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Ventromma halecioides (Alder, 1859) FIg. 6 Plumularia halecioides ALdER, 1859: 353, pL. 12, fIGS. 1‒5. Plumularia inermis.—FRASER, 1948: 278. Ventromma halecioides.—MEdEL & VERVOORt, 1995: 45, fIG. 19. (SyN.)—CALdER, 1997: 4, fIG. 1 (SyN.).—CALdER, 2013: 45, fIG. 13f. —MARONNA et al., 2016: 16. Type locality. CULLERcOATS ANd ROKER, ENgLANd (ALdER 1859). Material examined. FIVE cOLONIES: UMAR-HYDR-009, fIVE cOLONIES ON SUbmERgEd ROPE (SANTA CRUZ BAY, OAXAcA, 15°45’07’’N 96°07’52’’W, 0.2 m, 28 NOVEmbER 2015, cOLL. C. CRUZ-GómEZ). Description. COLONIES PINNATE, 0.7–1.3 µm hIgh, ARISINg fROm A cREEPINg hYdRORhIZA. HYdROcAULUS mONOSIPhONIc OR POLYSIPhONIc; mOSTLY STRAIghT, bUT SOmEWhAT cURVEd AT dISTAL ENd. STEm dIVIdEd INTO INTERNOdES bY dISTINcT NOdES; EAch INTERNOdE WITh A hYdROcLAdIAL APOPhYSIS ANd A dISTAL, AXILLIARY NEmAThOThEcA. PERISARc ThIcK ON hYdROcAULUS, gETTINg ThINNER ON hYdROcLAdIA. APOPhYSES ALTERNATE, bEARINg hYdROcLAdIA WITh UP TO fOUR hYdROThEcAE. HYdROcLAdIA OccASIONALLY bRANchEd, WITh A VARIAbLE NUmbER Of ThEcATE ANd AThEcATE INTERNOdES; ThE LATTER USUALLY OccURRINg bETWEEN TWO ThEcATE INTERNOdES. ThEcATE INTERNOdES WITh A dISTAL hYdROThEcA ANd TWO NEmATOThEcAE, ONE PLAcEd bELOW EAch hYdROThEcA ANd OThER ON ITS UPPER SIdE. NEmATOThEcAE SmALL, LESS ThAN 20 µm LONg ANd 10 µm WIdE. HYdROThEcAE cUP-ShAPEd WITh SmOOTh mARgIN, AdNATE; OccURRINg ONLY ON hYdROcLAdIA. AbcAULINE WALL 37 µm LONg; AdcAULINE WALL AdNATE TO hYdROcAULUS 15 µm LONg, 18 µm fREE. HYdRANThS LARgER ThAN hYdROThEcAE, WITh dOmE- ShAPEd hYPOSTOmE ANd AbOUT 17 fILIfORm TENTAcLES. GONOThEcAE bARREL-ShAPEd, ANNULATEd, AbOUT 800 µm LONg, 340 µm WIdE AT mIddLE; ARISINg bY A ShORT PEdIcEL fROm hYdROcAULUS. Remarks. ThIS SPEcIES IS SOmETImES ASSIgNEd TO ThE gENUS Kirchenpaueria JIcKELI, 1883. ThERE ARE fEW SIgNIfIcANT mORPhOLOgIcAL dIffERENcES bETWEEN Kirchenpaueria ANd Ventromma STEchOW, 1923, WITh ThE TWO gENERA SOmETImES bEINg REgARdEd AS SYNONYmS. Ventromma dIffERS fROm Kirchenpaueria IN hAVINg NEmATOPhORES ThAT ARE PROTEcTEd bY NEmATOThEcAE (CALdER 1997, 2013). REcENT mOLEcULAR STUdIES SUch AS ThOSE Of MARONNA et al. (2016) PROVIdE EVIdENcE Of gENETIc dISTANcE bETWEEN bOTh gENERA. Distribution. Ventromma halecioides WAS REcORdEd bY FRASER (1948, AS Plumularia inermis) fROm BAjA CALIfORNIA. IT IS cONSIdEREd A cOSmOPOLITAN SPEcIES IN ShALLOW TROPIcAL ANd WARm-TEmPERATE WATERS (MEdEL & VERVOORT 1995; CALdER 1997, 2013). ThIS IS ThE fIRST REcORd Of ThE SPEcIES IN OAXAcA., Published as part of Humara-Gil, Karla J. & Cruz-Gómez, Christopher, 2018, New records of benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the coast of Oaxaca, Mexico, pp. 454-470 in Zootaxa 4455 (3) on pages 462-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4455.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1457449

Ventromma halecioides (Alder, 1859) Synonyms in the area: Plumularia inermis ���Fraser 1938a; Vannucci Mendes 1946; Ma��al 1973; Calder et al. 2003 [polyp]; Plumularia halecioides ���Vannucci 1949, 1951a; Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen 1965; Wedler 1975; Bandel & Wedler 1987 [polyp]; Kirchenpaueria halecioides ���Grohmann 1997 [polyp]. Distribution in South America: polyp���Pacific Ocean, Ecuador, from 0.25��S to 1.4��S in Gal��pagos Archipelago, Peru, at 6.95��S 80.70��W in Isla Lobos de Afuera (Fraser 1938a, 1938b, 1939; Calder et al. 2003); Atlantic Ocean, at Cura��ao, at Bonaire, Colombia, at Santa Marta coast, Venezuela, at La Tortuga Island, Brazil, from 7.50��S to 8.70��S, from 20��S to 27.75��S (Vannucci Mendes 1946; Vannucci 1949, 1951a; Van Gemerden- Hoogeveen 1965; Ma��al 1973; Wedler 1975; Bandel & Wedler 1987; Migotto 1996; Grohmann 1997, 2006, 2007, abstract; Grohmann et al. 1997, 2003; Nogueira et al. 1997; Rosso & Marques 1997; Calder & Ma��al 1998; Migotto et al. 2002; Oliveira 2003; Oliveira et al. 2006; Bornancin 2008; Oliveira & Marques 2007, 2011; Shimabukuro 2007; Silveira & Morandini 2011; Miranda et al. 2015). Habitat: polyp���in shallow waters of estuarine regions and from intertidal zone of rocky shores to 73m depth, on algae, barnacles, mussels, hydroids, mud, Rhizophora mangle roots, rock, sandstone reef, shells, wood (Fraser 1938a, 1938b; Bandel & Wedler 1987; Migotto 1996; Calder & Ma��al 1998; Calder et al. 2003; Oliveira 2003; Oliveira et al. 2006; Bornancin 2008; Oliveira & Marques 2007, 2011; Shimabukuro 2007). It is found in ���protected places, being common in tide pools��� (Migotto 1996:53)., Published as part of M. P. Oliveira 1,16, S P. Miranda 2, *,, Es W. Mianzan 10,, Ro E. Migotto 11,, Ne B. Nascimento 2,11, Eli Nogueira J��nior 12,, Er Qui��ones 13,, Izio Scarabino 14,, T��n Schiariti 10,, Io N. Stampar 15,, Tronolone 2, , Qu��ria B. & Onio C. Marques 2,11, 2016, Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters, pp. 1-256 in Zootaxa 4194 (1) on page 108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4194.1.1

Ventromma halecioides (Alder, 1859) Fig. 78 A���C See Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 85 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Cornelius 1995; Ans��n Ag��s et al. 2001 as Kirchenpaueria halecioides): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza polysiphonic, linear, colonies erect, pinnate; hydrocauli often branched, up to 40 mm high, basally polysiphonic, monosiphonic parts of the axis separated into internodes by transverse nodes, each segment with a lateral apophysis distally bearing a naked nematophore, a cup-shaped nematotheca is borne laterally on the segment, above the apophysis; hydrocladia borne on the apophysis, alternate, heteromerously segmented, nodes transverse, basal part beginning with a short athecate internode, thecate segments with one hydrotheca and 2 nematothecae, one median superior and one median inferior at some distance from the hydrothecae; hydrotheca cup-shaped, abcauline wall slightly convex, on distal half of internode, almost completely adnate, rim smooth and circular, aperture 80 �� with the axis; nematothecae two-chambered, small, basal chambers very short, distal one scoop-shaped, with adcauline embayment. Gonothecae on the hydrocaulus and hydrorhiza, barrel-shaped, narrowed basally, truncate distally, with a circular lid, walls with transverse and distinct ribs. Cnidome. Microbasic mastigophores, atrichous isorhizas, and basitrichous isorhizas. Habitat type. Intertidal pools to sublittoral (depth range: 0���20 m, reaching to 100 m) (Boero & Fresi 1986; Cornelius 1995; Ans��n Ag��s et al. 2001). Substrate. Records on piece of wood, sea grasses, hydroids, algae, artificial substrata, mussels, barnacles, bryozoans, Tunicata, sponges, and other organisms, Seasonality. June���September (Boero & Fresi 1986), November���December (Bianchi et al. 1993 b), November (Galea 2007), April���September, December (Puce et al. 2009) in the western Mediterranean; November (Piraino et al. 2013), January���December (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Reproductive period. Between spring and autumn (Morri 1981 b), summer (Boero & Fresi 1986), June���July (Gili 1986), November (Galea 2007) in the western Mediterranean; June���August (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Distribution. Cosmopolitan species (Medel & Vervoort 1995; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Ans��n Ag��s et al. 2001; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Soto ��ngel & Pe��a Cantero 2013). Records in Salento. Moderately frequent at: La Strea, Porto Cesareo (Faucci & Boero 2000); Costa Merlata (Fraschetti et al. 2002); Torre Lapillo, S.ta Caterina, Costa Merlata (Andreano 2007); Grotta del Ciolo (Denitto et al. 2007); Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Andreano 2007; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Stabili et al. 2008; Piraino et al. 2013; this study). Remarks. Occurrence of athecate internodes in hydrocladia is much varied (for more details see Ans��n Ag��s et al. 2001). Boero (1981 c) described a high variability, determined by water movement conditions. In calm waters colonies can become very high, whereas they remain small, and almost monosiphonic, in turbulent water. The hydrorhiza is always fascicled. References. Stechow (1919, 1923), Billard (1926), Leloup (1934), Picard (1952, 1958a), Rossi (1971), Schmidt (1973), Garc��a-Corrales et al. (1978), Morri (1979 d, 1980 b, c), Boero (1981 a, b, c), Gili & Garc��a-Rub��es (1985), Morri & Bianchi (1985), Boero & Fresi (1986), Gili (1986), Barang�� & Gili (1987), Piraino & Morri (1990), Riedl (1991), Cornelius (1995), Medel & Vervoort (1995), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Piraino et al. (1999), Faucci & Boero (2000), Ans��n Ag��s et al. (2001), Fraschetti et al. (2002), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Denitto et al. (2007), Galea (2007), ��inar et al. (2008), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Morri et al. (1991, 2009), Puce et al. (2009), Piraino et al. (2013) as K. halecioides., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 110-111, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995) NorthWest European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, pt. 1 & 2, 1 - 347 & 1 - 386.","Ansin Agis, J., Ramil F. & Vervoort, W. (2001) Atlantic Leptolida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the families Aglaopheniidae, Halopteriidae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 333, 1 - 268.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Bianchi, C. N., Ceppodomo, I., Niccolai, I., Aliani, S., De Ranieri, S., Abbiati, M., Dell'amico F. & Morri, C. (1993 b) Benthos dei Mari Toscani. II: Isola d'Elba-Montecristo (Crociera Enea 1986). In: Ferretti, O., Immordillo, F. & Damiani, V. (Eds.), Archipelago Toscano. Studio oceanografico, sedimentologico, geochimico e biologico. ENEA, Roma, Serie Studi Ambientali, pp. 291 - 315.","Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. 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Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Soto Angel, J. J. & Pena Cantero, A. L. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean). Marine Ecology, 34 (s 1), 177 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12035","Faucci, A. & Boero, F. (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 255 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1255","Fraschetti, S., Giangrande, A., Terlizzi, A., Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L. & Boero, F. (2002) Spatio-temporal variation of hydroids and polychaetes associated with Cystoseira amentacea (Fucales: Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology, 140 (5), 949 - 957. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 001 - 0770 - 9","Andreano, F. (2007) Identificazione degli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) nella fascia batimetrica dei 0 - 5 m. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, University of Salento, 152 pp.","Stabili, L., Gravili, C., Tredici, S. M., Piraino, S., Tala, A., Boero, F. & Alifano, P. (2008) Epibiotic Vibrio luminous bacteria isolated from some Hydrozoa and Bryozoa species. Microbial Ecology, 56 (4), 625 - 636. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00248 - 008 - 9382 - y","Boero, F. (1981 c) Osservazioni ecologiche sugli idroidi de la fascia a mitili della Riviera Ligure di Levante. Cahiers de Biologie marine, 22 (1), 107 - 117.","Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270.","Billard, A. (1926) Rapport sur les hydroides. In: Cambridge Expedition to the Suez Canal, 1924 (with appendix to the report on hydroids by H. Munro Fox and an addendum). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 22 (1), pp. 85 - 103. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1926. tb 00323. x","Leloup, E. (1934) Note sur les hydropolypes de la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (31), 1 - 18.","Picard, J. (1952) Les Hydrozoaires des herbiers de Zosteracees des cotes francaises de la Mediterranee. Vie Milieu, 2 (Supplement), 217 - 233.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Rossi, L. (1971) Guida a Cnidari e Ctenofori d'Italia. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano, 2, 1 - 101.","Schmidt, H. E. (1973) Biogeographical problems of the Red Sea area exemplified by hydroids. In: Zeitschel, B. & Gerlach, S. A. (Eds.), The Biology of the Indian Ocean. Ecological studies, Analysis and Synthesis, 3, pp. 283 - 287. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 65468 - 8 _ 22","Morri, C. (1979 d) Quelques observations sur les hydroides de la Lagune d'Orbetello. Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions, Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, 25 - 26 (3), 119 - 120.","Morri, C. (1980 b) Osservazioni sugli idroidi raccolti nelle condotte della centrale termoelettrica di Torvaldaglia (Civitavecchia). Natura, 71 (1 - 2), 3 - 14.","Morri, C. (1980 c) Contributo alla conoscenza degli idrozoi lagunari italiani: Idropolipi di alcune lagune pugliesi. Hydroids from some lagoons of Apulia (Southern Adriatic). Memorie di Biologia Marina e di Oceanografia, n. ser., suppl. 10, 419 - 420.","Boero, F. (1981 a) Systematics and ecology of the hydroid population of two Posidonia oceanica meadows. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 2 (3), 181 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1981. tb 00093. x","Boero, F. (1981 b) Bathimetric distribution of the epifauna of a Posidonia meadow of the Isle of Ischia (Naples): Hydroids. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 27 (2), 197 - 198.","Gili, J. M. & Garcia-Rubies, A. (1985) Contribution a la connaissance de la faune d'hydropolipes de l'ile de Majorque. Anales de Biologia, Biologia Animal Series, 3 (1), 37 - 53.","Morri, C. & Bianchi, C. N. (1985) Les Hydraires des herbiers de zosteres dans les lagunes italiennes. Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions, Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, 29 (4), 119 - 122.","Piraino, S. & Morri, C. (1990) Zonation and ecology of epiphytic hydroids in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon: the \" Stagnone of Marsala \" (Northwest Sicily). Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, I. Marine Ecology, 11 (1), 43 - 60. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1990. tb 00227. x","Riedl, R. (1991) Fauna e flora del Mediterraneo. Muzio (Ed.), Padova, 777 pp.","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274.","Cinar, M. E., Katagan, T., Kocak, F., Ozturk, B., Ergen, Z., Kocatas, A., Onen, M., Kirkim, F., Bakir, K., Kurt, G., Dagli, E., Acik, S., Dogan, A. & Ozcan, T. (2008) Faunal assemblages of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in and around Alsancak Harbour (Izmir Bay, eastern Mediterranean) with special emphasis on alien species. Journal of Marine Systems, 71 (1 - 2), 1 - 17. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jmarsys. 2007.05.004","Morri, C., Bavestrello, G. & Bianchi, C. N. (1991) Faunal and ecological notes on some benthic cnidarian species from the Tuscan Archipelago and eastern Ligurian Sea (western Mediterranean). Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universita di Genova, 54 - 55, 27 - 47.","Morri, C., Puce, S., Bianchi, C. N., Bitar, G., Zibrowius, H. & Bavestrello, G. (2009) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Levant Sea (mainly Lebanon), with emphasis on alien species. Journal of the Marine Bioogical Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (1), 49 - 62. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315408002749"]}

Velella velella (Linnaeus, 1758) Fig. 45 A, B See Schuchert (1996) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 50 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula)���polyp stage. Description (based on our own observations; Vanhoeffen 1906; Brinckmann-Voss 1964, 1970; Larson 1980; Calder 1988; Pag��s et al. 1992; Schuchert 1996, 2012): Hydroid. Floating polymorphic colony, flattened, oval or elliptical, with a triangular sail, up to 40 mm long and 20 mm wide, higher in the centre than at the edges, float and sail kept rigid by a chitin support covered by mantle tissue: margin of float soft and flexible, chitin float oval to slightly S-shaped with concentric air chambers, mantle tissue with network of endoderm canals, with a single large gastrozooid or "siphon" in centre of underside encircled by a ring of medusa producing gastro-gonozooids and a peripheral band of dactylozooids; gastrozooid broadly oval with an elongated hypostome, central, without tentacles or medusa buds; dactylozooids long and tapering, oval in cross section, with cnidocysts concentrated in two lateral bands on the narrow sides, mouth lacking; gastro-gonozooids fusiform with a swollen mouth region, lacking tentacles but with warts of cnidocyst clusters concentrated in distal half and numerous medusa buds growing in groups from short blastostyles on proximal half. Colours: float deeply blue when alive, medusa buds yellow-olive from symbiotic algae. Habitat type. Colony floating on water surface, often forming swarms (Edwards 1966 b). Seasonality. In the western Mediterranean Sea, Velella velella occurs from February to June, October���December (Woltereck 1904; Brinckmann-Voss 1970), and April (Galea 2007); April���May (this study). Reproductive period. Along the Mediterranean French coast, fertile colonies occur in April (Galea 2007). Medusa. Adult. Up to 2.8 mm high and 2 mm wide, bell cylindrical, flat top; four exumbrellar cnidocyst rows; manubrium conical with quadrate base, mouth tubular; gonads irregularly arranged perradially and interradially; four radial canals; two pairs of opposite, perradial tentacles, a short adaxial one and a long abaxial one, each with a large terminal cnidocyst cluster; two perradial marginal bulbs without tentacles; marginal sense organs absent. Colour: females have red eggs. Developmental stages. Newly released medusae bell-shaped, up to 0.8 mm in diameter and 1 mm high; 4 perradial rows of stenoteles on exumbrella originating from the marginal bulbs; manubrium conical, short; broad radial canals with many zooxanthellae in groups; 4 broad marginal bulbs connected by circular canal; no tentacles or rudiments of tentacles. Colour: manubrium red. Cnidome. Stenoteles, microbasic euryteles, isorhizas (polyp); stenoteles, macrobasic euryteles (medusa). Distribution. Atlantic, Indo-Pacific. In the Mediterranean it is mostly present in the spring, when it can be extremely abundant (Metschnikoff 1886 a; Brinckmann-Voss 1964, 1970; Edwards 1966; Bouillon 1978 a; Larson 1980; Calder 1988; Pag��s et al. 1992; Schuchert 1996; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Records in Salento. Moderately frequent at Porto Cesareo (F. Boero unpublished observations). Remarks. Two mirror images of the animal (left and right sailing) exist, the prevalence of one form or the other in one region may be due to sorting by prevailing winds (Edwards, 1966). The polyps of V. velella are generally found in huge swarms and despite that each of them bear thousands of medusa buds the adult medusa of V. velella has very seldom been found in nature. In the Mediterranean Sea, adult medusae have been found in the field only by Metschnikoff (1886 a) in Messina. Male medusae were raised in the Laboratory at Naples by Brinckmann-Voss (1964, 1970). Elsewhere, mature medusae where described from nature by Bouillon (1978 a) in Papua New-Guinea and by Larson (1980) in the North Atlantic. Woltereck (1904) described colony development through a series of ���larval��� stages. Gegenbaur (1856) described a small medusa from Messina having 16 radial canals and one tentacle called Chrysometra striata that he identified as the medusa of Velella velella but this is doubtful (see Brinckmann 1964; Brinckmann-Voss 1970). Gonothecae and medusae not seen in the present study. References. Metschnikoff (1886 a, 1874), Lo Bianco (1909), Moser (1925); Leloup (1929), Totton (1954), Tr��gouboff & Rose (1957), Picard (1958 a), Mackie (1959, 1960), Edwards (1963, 1966b), Brinckmann (1964), Brinckmann-Voss (1970, 1987), Daniel (1976), Larson (1980), Castello i Tortella (1986), Gili (1986), Riera et al. (1986), Gili et al. (1988), Calder (1988), Pag��s et al. (1992), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Schuchert (1996, 2012), Bouillon & Boero (2000), Bouillon et al. (2004), Touzri et al. (2004), Gravili (2006), Galea (2007), Gravili et al. (2008 a)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 66-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 159.","Larson, R. J. (1980) The medusa of Velella velella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hydrozoa, Chondrophorae). Journal of Plankton Research, 2 (3), 183 - 186. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / plankt / 2.3.183","Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow water hydroids of Bermuda. The Athecatae. Life Science Contributions Royal Ontario Museum, 148, 1 - 107. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 52225","Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Bouillon, J. (1992) Medusae (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa) of the Benguela Current (southeastern Atlantic). In: Pages, F., Gili, J. - M. & Bouillon, J. (Eds.), Planktonic Cnidarians of the Benguela Current. Scientia Marina, 56 (Supplement 1), pp. 1 - 64.","Schuchert, P. (2012) Athecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, 59, i - viii, 364 pp.","Edwards, C. (1966 b) Velella velella (L.): the distribution of its dimorphic forms in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean, with comments on its nature and affinities. In: Barnes, H. (Ed.), Some contemporary studies in marine science. Allen & Unwin Ltd., London, pp. 283 - 296.","Woltereck, R. (1904) Ueber die Entwicklung der Velella aus einer in der tiefe vorkommenden Larve. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, 7 (Supplement), 347 - 372.","Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96.","Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List, 3 (3), 193 - 199.","Metschnikoff, E. (1886 a) Medusologische Mittheilungen. Arbeiten aus dem zoologischen Institut der Universitat Wien, 6, 237 - 266.","Bouillon, J. (1978) Hydromeduses de l'archipel des Sechelles et du Mozambique. Revue de Zoologie Africaine, 92 (1), 117 - 172.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Gegenbaur, C. (1856) Versuch eines Systems der Medusen, mit Beschreibung neuer oder wenig gekannter Formen; zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Fauna des Mittelmeeres. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 8 (2), 202 - 273.","Brinckmann, A. (1964) Observations on the structure and development of the medusa of Velella velella (Linne 1758). Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 126, 327 - 336.","Metschnikoff, E. (1874) Studien uber die Entwickelung der Medusen und Siphonophoren. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 24, 15 - 81.","Lo Bianco, S. (1909) Notize biologiche riguardanti specialmente il periodo di maturita sessuale degli animali del Golfo di Napoli. Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel, 19 (4), 513 - 763.","Moser, F. (1925) Die Siphonophoren der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903. Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903, 17 (Zoologie 9), pp. 541.","Leloup, E. (1929) Recherches sur l'anatomie et de developpement de Velella spirans Forsk. Archives de Biologie, 39, 395 - 478.","Totton, A. K. (1954) Siphonophora of the Indian Ocean together with systematic and biological notes on related specimens from other oceans. Discovery Reports, 27, 1 - 162.","Tregouboff, G. & Rose, M. (1957) Manuel de Planctonologie Mediterraneenne. Tome I & II. C. N. R. S., Paris, 587 pp. & 31 pls. [pls. 62 - 93].","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Mackie, G. O. (1959) The evolution of the Chondrophora (Siphonophora- Disconanthae): New Evidence from Behavioural Studies. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 53 (5), 7 - 20.","Mackie, G. O. (1960) The structure of the nervous system in Velella. Quarterly Journal of Microscopial Science, 101 (2), 119 - 131.","Edwards, C. (1963) Observations on the distribution of Velella in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Report / Challenger Society for the Promotion of the Study of Oceanography, 3 (15), 24 - 25.","Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1987) Seasonal distribution of hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Gulf of Naples and vicinity, with observations on sexual and asexual reproduction in some species. In: Bouillon, J., Boero, F., Cicogna, F. & Cornelius, P. F. S. (Eds.), Modern trends in the Systematics, Ecology and Evolution of Hydroids and Hydromedusae. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 133 - 141.","Daniel, R. (1976) Chondrophora of the Indian Ocean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 18 (1), 110 - 121.","Castello, I & Tortella, G. (1986) Cnidarios planctonicos de superficie: Faunistica y factores de distribucion en la costa Catalana. Memoria realizada por D. Gabriel Castello i Tortella para optar al grade de Licenciado por la facultad de Biologia de la Universidad de Barcelona, 201 pp.","Riera, T., Gili, J. M. & Pages, F. (1986) Estudio cuantitativo y estacional de dos poblaciones de Cnidarios planctonicos frente de las costas de Barcelona (Mediterraneo Occidental): Ciclo entre 1966 - 67 y 1982 - 83. A quantitative and seasonal study of two populations of planktonic Cnidaria off the coast of Barcelona (western Mediterranean): Comparison between 1966 - 67 and 1982 - 83. Miscelanea Zoologica, 10, 23 - 32.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209."]}

Ventromma halecioides (Alder, 1859) Fig. 13f Plumularia halecioides Alder, 1859: 353, pl. 12, figs. 1–5. Ventromma halecioides. — Jones, 2002: 218. Type locality. UK: England, Cullercoats and Roker (Alder 1859). Voucher material. Fort Pierce, ship canal at Link Port, 27°32’05”N, 80°20’50”W, 0.1 m, 17.ii.1991, on prop roots of Rhizophora mangle, 15° C, 22‰, collected by snorkeling, 10 cormoids, up to 1.3 cm high, without gonophores, coll. D.R. Calder, ROMIZ B1108. Remarks. Differences between the genera Kirchenpaueria Jickeli, 1883 and Ventromma Stechow, 1923 appear slight morphologically, and the two are frequently regarded as congeneric. The trophosome of Ventromma is distinguished by having nematophores with nematothecae, lacking in Kirchenpaueria. Ventromma is retained in this work based largely on evidence from molecular work (Leclère et al. 2007; Moura et al. 2008; Peña Cantero et al. 2010), showing that V. halecioides (Alder, 1859), its type species, is genetically distant from Kirchenpaueria pinnata (Linnaeus, 1758), type species of Kirchenpaueria. A species often found inshore in quiet-water areas, Ventromma halecioides (Alder 1859) was found here on red mangroves bordering the canal leading into the harbor at the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Fort Pierce. Reported distribution. Atlantic coast of Florida. Biscayne Bay (Jones 2002). Western Atlantic. North Carolina (Fraser 1912b, as Plumularia inermis Nutting, 1900) to Brazil (Oliveira et al. submitted), including Bermuda (Calder 1997), the Gulf of Mexico (Calder & Cairns 2009), and the Caribbean Sea (Galea 2008, as Kirchenpaueria halecioides). Elsewhere. Believed to be circumglobal in shallow tropical and warm-temperate waters (Calder 1997)., Published as part of Calder, Dale R., 2013, Some shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the central east coast of Florida, USA, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 3648 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3648.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5264362, {"references":["Alder, J. (1859) Descriptions of three new species of sertularian zoophytes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 3, 3, 353 - 356.","Jones, T. (2002) Biology and ecology of athecate hydroids in Biscayne Bay, Florida: potential use as bioindicators. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Miami, Coral Gables, 287 pp.","Jickeli, C. F. (1883) Der Bau der Hydroidpolypen. II. Uber den histiologischen Bau von Tubularia L., Cordylophora Allm., Cladonema Duj., Coryne Gartn., Gemmaria M'Crady, Perigonimus Sars, Podocoryne Sars, Camponopsis Claus, Lafoea Lam., Campanularia Lam., Obelia Per., Anisocola Kirchenp., Isocola Kirchenp., Kirchenpaueria Jick. Morphologisches Jahrbuch, 8, 580 - 680.","Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere, 47, 29 - 270.","Leclere, L., Schuchert, P. & Manuel, M. (2007) Phylogeny of the Plumularioidea (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata): evolution of colonial organization and life cycle. Zoologica Scripta, 36, 371 - 394. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2007.00283. x","Moura, C. J., Harris, D. J., Cunha, M. R. & Rogers, A. D. (2008) DNA barcoding reveals cyptic diversity in marine hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from coastal and deep-sea environments. Zoologica Scripta, 37, 93 - 108. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2007.00312. x","Pena Cantero, A. L., Sentandreu, V. & Latorre, A. (2010) Phylogenetic relationships of the endemic Antarctic benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): what does the mitochondrial 16 S rRNA tell us about it? Polar Biology, 33, 41 - 57. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 009 - 0683 - 5","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 823 pp.","Fraser, C. M. (1912 b) Some hydroids of Beaufort, North Carolina. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 30, 339 - 387.","Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Special Bulletin, 4 (1), 1 - 285.","Calder, D. R. (1997) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: superfamily Plumularioidea. Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences Contributions, 161, 1 - 85.","Calder, D. R. & Cairns, S. D. (2009) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder, D. L. & Camp, D. K. (Eds.), Gulf of Mexico. Origin, waters, and biota. Vol. 1. Biodiversity. Texas A & M University Press, College Station, pp. 381 - 394.","Galea, H. R. (2008) On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa, 1878, 1 - 54."]}

Genus Ventromma Stechow, 1923 Colony erect, branched or unbranched, arising from a creeping hydrorhiza, hydrocladia unbranched, alternate. Hydrotheca only on hydrocladia, cup-shaped, without intrathecal septum, with even rim; nematothecae two-chambered, hydrothecate internode with a median inferior and a median superior nematotheca, no lateral nematothecae; gonophores fixed sporosacs, gonotheca solitary with transverse annulations., Published as part of Watson, Jeanette E., 2011, New species, new records and redescriptions of Thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Leptothecata) from Southern Australia, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 3122 on page 21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203966

Ventromma bellarensis sp. nov. Fig. 10 A���H Material examined. Holotype, NMV F 171365, fertile colony, alcohol preserved; two microslides from holotype; from floating pontoon in Clifton Springs boat harbour, depth 0.5 m, coll: J. Watson, 7 /04/ 2009. Description from holotype (live and preserved material). Colonies comprising pinnate unbranched stems to 8 mm high interspersed with taller branched stems to 50 mm high. Hydrorhiza consisting of narrow tubular, weakly rugose stolons reptant on substrate; on branched stems the stolons joining to become polysiphonic tubes of stem; unbranched stems monosiphonic. Branched stems fan-shaped with one to three upwardly directed branches; stems and branches fascicled, the polysiphonic tubes decreasing in number distally to about two thirds the distance along branch then becoming monosiphonic. Internodes of monosiphonic stems and branches long, cylindrical, slender, nodes transverse, rarely a secondary node close to the primary, a nematotheca between hydrocladium and node. Hydrorhiza, width 80���96 Branch internode length 464���560 diameter at node 92���112 Apophysis, adcauline length 32���44 Hydrocladium length of proximal intersegment 56���80 length of first thecate internode 400���419 diameter at proximal node 60���72 length of thecate internode 544���600 Hydrotheca length abcauline wall 76���88 diameter of rim 112���120 Nematotheca, overall length 40���64 Gonotheca length including pedicel 1300���1360 maximum width 460 ��� 400 diameter at margin 460���660 Hydrocladia alternate on stem and branches, one distal on internode, given off from an upwardly directed shoulder-like apophysis, distal node of apophysis transverse, abcauline wall of apophysis curving smoothly up from internode, adcauline wall shorter with a small partial septum and a tiny hydrostatic pore flush with perisarc. Hydrocladia slender, curving gracefully away from stem, bearing up to 10 hydrothecae. Hydrocladium beginning with a short quadrangular athecate segment with transverse to weakly oblique distal node, succeeding internodes hydrothecate, cylindrical, the first shorter than succeeding ones; nodes transverse to slightly oblique, diameter of internode increasing distally to accommodate hydrotheca; no intranodal septa. Hydrotheca seated on distal third of internode but not reaching node, shallow cup-shaped, wider than deep, adcauline wall closely adpressed to but not fused to internode, abcauline wall extending in a smooth concave curve up from internode. Margin circular, transverse to hydrothecal axis, sloping obliquely back from internode, often a shallow indentation behind margin, no eversion of rim; a wide foramen connecting base of hydrotheca with internode. Hydranth large, with c. 16 long tentacles armed with large nematocysts, hypostome annular, wide. Hydrothecate internode with two identical small nematothecae, one median inferior about halfway to two thirds along internode, the other median superior, in front of hydrothecal margin, distal end just reaching node. Nematothecae bithalamic, scoop-shaped, basal chamber short, indistinct, adcauline side closely adpressed to internode, abcauline wall convex, margin open; cauline nematothecae of same shape and size as those on hydrocladia. Male and female gonothecae on different colonies, borne thickly on lower region of stems and branches, rare on upper monosiphonic regions, borne on a short, thick pedicel not well demarcated from body of gonotheca, point of insertion of pedicel often obscured by polysiphonic tubes of stem; gonothecae variable in shape, barrel-shaped to weakly conical, expanding from pedicel, walls faintly to distinctly rugose, perisarc thick, margin truncate, transverse, closed by a slightly depressed or domed operculum torn aside at release of contents; mature female gonophore packed with ova, surmounted by an aureole of large nematocysts. Cnidome of two categories of nematocysts: i) large microbasic mastigophores, capsule ovoid, 12���13 x 6���7 ��m, shaft 7���8 ��m, finely spinous, tubule very long, distributed throughout coenosarc and gonophores; easily discharged. ii) smaller?microbasic mastigophores, capsule elongate, 7��� 8 x 3 ��m, in tentacles of hydranth; difficult to discharge. Colour of colony buff to pale brown, gonophores white. Remarks. There is only one species of the Kirchenpaueriidae, Kirchenpaueria (= Ventrom ma) irregularis (Millard, 1958) a warm temperate to tropical species presently known from Australia (Watson 1996, 1997, 2000). Ve n - tromma bellarensis differs from V. irregularis by its much taller, fascicled colonies (although these are often intermixed with unbranched stems) and the strictly regular segmentation of the hydrocladial internodes. Ve n - tromma bellarensis also resembles Ventromma halecioides (Alder, 1859) in colony habit and general dimensions and shape of the gonotheca. That species however, has an athecate internode between each thecate hydrocladial internode compared with V. bellarensis in which all internodes are hydrothecate. Additionally, V. bellarensis has a short athecate internode separating the apophysis and the proximal thecate internode: this distinctive and constant character distinguishes it from V. irregularis. I have examined the type microslide of Plumularia tripartita von Lendenfeld, 1884 in the collection of MuseumVictoria to ascertain whether the material is Ventromma since Lendenfeld���s figure closely resembles a Ve n - tromma. The specimen was examined and identified by Bale (undated) as Plumularia setacea. In the field, Ventromma bellarensis can be mistaken for Plumularia setaceoides Bale, 1882 which grows in similar habitat, but the recurved, well separated hydrocladia and pale buff colour of the colonies of V. b e l l a re n s i s distinguishes it from the lacy white colonies of P. setaceoides. When removed from water V. bellarensis exudes long sticky strands of mucous containing discharged nematocysts. Etymology. The species is named for the type locality on the Bellarine Peninsula., Published as part of Watson, Jeanette E., 2011, New species, new records and redescriptions of Thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Leptothecata) from Southern Australia, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 3122 on pages 22-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203966, {"references":["Millard, N. A. H. (1958) Hydrozoa from the coasts of Natal and Portuguese East Africa, pt 1, Calyptoblastea. Annals of the South African Museum, 44 (5), 165 - 226.","Watson, J. E. (1996) Distribution and biogeographic relationships of the hydroid fauna of the Australian west coast: a preliminary account. In S. Piraino, F. Boero, J. Bouillon, P. F. S. Cornelius & J-M. Gili (eds), Advances in Hydrozoan Biology, Scientia Marina, 60, 75 - 83.","Watson, J. E. (1997) The hydroid fauna of the Houtman Albrolhos Islands, Western Australia. In Wells, F. E. (ed). The Marine Fauna of the Houtman Albrolhos Islands, Western Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth, 503 - 546.","Watson, J. E. (2000) Hydroids (Hydrozoa: Leptothecatae) from the Beagle Gulf and Darwin Harbour, northern Australia. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, 16, 1 - 82.","Alder, J. (1859) Descriptions of three new species of sertularian zoophytes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (3), 3 (17), 353 - 356.","Bale, W. M. (1882) On the Hydroida of south-eastern Australia, with descriptions of supposed new species, and notes on the genus Aglaophenia. Journal of the Microscopical Society of Victoria, 2, 3 - 36, pls 12 - 15."]}