of each mandible only slightly expanded and subtruncate; outer face of labrum with a bilateral-symmetric rugoreticulum; maxillary palps 4-segmented; the second segment of the maxillary palp longer than the basal (first) segment; antennal segment III at least twice as long as broad; each anterolateral corner of the head produced into a long and pointed spine; dorsum of head with rugose-reticulate cuticular sculpture and spatulate to clavate hairs; minute compound eyes. Description (worker). General morphology of the worker as shown in figures 7-9. Head wider than long; posterior margin of head in full-face view deeply and roundly emarginate. Each anterolateral corner of the head produced into a forward directed, long and curved spine. Mandibles long and slender; the outer and inner margins of each mandible in dorsal view parallel and distinctly sinuate; the inner margin with two staggered, longitudinal rows of hamulus-like teeth, each row with 12-14 teeth; teeth of the lower row larger than those of the upper row; the apex of each mandible only slightly expanded and subtruncate; the medioventral corner of the apex with an additional tooth; distal 2/3 on the dorsal face and distal half on the ventral face of each mandible with a longitudinal carina. Labrum (fig. 15) about twice as wide as long; its distal margin convex with a median emargination; outer (ventral) face of labrum entirely foveolate-reticulate, and overlaid by a peculiar pattern of rugae: one ruga running between basolateral corners in an arc which is parallel to the distal margin and divides the outer surface of the labrum into distal and basal areas; additional rugae delimiting symmetrically two roughly rectangular fields on the median portion of the distal area. Maxillary palps 4-segmented (fig. 12); the basal (first) segment roughly cone-shaped, shorter and much broader than the second. Labial palps 3-segmented. Anterior clypeal margin convex with 9 truncated teeth; the teeth evenly spaced along the clypeal margin, without a median toothless gap. Antennal scape (antennal segment I) in dorsal view (as in fig. 7) curved only weakly and broadened in its distal part, in frontal view (perpendicular to dorsal view) strongly curved, with its predistal part ventrally broadened; apex of scape bends only weakly dorsad in this view. Each of antennal segments II-VI longer than broad; antennal segment III at least twice as long as broad; antennal segments IX-XII (the four distal segments) forming a weak club. Compound eyes minute, consisting of 7-10 ommatidia, situated near the midpoint of the sides of the head. In lateral view, the dorsal outline of the mesosoma almost flat; promesonotal suture wide and deeply depressed; metanotal groove distinct but shallower and narrower than promesonotal suture. Mesosoma in dorsal view distinctly constricted between pronotum and propodeum. Propodeal spiracle directed laterad. Hind tarsus, when five tarsal segments combined, only slightly longer than hind tibia. Petiolar node in dorsal view about twice as broad as long. Subpetiolar process expanded anteroventrally and forming a rounded apex. Gastral segment I in dorsal view less than twice as broad as long, nearly as broad as the segment II. Head and dorsa of mesosoma, petiolar node and gastral segment I rugose-reticulate; anterodorsal part of head between scape insertion and lateral spine with longitudinal rugae; lateral face of each mandible with evenly spaced, oblique rugae; coxae with strong rugae; dorsa of gastral segments I and II with longitudinal rugae, which are sparsely interconnected by transverse ridges; rugae finer on gastral segment II than on I; helcium and girdling constriction of gastral segment II scrobiculate; intervals between rugae with fine foveolatereticulate microsculpture; strength of microsculpture varies greatly among body parts: distinct on anterodorsal and mediodorsal faces of head, on lateral faces of mesosoma, in premesonotal depression, on posterior face of propodeum, on anterior face of petiole, on all gastral segments including the presclerites and on legs; microsculpture on posteriodorsal and ventral faces of head, and on dorsa of mesosoma and petiolar node very shallow and obscure, i.e. the areas nearly smooth (the less-microsculptured areas were mostly hidden under soil particles, that stuck on the integument [or possibly a mixture of soil particles and integumental secretion], and became visible only after cleaning). Dorsum of head, antennal scape, antennal segments II-VII, mesosoma, petiole and dorsum of gaster with decumbent to suberect, bluntly pointed, narrowly spatulate or clavate setae; posterodorsal margin of gastral segments I-IV with a row of subdecumbent, longer and narrower spatulate setae; pygidium with both spatulate and simple hairs; setae on ventrum of head appressed and simple; hairs on ventrum of gaster subdecumbent and simple; antennal segment IX-XII densely covered with decumbent, simple hairs and a few simple, erect hairs. Most body parts dark brown to black, except for anterior part of head, mandibles, antennae and gaster which are of a variable lighter, rusty brown color; coloration of legs changing gradually from dark brown coxae to yellow brown apical tarsal segments; integument mostly dull, but the less-microsculptured areas somewhat shining. Queen and male unknown. Etymology. Named in dedication to Dr. Maren Scheidhauer, friend of the first author and as beautiful - though of low overall resemblance - as this ant. The specific name is an arbitrary combination, to be treated as a noun in apposition. Distribution. The two known specimens were extracted from a leaf litter sample taken in an old growth rainforest near the summit of Gunung Susu. Comments. As in M. leonie we cannot determine which reproductive strategy M. maren follows. But we conclude that the described specimen is a worker because wingless reproductives in Mystrium have reduced mandibles which are inappropriate for hunting. This is clearly not the case for the holotype of M. maren. The holotype and paratype of M. maren show similar camouflage tendencies as described for M. leonie., Published as part of Bihn, J. H. & Verhaagh, M., 2007, A review of the genus Mystrium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Indo-Australian region., pp. 1-12 in Zootaxa 1642 on pages 7-11

Mystrium leonie Bihn & Verhaagh, new species Fig. 4-6, 11, 14 Type material. Holotype: Worker. Indonesia: Papua Province, Jayawijaya, near Elelim, 03��49' S, 139��24' E, 750m a.s.l., December 2004 (leg. A. Riedel), deposited at MZB. Measurements and indices. Holotype worker: HL 2.26, HW 2.45, CI 108, SL 1.63, SI 66, ML 2.80, WL 2.50, PW 1.18. Diagnosis (worker). The following character combination differentiates M. leonie from all its congeners: the apex of each mandible only slightly expanded and subtruncate; outer face of labrum with an irregular rugoreticulum; maxillary palps 3-segmented; the second segment of the maxillary palp longer than the basal (first) and third segment, respectively; antennal segment III at least twice as long as broad; antennal scape broadened in its distal part, this part ventrally tapering into a lamella; each anterolateral corner of the head produced into a long and pointed spine; dorsum of head with rugose-reticulate cuticular sculpture and clavate hairs; minute compound eyes. Description (worker). General morphology of worker as shown in figures 4-6. Head wider than long; posterior margin of head in full-face view deeply and roundly emarginate. Each anterolateral corner of head produced into a forward directed, long and curved spine. Mandibles long and slender, basal 2/3 straight, distal 1/3 incurved; the inner margin with two staggered, longitudinal rows of hamulus-like teeth, each row with 14 teeth; the teeth of the lower row larger than those of the upper row; the apex of each mandible only slightly expanded and subtruncate; the medioventral corner of the apex with an additional tooth; distal 3/4 on dorsal side and distal half on ventral side of each mandible with a longitudinal carina. Labrum (fig. 14) about twice as wide as long; its distal margin convex with a median, broad emargination; outer (ventral) face of labrum entirely foveolate-reticulate, and partly overlaid by an irregular rugoreticulum; this rugoreticulum is restricted to the distal half of the outer face of the labrum. Maxillary palps 3-segmented (fig. 11); the second segment longer than the basal (first) and the distal (third) segment; basal (first) segment cylindrical, its diameter only slightly larger than the diameter of the second segment. Labial palps 3-segmented. Anterior clypeal margin convex with 8 truncated teeth; the teeth evenly spaced along the clypeal margin, without a median toothless gap. Antennal scape (antennal segment I) in dorsal view (as in fig. 4) curved only weakly in its distal part, distal part broadened; in frontal view (perpendicular to dorsal view) scape evenly curved with its predistal part broadened ventrally, tapering into a lamella, apex of scape bends dorsad thus forming a concavity on the dorsal side of the scape. Each of antennal segments II-VIII longer than broad; antennal segment III at least twice as long as broad; antennal segments IX-XII (the four distal segments) forming a weak club. Compound eyes minute, consisting of 7-10 ommatidia, situated near the midpoint of the sides of the head. In lateral view, the dorsal outline of the mesosoma almost flat; promesonotal suture wide and deeply depressed, metanotal groove indistinct. Mesosoma in dorsal view distinctly constricted between pronotum and propodeum. Propodeal spiracle directed laterocaudad. Hind tarsus, when five tarsal segments combined, only slightly longer than hind tibia. Petiolar node in dorsal view more than twice as broad as long. Subpetiolar process expanded anteroventrally and forming a rounded apex. Gastral segment I less than twice as broad as long, nearly as broad as segment II. Head and posterior face of propodeum, dorsa of mesosoma, petiolar node and gastral segment I rugosereticulate; anterodorsal part of head between scape insertion and lateral spine with longitudinal rugae; outer face of each mandible with evenly spaced, oblique rugae; distal part of antennal scape with strong rugae; coxae with strong rugae; dorsa of gastral segments I and II with longitudinal rugae, which are sparsely interconnected by transverse ridges; rugae finer on gastral segment II than on segment I; helcium and girdling constriction of gastral segment II scrobiculate. Intervals between rugae with fine foveolate-reticulate microsculpture; strength of microsculpture varies greatly among body parts: distinct on anterodorsal and mediodorsal faces of head, on lateral faces of mesosoma, in promesonotal depression, on posterior face of propodeum, on anterior face of petiole, on all gastral segments including the presclerites and on legs; microsculpture on posterodorsal and ventral faces of head, and on dorsa of mesosoma and petiolar node very shallow and obscure, i.e. these areas nearly smooth (the less-microsculptured areas were mostly hidden under soil particles, that stuck on the integument [or possibly a mixture of soil particles and integumental secretion], and became visible only after cleaning). Dorsum of head, antennal scape, antennal segments II-VIII, mesosoma, petiole and dorsum of gaster with decumbent to suberect, bluntly pointed, clavate setae; posterodorsal margin of gastral segments I-IV with a row of subdecumbent, longer and narrower clavate setae; pygidium with both clavate and simple hairs; setae on ventral face of head appressed and simple; hairs on ventrum of gaster subdecumbent and simple; antennal segments IX-XII densely covered with decumbent, simple hairs and a few simple, erect hairs. Most body parts dark brown to black, except for anterior part of head, mandibles, antennae and gaster which are of a variable lighter, rusty brown color; coloration of legs changing gradually from black coxae to yellow brown distal tarsal segments; integument mostly dull, but the less-microsculptured areas somewhat shining. Queen and male unknown. Etymology. Named in dedication to Leonie Geeltje Aimee Wiegel, the daughter of M. Verhaagh, being as unique as this species known from a single specimen. The specific epithet is to be treated as a noun in apposition. Distribution. The single known specimen was extracted from a leaf litter sample taken in an old growth rainforest near Elelim. Comments. Species of the genus Mystrium in Madagascar show two distinct reproductive strategies and relevant colony structures (Molet et al. 2006). In some species (e.g. M. rogeri Forel 1899) each colony has a single dealate queen with a larger thorax than workers but with mandibles similar to those of the workers. In colonies of other species (e.g. "M. red" in Molet et al. 2006) winged queens are missing and half of the female adults belong to wingless reproductives which are smaller and allometrically distinct from workers. Because of the lack of nest series we cannot know the reproductive strategy adopted by M. leonie. But we can eliminate the possibility that the described specimen of M. leonie is not a worker but a wingless reproductive because wingless reproductives in Mystrium have reduced mandibles which are inappropriate for hunting. The holotype of M. leonie has well-developed mandibles. Much of the holotype specimen, and especially the dorsum, is covered with a tightly adhering layer that is presumably soil and/or detritus. This layer in combination with the overall cryptic behavior probably acts as a camouflage for foragers in the leaf litter., Published as part of Bihn, J. H. & Verhaagh, M., 2007, A review of the genus Mystrium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Indo-Australian region., pp. 1-12 in Zootaxa 1642 on pages 3-7

Earthworms were collected from a primary forest and a four-year-old pasture near Panguana Biological Station (Dpto. Huánuco, Peru). The sites are located in the preandine zone of the Peruvian rain forest, where the forest is being increasingly replaced by pasture. It can be expected that the soil fauna changes accordingly. This is shown by the earthworm community. In the litter layer of the primary forest, mainly epigeic species of Glossoscolecidae of Neotropical distribution were found. In the pasture in contrast, the peregrine glossoscolecid, Pontoscolex corethrurus, is dominant, a species that inhabits the mineral layer of the soil. The total abundance of worms decreased in the pasture to about one half of that in the forest. These results are compared with data available from other rain forest, savanna and pasture sites.