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Several vegetative and reproductive characters of the Mediterranean red alga Kallymenia lacerata are described here for the first time. K. lacerata is characterized by the following combination of features : laciniate adult blades, outer cortical cells spreading and forming rosettes around cells of the cortical layer underneath, elongated stellate medullary cells with distal arms, spermatangia grouped in sori, carpogonial branch systems consisting of supporting cells bearing both three-celled carpogonial branches and subsidiary cells that lack the hypogynous cell and the carpogonium, and cruciately divided tetrasporangia scattered over the thallus surface. K. lacerata is compared with the type species, K. reniformis, with other species of Kallymenia from the Western Mediterranean Sea, and with the genus Thamnophylli Plusieurs caractéristiques végétatives et reproductives de l'algue rouge Kallymenia lacerata de Méditerranée sont décrites pour la première fois. K. lacerata est caractérisée par la combinaison de caractères suivante : des frondes adultes laciniées, des cellules corticales externes disposées en rosette autour des cellules qui sont au dessous, des cellules médullaires étoilées avec un corps cellulaire allongé et des prolongements disposés distalement, des spermatocystes groupés en sores, des systèmes carpogoniaux composés d'une cellule support portant des rameaux carpogoniaux et des cellules subsidiaires où le reste du rameau carpogonial (la cellule hypogyne et le carpogone) n'est pas développé, et des tétrasporocystes cruciés dispersés sur la surface de la lame. K. lacerata est comparée à l'espèce type, K. reniformis, aux autres espèces du genre de l'Ouest de la Méditerranée et au genre Thamnophyllis

L'objectiu d'aquest treball ha estat l'estudi del gènere Kallymenia a la Península Ibèrica i a lesIlles Balears, el qual es troba representat per les espècies següents: K. reniformis (Turner) J.Agardh, K. feldmannii Codomier, K. lacerata Feldmann, K. requienii (J. Agardh) J. Agardh, K.patens (J. Agardh) P.G. Parkinson i K. spathulata (J. Agardh) P.G. Parkinson.En aquesta monografia es descriuen les principals característiques morfològiques i vegetatives itambé els tetrasporangis de totes les espècies de la Península Ibèrica i de les Illes Balears. Tambées descriuen les estructures reproductores i els estadis de postfertilització de totes, excepte de K. patens i K. spathulata, espècies més rares que les altres i per a les quals no hem pogut aportaraquesta informació. Les dades s'acompanyen amb una iconografia original a base de dibuixos ifotografies i amb una clau de determinació pels tàxons estudiats. També es detalla la corologiade les diferents espècies, el seu hàbitat i la seva fenologia.

A synoptic key for identifying the Gigartinales, Halymeniales, Hildenbrandiales and Plocamiales from the Western Mediterranean has been prepared in order to facilitate the recognition of these res algae. The orders Gigartinales with some 69 species grouped in 19 families and 35 genera, Halymeniales, with 13 species grouped in 2 families and 6 genera, Hildenbrandiales with 1 family and 1 genera of 3 species, and Plocamiales, with 1 family and 1 genus of 2 species are included. The genus Wudermannia Harvey is also included in the key, althought it has not finally been established whether it belongs to the order Gigartinales or not. Morphological and anatomical descriptions of the reproductive structures, using data from the literature and from personal observations are presented

The constant increases in nutrients on the Catalan coasts, due to the population growth and industrial activities, have caused the eutrophication of coastal waters and intertidal ecosystems, causing various macroalgae groups to have diminished or even disappeared due to their low resistance to these nutrients, specifically nitrates. On the contrary, it is known that the Bangiaceae family of the Bangiales order, is tolerant to environments that contain a large load of nutrients, and for this reason, they are considered bioindicators of these sites. The objective of this study has been to evaluate, in artificial conditions in the laboratory, the response of two bladed Bangiales, Pyropia elongata and Neothemis ballesterosii, in different nitrates concentration (3 μmol /L and 30 μmol /L ), to observe possible effects on their survival and growth, produced during the monitoring of the gametophytic phase (blade) and the microscopic phase (Conchocelis), respectively. The results, have shown that the laminar phase of P. elongata shows significant differences to the effect of nitrates and survives in high concentrations (30 μmol /L of NO3). By contrast, the blades of N. ballesterosii, have been indifferent to the nitrate concentration of the culture, but have shown more resistance to high nitrates concentrations than P. elongata. The microscopic phase (Conchocelis) of the two species has been positively affected in mediums with 30 μmol/L of NO3, achieving a higher growth rate for N. ballesterosii. Although the two species have an important resistance to contaminated mediums, N. ballesterosii, has greater adaptability to eutrophicated environments. It has been proposed, due to its great resistance and the ability to consume nitrates, the use by cultivating these species, from Costa Brava, in eutrophic waters and the study of its organoleptic properties to confirm its commercial viability in integrated multitrophic aquaculture crops

Sexual reproduction is a fundamental biological process for the perpetuation and the genetic diversity of the most living species. In marine sessile invertebrates, such as corals and gorgonians, it allows the dispersal of individuals, the colonization of new areas and the genetic flux among populations. Its high energetic cost force organisms to find a trade-off between growth, survival and reproduction. The main determining factor of the energetic availability in marine sessile invertebrates are temperature, nutrients and light. In the western basin of the Mediterranean sea, there is a seasonality in the temperature and an upwelling phenomenon occurring between March and April. The upwelling causes an increase of the primary production (quantifiable through chlorophyll concentration in sea water) and enriches the whole food web. In 2017, an increase of the chlorophyll concentration was observed in the Cap de Creus (Girona) surrounding waters before the typical upwelling time. This has motivated the present study with the aim of find out the real change in the upwelling phenomenon and how it has affected in the reproductive cycle of Eunicella singularis (Esper, 1791) as a representative specie of benthic sessile invertebrates. An environmental characterization and E. singularis population sampling were needed to obtain all the required data. The results of 2017 had been compared with previous data from 2010 and 2011. The results shown that there was not an increase of the nutrients but an advancement in the upwelling timing. This change in the nutrient cycle has affected the sexual product of E. singularis, which has increased the number of oocytes and sperm sacs but not its diameter

Some of the most characteristic communities of well-lit backgrounds of temperate oceans are macroalgae forests. In the Mediterranean these forests are formed by algae of the genus Cystoseira. These are the main habitat-forming species in Mediterranean deep-sea rocky beds. Currently, Cystoseira forests are experiencing a significant decline that is affecting the services offered by these ecosystems, due to various impacts, such as habitat destruction, eutrophication or the rise in temperatures due to climate change. This study has focused on a specific species of the genus Cystoseira: Cystoseira crinita, a relict species on the Catalan coast that inhabits in shallow waters of environments with small wave action and high intensity of light. The first objective of the project was to study the dynamics and reproduction of a population of Cystoseira crinita during the year 2017, which lives in a coastal basin of half a meter deep in Port de la Selva. A monthly sampling of this population was carried out during the years 2017 and 2018, where a seasonal variation marked by the intensity of light and temperature was observed, with peaks in spring and falls in winter. The second objective was to study, on the one hand, the effect of a punctual impact produced in July of 2018 in this population, where the basin was in a state of anoxia and caused the mortality of a Much of the population, and on the other hand, the possible causes of this disturbance. In general, there was a significant decrease in the density of individuals in the months after the impact, but no variation in the size structure of the population, as a result of the surviving individuals located at the ends of the cuvette. Thanks to a record of the temperatures inside and outside the cuvette that was carried out during the year 2017 and 2018 it was observed that the mortality detected coincided with an increase in extreme temperatures due to climate change, coinciding with the increase in the concentration of nutrients and the little renovation of the water were the causes of the impact. Finally, in order to see how the population will evolve in the future, there has been a forecast of how it could harm a climate change scenario in which we find the species studied, and the whole of marine biodiversity

Nowadays, with the energetic position that is presented to us, many countries are starting to look for solutions to try to reverse the situation. Thus, there are many making strong invests for the renewable resources, particularly the wind power. This is the most productive resource from the other well-known sustainable resources (solar power, biomass and wave power). But it generates impacts during the pre and post facilities construction. Mainly, two impacts are generated in the environment: first, a visual landscape impact and second, an impact in birds. For these ones, especially raptors, it is generated a loss of habitat, space use modification, and bird fatalities. To alleviate the fatalities impact, in 2008 Junta de Andalucía carried out the protocol design of environmental mitigation measures. It contains: selective stopping of turbines when the birds are watched around the wind farms, carrion coverage to avoid risk situations within the wind farm and daily search of corpses. The objective of this study is to know if these measures are effective for the soaring birds group. It is also analyzed if the mitigation measures are more efficient to certain species. Due to its flight morphology and physical conditions, this group is especially vulnerable to collision with turbines. The study area has 21 wind farms and 267 turbines with different models. Finally, it points out that the mitigation measures have not the same efficiency in all the species of the soaring birds group. To enhance this argument, in certain species such as Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) and short-toed snake eagle (Circaetus gallicus) mitigation measures efficiency has proved. In the other hand, other species such as white stork (Ciconia Ciconia) and black kite (Milvus migrans) mitigation measures efficiency has not been able to prove. Therefore, the mortality rates in this group are significantly different. The collision rates are differing from one species to another for some different reasons: density population, space use within the soaring birds group and the flight behavior. More factors that affect the fatalities rates are the sites where the wind farms are located and the sites where the turbines are located inside the same wind farm