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This book is a Liber Amicorum for Martha Roggenkamp, Professor of Energy Law at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. The chapters in this book celebrate her unique contribution to energy law. Martha Roggenkamp is a true force of energy, both personally and professionally. Her chair in energy law at the University of Groningen was the first in the Netherlands. She co-established the Dutch Energy Law Association and co-founded the Groningen Centre of Energy Law and Sustainability. With a formidable range of seminal publications, building on a large number of externally funded research projects, and of course her hearty laugh, she is one of the leading women in energy law in the Netherlands, in Europe and beyond. The chapters in this book showcase the diversity of the subject matter, the high academic standards as well as the connections that Martha Roggenkamp has nurtured across decades and continents. Painter portrait: Rianne SmitPhotographer portrait: Dirk FennemaCover design: Bas EkkersTypesetting: Riëtte van Zwol, LINE UP boek en media bv Publisher: University of Groningen PressBroerstraat 4 9712 CP Groningen Production support: LINE UP boek en media bv This publication is peer reviewed Editor Biographies Ruven Fleming is Assistant Professor of Energy Law at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands, and Visiting Lecturer at TU Berlin, Germany. He is also Project Leader of hydrogen projects at the German Fuel Institute (DBI), TU Freiberg, Germany. Kars de Graaf is Professor of Public Law and Sustainability at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. He is also Chair of the Dutch Association of Environmental Law (VMR). Leigh Hancher is Professor of European Law at Tilburg University, the Netherlands. She is also part-time Professor at the Florence School of Regulation (FSR) within the European University Institute (EUI) in Florence, Italy. Edwin Woerdman is Professor of Markets and Regulation at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. He is

The multilateral Energy Charter Treaty was concluded in the early 1990’s with the purpose of stimulating trade and investment in the energy sector between Western European countries and the countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. To that end, rules were established regarding trade, investment, and the transit of energy. This dissertation examines the role that the treaty can play in the current energy transition, by analyzing how it can contribute to the facilitation of investments in the renewable energy sector. The main emphasis in this dissertation is on the investment chapter, which is in practice frequently invoked by renewable energy investors. By reference to economic theories and the business practice in the renewable energy sector, this dissertation comes up with various recommendations that could be considered in the recently initiated modernization process of the treaty. Since the investment chapter is analyzed against the wider background of international economic law, the recommendations conform to contemporary policy tendencies, as preferred by the Energy Charter Conference during the modernization process. Amongst the recommendations is that rules regarding investment protection are of great importance in the renewable energy sector, as practice already demonstrates, but that these should be accompanied by rules concerning investment promotion. Ideally, these rules would be concluded in the context of a broader agreement that also regulates trade, in both goods and services, since investment and trade in the renewable energy sector are closely interrelated.