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As demands for computing have been continuously increasing, various solutions have been proposed. Some approaches deal with improving algorithms and software programs, mainly through the tuning of advanced heuristics and learning methods. Some other tackle the problem by providing specialized hardware to enhance computation. Other revolutionary approaches, such as memcomputing and quantum computing, explore new paradigms in computation to beat the barrier of computational complexity. A highly attended plenary panel at the 2019 Design Automation Conference (DAC) in Las Vegas, NV, USA, with the provocative title “Evolutionary Computing or Heuristic Forever?” spurred a lively discussion that is reported in this Roundtable. It is moderated by the panel organizer and moderator Giovanni De Micheli, EPFL, Switzerland. Panelists include Antun Domic, former CTO and senior VP at Synopsys; Jason Cong, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA); Massimiliano Di Ventra, University of California San Diego (UCSD); and Martin Roettler, Microsoft Research.

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification, RFID) technology is developed in the eighty s of the 20th century a automatic Identification technology. Using radio frequency way between non-contact rf card reader and two-way data transmission, in order to achieve the purpose of target recognition and data exchange. Article from the traditional type of code, compared magnetic card and IC card, rf card has a non-contact, fast reading, no wear, is not affected by the environment, the characteristics of long service life, easy to use and have anti-collision function, can handle multiple CARDS at the same time. Abroad, rfid technology has been widely used in industrial automation, business automation, transportation control management, and many other fields.

This study developed a digital security device which power is on/off by the RFID card. This device is based on the wireless data transmit/receive circuits, built in RS-232C chip and applied to computer and other digital devices. We can check whether this device is operated or not by connecting the LED. In this system, 13.56MHz frequency circuit supplies power with ID card, and DC inputs check the proximity operating distance of the card field for verifying the existence of a card. The security level of this system is much stronger than that of a compared system[13]. Anyone cannot use the system without RFID card. All illegal access is prevented except for authorized path.

Member card can provide personal identification, authentication, data storage, and application processing. It may provide strong marketing media for customer relationship within business organizations. In this paper, the integrated applications of passive radio frequency identification (RFID) and license plate recognition (LPR) are presented. We applied RFID and LPR techniques integrated, meanwhile, we collected the vehicles self-adhered e-Tag ID data. All of these development to compile on the member card as a linking media, it provided the more premium services for card holder. By the cumulative utilization and analysis data of member card, it has become an essential connection between the customers and the companies. It is not only added card self-valued, but also do grasp customers' preference. This proposed system is composed of three main modules at RFID (3M e-Tag), LPR (Image processing), and RFID (NXP MIFARE), respectively. It is designed to meet the requirements of performance and can be generally applied to the commercial markets (e.g., other malls, marts, department stores) that also operate parking lots which face similar problems.

Instead of the traditional credit card payment system, we propose a new electronic payment system for use in a mobile environment. The idea behind this payment service is that a user (customer) applies a message delivery service to obtain a varied authentication token from a servicing bank through his cell phone. The token is used to ensure the validity of the transaction and the legality of the user. On the other hand, because only the user knows the authentication token, he/her cannot later deny that he/her made the transaction. Therefore, in addition to authentication, the property of non-repudiation can also be achieved by using our proposed scheme. Most importantly, our scheme does not require any credit card or tamper-resistant device (i.e. smart card) to store critical information. Consequently, the electronic payment system enhances the security of the traditional credit card payment system. The proposed scheme eliminates the risks of losing a card and duplicating the content of a user's card by a dishonest merchant.

In Traversa and Di Ventra [Chaos 27, 023107 (2017)] we argued, without proof, that if the non-linear dynamical systems with memory describing the class of digital memcomputing machines (DMMs) have equilibrium points, then no periodic orbits can emerge. In fact, the proof of such a statement is a simple corollary of a theorem already demonstrated in Traversa and Di Ventra [Chaos 27, 023107 (2017)]. Here, we point out how to derive such a conclusion. Incidentally, the same demonstration implies absence of chaos, a result we have already demonstrated in Di Ventra and Traversa [Phys. Lett. A 381, 3255 (2017)] using topology. These results, together with those in Traversa and Di Ventra [Chaos 27, 023107 (2017)], guarantee that if the Boolean problem the DMMs are designed to solve has a solution, the system will always find it, irrespective of the initial conditions.

The aim of the article is to assess factors that stimulate cashless payment organizations to introduction of contactless payment onto market, as well as the barrier for the development of this innovation. The paper presents the development directions of innovative payment methods. The article describes the evolution and functioning of contactless technology offered by the major payment organizations. Celem pracy jest ocena czynników sprzyjających wprowadzaniu przez instytucje uczestniczące w obrocie bezgotówkowym płatności zbliżeniowych na rynek oraz barier rozwoju tej innowacji. W artykule przedstawiono kierunki rozwoju innowacyjnych metod płatności oraz oceniono szanse zaistnienia w świadomości klientów metod najbardziej popularnych. Opisano również sposób funkcjonowania płatności zbliżeniowych oferowanych przez największe organizacje płatnicze. Sukces na rynku płatności odniosą te podmioty, które będą potrafiły przekonać swoich klientów do aktywnego korzystania z technologii zbliżeniowej.

Smart card-based Automated Fare Collection Systems (AFCS) are being increasingly deployed in transit systems across the US. Miami-Dade Transit (MDT) has recently deployed such a system branded as the EASY Card. The South Florida Regional Transportation Authority (SFRTA) also deployed the same system for Tri-Rail. The technology provides a stored value electronic purse or the choice of various period passes, and in that respect is similar to smart card systems in other US cities. The EASY Card system will be used as a case study to document some of the issues related to the ridership and customer behavior aspects related to fare policy when smart card systems are introduced. Given the benefits of such AFCS in terms of reduced fare evasion, cash handling fraud, transfer abuse and increased customer convenience, it is likely that other transit systems in Florida will deploy such systems in future years.

The present von Neumann computing paradigm involves a significant amount of information transfer between a central processing unit and memory, with concomitant limitations in the actual execution speed. However, it has been recently argued that a different form of computation, dubbed memcomputing (Di Ventra and Pershin 2013 Nat. Phys. 9 200?2) and inspired by the operation of our brain, can resolve the intrinsic limitations of present day architectures by allowing for computing and storing of information on the same physical platform. Here we show a simple and practical realization of memcomputing that utilizes easy-to-build memcapacitive systems. We name this architecture dynamic computing random access memory (DCRAM). We show that DCRAM provides massively-parallel and polymorphic digital logic, namely it allows for different logic operations with the same architecture, by varying only the control signals. In addition, by taking into account realistic parameters, its energy expenditures can be as low as a few fJ per operation. DCRAM is fully compatible with CMOS technology, can be realized with current fabrication facilities, and therefore can really serve as an alternative to the present computing technology.

This paper, putting the RFID-based mobile phone as the future terminal of the Internet of Things and considering varieties of technical indicators, compares and analyses three solutions to the credit card payment of mobile phone, and then gives the selective recommendation.

A mobile payment solution, called SIMpass is presented in this paper, SIMpass is a contactless technology solution based on RFID-SIM implemented with Dual-interface SIM card. Moreover, the SIMpass technology scheme is described in this paper. Compare with traditional NFC solution, this scheme is more cost effective and easy to use. The applications on SIMpass RFID-SIM card are also discussed in this paper.

The IC-Chip for IC-Cards (contactless smart card) has various field applications (traffic IC-Card, electronic money, mobile IC-Card, identification, credit card, and cash card) and is capable of high-level functions (security, anti-collision algorithm, multi-functionality, reliability, convenience). The IC-Card has larger information storage capacity than that of the existing magnetic stripe card. Japan’s IC-Card (Felica: Sony) is a type of a multi–functional card system devised to resolve many payment problems, to improve public payment service, to build advanced transit information system, to encourage reasonable operation of the public transit company, and to obtain basic information for the formulation of public policy. Japan’s IC-Card is applied to various kinds of technologies and services in Japan. In this paper, we discuss the diffusion process and user behavior information regarding Japan’s IC-Card system. In this study, we hope to contribute to studies in modern means of public payment based on RFID technology and diffusion process study of IC-Card technology.

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) technologies allow remote identification as well as generic data access using radio waves. It is also commonly used in transportation and other payment systems, e.g., the MIFAREof NXP Semiconductors, one of the most widely deployed contactless smart card standards. Recently, the interest in using RFID for micro payment grows rapidly as users get used to the convenience brought by RFID,and corporations discover that RFID can significantly lower the cost of operation. However, there are security concerns, as many passive RFID technologies do not have adequate cryptographic protection. Furthermore, thecommunication can be eavesdropped by a third party, making RFID particularly vulnerable to all sorts of attacks.In this work, we examine the EasyCard of the Taipei Metro Rapid Transit (MRT) Corporation, a transportation ticketing system based on the MIFARE Classic technology. We capture and analyze the communication betweena legitimate reader and an EasyCard using GNURadio, an open-source software-defined radio running on PC. We will share our experiences with EasyCard security and hopefully provide some insights into RFID security inpractice.

In large urban areas, smooth running public transit networks are key to viable development. Currently, economic and environmental issues are fueling the need for these networks to adequately serve travel demand, thereby increasing their competitiveness and their market share. Better balance between transit supply and demand will also help reduce and control operating costs. The fact is, however, that transit operators are finding it extremely difficult to adjust the service to meet the demand, because this demand changes continuously with the time or day of travel (period of the day, day of the week, season or holiday) and other factors like weather and service breakdown. In order to enhance their service, operators need to better understand the travel demand (customer behaviors and the variability of the demand in space and time). This can be achieved only by continuously monitoring the day-to-day activities of users throughout the transit network. Some large cities around the world take advantage of smart card capabilities to manage their transit networks by using Smart Card Automated Fare Collection Systems (SCAFCS). An SCAFCS gives travelers greater flexibility, since a single card may be used by one user at various times and on different parts of the transit network, and may support various fare possibilities (by travel, line, zone, period, etc.). For transit operators, these systems not only validate and collect fares, but also represent a rich source of continuous data regarding the use of their network. Actually, this continuous dataset (developed for fare collection) has the potential to provide new knowledge about transit use. Following the application of various pretreatments which make it possible to extract real-time activity, data mining techniques can reveal interesting patterns. These techniques are aimed at precisely describing customer behavior, identifying sets of customers with similar behaviors, and measuring the spatial and temporal variability of transit use. Patterns are extracted and analyzed to document various issues, such as identifying transit use cycles or homogeneous days and weeks of travel for various periods of the year. This information is required for a better understanding and modeling of customer behavior, and consequently better adjustment of the service to the demand. These adjustments may, for instance, lead to the restructuring of the transit network, to the adaptation of route scheduling or to the definition of new and different subscription options (fares). Below, results from various experiments conducted with a real dataset are provided. They show the potential of data mining to provide useful and novel information about user behavior on a transit network. The data processed in the study are extracted from a system operating in a Canadian city (Gatineau, Quebec).

Contactless credit cards as a sub-division of smart cards offer a promising new market for RFID technologies. We consider in simulations, verified with experimental results, the way from the electrical supply power as required for the operation of contactless payment terminals to the card performance as required to allow a payment transaction within a limited time. For this purpose, we consider the paypass reference equipment, which is similar to a typical use case and specified to test product compliance.

A Comment on the Letter by M. Di Ventra, S. T. Pantelides, and N. D. Lang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 979 (2000).

These days smart cards are replacing traditional magnetic cards for payment transactions. One of the main reasons is the enhanced security capabilities built into a smart card. Most of the related works in smart card only concentrates on the single application such as network access control, prepaid phone card or debit card. With popularity in web technologies, there is a trend towards smart cards being used for different electronic commerce applications such as electronic purse for payment transaction over Internet. But the payment protocols proposed so far do not support negotiation, bargaining or privacy issues between the parties. Based on the framework of CapBasED-AMS (a web based secure workflow management system), we developed a prototype system called SmartFlow to demonstrate multi-applications on the Internet using a smart card. The main focus of this paper is to present the framework of SmartFlow and demonstrate a negotiation and bargaining protocol for electronic commerce activities in both static and dynamic environment. We have already implemented the prototype system with these functionalities.