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The findings and recommendations of the 2019 consensus conference in organ donation, held in Kunming, China, are here reported. The main objective of the conference was to gather relevant information from experts involved in the field. The data and opinions provided allowed to propose a series of recommendations for "One Belt & One Road Countries" on how to achieve self-sufficiency in organ donation. Leadership in organ donation should be results-oriented and goal-driven based on the principles of excellence, empowerment, and engagement, providing the means, resources, and strategies necessary to reach the goal in earnest. Management includes good governance and transparency of a national registry of patients in the waiting list, donors, transplants, transplant teams, quality, and safety programs with continuous educational training of health care professionals. Mandatory monitoring, auditing and evaluation of quality must be incorporated into donation practices as relevant points in innovation, as well as the adoption of already established and novel processes and technologies. Achievement of self-sufficiency in organ donation is a crucial step to fight against transplant tourism and to prevent organ trafficking. Based on recommendations arising from the conference, each country could review and develop individualized action plans adjusted to its own circumstances and reality. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

A realização deste projeto tem um cunho especial na medida em que este emerge de uma ideia de negócio, para a constituição de uma sociedade cujo escopo é a prestação de serviços na área da gestão de recursos humanos e consultoria. Tendo em conta o supracitado, a revisão bibliográfica do projeto assenta nas origens e conceitos do empreendedorismo, nos tipos de empreendedorismo e, bem assim, nos fatores potenciadores para o empreendedorismo. Por outras palavras, primeiramente, são abordadas as origens do empreendedorismo contribuindo para alcançar uma visão e evolução histórica deste e, posteriormente, através de um estudo e descrição minuciosos, propõe-se elencar e analisar todos os conceitos inerentes a este tema. Posteriormente, pretende-se, através de uma revisão bibliográfica dos principais autores que abordam esta temática, elencar os principais tipos de empreendedorismo existentes e, bem assim, determinar os fatores potenciadores para o empreendedorismo, com vista a aprofundar conhecimentos sobre este tema. Tornou-se relevante realizar este estudo académico na área do empreendedorismo devido ao reconhecimento da sua importância na estimulação à criação de postos de trabalho e de produtos que primam pela inovação, por ser uma forma de acesso ao mercado do trabalho, pela possibilidade de suscitar melhores condições de vida aos indivíduos e, bem assim, de ser um forte estímulo ao crescimento económico. Assim, o primeiro capítulo visa dar a conhecer o estado da arte assente na temática relacionada com o presente projeto, ou seja, o empreendedorismo. No que tange ao plano de negócios propriamente dito, a utilização desta ferramenta para o desenvolvimento do meu projeto constitui uma mais-valia na medida em que é um instrumento utilizado para atrair potenciais financiadores, parceiros e colaboradores fundamentais ao desenvolvimento da atividade empresarial. O plano de negócios é um importante documento para qualquer empreendedor pois opera como um suporte de criação de um novo negócio ou desenvolver um negócio já existente.Importa referir que a estrutura retratada no plano de negócios presente no meu projeto emerge da análise das teses apresentadas por vários autores e o consecutivo grau de exigência adaptado a um trabalho académico.

Background: Rotator cuff tears are a common cause of pain and disability of the shoulder. Information on the prevalence and identification of potential risk factors could help in early detection of rotator cuff tears and improve treatment outcome. Hypothesis: Patients treated for a symptomatic rotator cuff tear on one side have a higher prevalence of rotator cuff tears and decreased shoulder function on the contralateral side compared with an age- and sex-matched group of healthy individuals. Study Design: Case control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: One group consisted of 55 patients who had been arthroscopically treated on one shoulder for rotator cuff tear (tear group). In this group, the nonoperated contralateral shoulder was examined. For comparison, the matching shoulder in a control group consisting of 55 subjectively healthy individuals matched by age (±1 year) and sex to the tear group was included. Diagnosis of a rotator cuff tear was made by ultrasound. Outcomes were measured using the Constant score. Results: The prevalence of supraspinatus tears was significantly higher ( P < .0001) in the tear group (67.3%) compared with the control group (11.0%). The Constant score for the activities of daily living subscale, however, was significantly lower (18.4) in the tear group compared with the control group (19.9; P = .012). No other subcategory score nor the overall score showed a significant difference. There was a significantly higher tear prevalence in the tear group of patients aged between 50 and 59 years ( P < .001) and 60 and 69 years ( P = .004). No tear was diagnosed in the control group in individuals younger than 60 years. Conclusion: Patients treated for partial and full-thickness rotator cuff tears have a significantly higher risk of having a tear on the contralateral side and have noticeable deficits in their shoulder function regarding activities of daily living even if the tear is otherwise asymptomatic.

Since some years, the word crisis has been installed in our everyday language. It is a versatile term that is applied to a magmatic reality of vague outlines. Initially the crisis manifested itself economically. But the crisis affects the enjoyment of constitutional rights, aggravating the distress of an increasingly distant citizenship from the political class. In this context, political corruption diverts an outrageous amount of resources that could be destined to satisfy constitutional rights. Hence the fight against corruption resulting priority. Ethical codes appear as new instruments for the regeneration of public life that break the judicialization of political life, which are causing so much damage to our democratic system. Desde hace unos años, la palabra crisis se ha instalado en nuestro lenguaje cotidiano. Se trata de un término polivalente que se aplica sobre una realidad magmática de contornos imprecisos. Inicialmente la crisis se manifestó a nivel económico. Pero la crisis afecta al disfrute de los derechos constitucionales, agravando el desamparo de una ciudadanía cada vez más alejada de la clase política. En este contexto, la corrupción política detrae una cuantía escandalosa recursos que podrían ser destinados a satisfacer derechos constitucionales. De ahí que la lucha contra la corrupción resulte prioritaria. Los códigos éticos aparecen como nuevos instrumentos de regeneración de la vida pública con los que romperla judicialización de la vida política, que tanto daño están causando a nuestro sistema democrático.

En las páginas que siguen me propongo reflexionar, desde la perspectiva de los de-rechos humanos y, en concreto, de los derechos de la mujer, sobre la problemática de la inmigración. Creo que el momento resulta especialmente oportuno, dado que estamos en una coyuntura en que parece imponerse la exaltación del nacionalismo, en todas sus manifestaciones, con la carga de exclusiones que, necesariamente, im-plica. Pues bien, tales exclusiones frente a los «no nacionales» tienden a radicalizarse cuando se trata de procesos migratorios, a través de los cuales los extranjeros buscan insertarse en una sociedad que inicialmente les era ajena. Es precisamente la nota de permanencia propia de estos procesos y la consiguiente posibilidad de que con ellos se altere la composición y equilibrios de la sociedad de acogida -en contraste con el carácter tangencial o epidérmico de la presencia de otros extranjeros, como los turistas-lo que determina que esta sociedad se sienta, a veces, amenazada por la presencia de los inmigrantes y que, en consecuencia, los trate casi siempre, con la desconfianza que generan los <>, plantearse su integración en la sociedad de acogida supone aceptar la unidad esencial del género humano y, por tan-to, el carácter accesorio de unas diferencias que, precisamente por no ser esenciales, pueden ser superadas.

La ciudadanía de la Unión, instaurada para aproximar a los «pueblos de Europa» al proceso de integración europeo, nació ligada a la nacionalidad de los Estados miembros, cuya regulación sigue siendo de la competencia exclusiva de éstos. Tal vinculación es, posiblemente, una de las razones por las que, veinte años más tarde, apenas se haya profundizado en el desarrollo de una institución concebida para evolucionar. Ahora bien, como un cambio en la situación requeriría de reformas en los Tratados originarios (que no son previsibles), la evolución del actual estado de cosas ha de confiarse a que la jurisprudencia del TJUE, en la interpretación de los derechos de ciudadanía, responda al espíritu integrador de las libertades europeas, además de tomar especialmente en cuenta el contenido de la Carta de Derechos Fundamentales de la UE.European Citizenship was created to establish closer links among people in Europe in the European integration process. Derived from the nationality of Member States it´s regulation still an exclusive attribution of Member States. Probably this link is one of the reasons why more than twenty years after, this status has not developed significantly while it was created to progress. Actually any change on this situation demands a reform of the Treaties which probably will not take place in a long term. That´s why any evolution remains on EUCJ in it´s task to interpret rights derived EU Citizenship in providing an interpretation in accordance the European Charter on Fundamental Rights.

Several banding methods were employed to analyze the chromosomes of the fish Parodon hilarii, i.e., C-banding, digestion with the restriction endonuclease Hae III, G-banding (trypsin), incorporation of 5-BrdU, and base-specific fluorochrome staining, with emphasis on the constitutive heterochromatin. The pattern obtained after the chromosomal cleavage with the restriction enzyme Hae III was similar to that of the C-banding. The incorporation of 5-bromodeoxiuridin (5-BrdU) in the chromosomes was able to detect several heterochromatin segments of late replication, with exception of some C-banded sites which were not evidenced after the 5-BrdU treatment. The terminal segment of the long arm of the 15th chromosome pair, which corresponds to a NOR site, seems to be composed by AT-rich heterochromatic regions interspersed with CG-rich regions. Besides, the long arm of the W chromosome shows a structural differentiation concerning the distribution of the heterochromatin.

A satellite DNA sequence of Parodon hilarii (named pPh2004) was isolated, cloned and sequenced. This satellite DNA is composed of 200 bp, 60% AT rich. In situ hybridization (FISH) results revealed that the satellite DNA pPh2004 is located in the terminal regions of several chromosomes, forming highly evident blocks in some and punctual marks in others. The comparison between the FISH and C-banding results showed that the location of this satellite DNA coincides with that of most terminal heterochromatins. However, some regions are only marked by FISH whereas other regions are only marked by C-banding. The possible existence of more than one satellite DNA family could explain these partial differences. The in situ hybridization with the satellite DNA and the G- and C-bandings confirmed the presence of a sex chromosome system of the ZZ/ZW type in P. hilarii, as well as the correct identification of the Z chromosome in the karyotype. This chromosome displays a segment of terminal heterochromatin in the long arm, similar to the segment observed in the short arm of the W chromosome, also showing a G-banding pattern similar to that of the short arm and part of the long arm of the W chromosome. A hypothesis on the origin of the W chromosome from an ancestral chromosome similar to the Z chromosome is presented.

“Hot returns” is the term coined popularly to the action carried out by the law enforcement authorities and consists of handing the foreign citizens who have been intercepted by those authorities in the area under Spanish sovereignty over to the Moroccan authorities on a de facto basis without carrying out the legally established procedures or meeting the internationally acknowledged guarantees. Images, witnesses and other numerous sources with evidential value accredit such practices in the cities of Ceuta” and Melilla and the small islands under Spanish sovereignty. This report is aimed at (I) establishing that “hot returns” breach the immigration legislation (II) and the lack of a legal basis of the Spanish Ministry of the Interior’s attempts to justify the “hot returns” based on the concept of an “operational” border (III), the irregular entry through unauthorised border posts (IV) and the agreement between Spain and Morocco regarding the circulation of people, transit and readmission of foreigners who enter illegally (V). Likewise, this report sets out the reasons why a possible reform of the immigration legislation to provide legal coverage to these types of practices would contravene EU regulations and international human rights law, which would expressly discredit them (VI). This report ends with reflections about the criminal implications for those who order, execute or allow “hot returns”

Ante la acreditada práctica de las denominadas “expulsiones en caliente” en las ciudades de Ceuta y Melilla, así como desde islotes soberanía del Estado español, el presente Informe jurídico pone de manifiesto que las “expulsiones en caliente” vulneran frontalmente el ordenamiento jurídico, sin que resulte posible dotarlas de cobertura legal por resultar contrarias a la normativa comunitaria y al derecho internacional de los derechos humanos. Asimismo se argumenta que quienes ejecutan estas prácticas, las ordenan o las consienten pueden incurrir en responsabilidad penal. “Expulsiones en caliente” es la denominación que se aplica popularmente a la actuación de las Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad del Estado consistente en la entrega a las autoridades marroquís por vía de hecho de ciudadanos extranjeros que han sido interceptados por dichos Cuerpos y Fuerzas de Seguridad del Estado en zona de soberanía española sin seguir el procedimiento establecido legalmente ni cumplir las garantías internacionalmente reconocidas.

The nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) have often been analyzed in Parodontidae fish using silver staining. In the genus Parodon, the Ag-NORs are used as species chromosomal markers, while in the genus Apareiodon they show a more conserved location. In the present study, the NORs are investigated in three Parodon species (P. hilarii, Parodon sp. and P. tortuosus) using silver and fluorochrome staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a PCRobtained 18S probe. In addition, the chromosomal 5S rDNA sites are also analyzed with a cloned 5S rDNA probe. It was seen a close correspondence between Ag-NORs, chromomycin positive regions and the 18S rDNA sites in the chromosomes of the three species. A major and a minor 5S rDNA cluster were also abserved in these species. While the 18S and major 5S rRNA genes are located on different chromosome pairs in Parodon sp. and P. hilarii, they are linked in P. tortuosus, although in opposite regions of the chromosome. Both 18S and 5S rDNA sites app...