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2. Detecting Centralized Architecture-Based Botnets using Travelling Salesperson Non-Deterministic Polynomial-Hard problem, TSP-NP Technique

Author

Kebande, Victor R., Karie, Nickson M., Ikuesan, Richard Adeyemi, Al-Ghushami, Abdullah, and Venter, H. S.

Subjects
Computer Science - Cryptography and Security, Computer Science - Networking and Internet Architecture, Research article
Abstract

The threats posed by botnets in the cyberspace continue to grow each day and it has become very hard to detect or infiltrate the cynicism of bots. This, is owing to the fact, that, the botnet developers each day, keep changing the propagation and attack techniques. Currently, most of these attacks have been centered on stealing computing energy, theft of personal information and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. In this paper, the authors propose a novel technique that uses the Non-Deterministic Polynomial-Time Hardness (NP-Hard Problem) based on the Traveling Salesperson Person (TSP) that depicts that a given bot, bj, is able to visit each host on a network environment, NE, and then it returns to the botmaster, in form of instruction(command), through optimal minimization of the hosts that are (may) be attacked. Given that bj represents a piece of malicious code and TSP-NP Hard Problem, which forms part of combinatorial optimization, the authors present this as an effective approach for the detection of the botnet. It is worth noting that the concentration of this study is basically on the centralized botnet architecture. This holistic approach shows that botnet detection accuracy can be increased with a degree of certainty and potentially decrease the chances of false positives. Nevertheless, a discussion on the possible applicability and implementation has also been given in this paper., Comment: 2019 IEEE Conference on Application, Information and Network Security (AINS)

Published
2020
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3. Conceptual Model for Crowd-Sourcing Digital Forensic Evidence

Author

Baror, Stacey O., Venter, H. S., Kebande, Victor R., Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Gomide, Fernando, Advisory Editor, Kaynak, Okyay, Advisory Editor, Liu, Derong, Advisory Editor, Pedrycz, Witold, Advisory Editor, Polycarpou, Marios M., Advisory Editor, Rudas, Imre J., Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Ben Ahmed, Mohamed, editor, Boudhir, Anouar Abdelhakim, editor, Karaș, İsmail Rakıp, editor, Jain, Vipul, editor, and Mellouli, Sehl, editor

Published
2022
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4. Cursory View of IoT-Forensic Readiness Framework Based on ISO/IEC 27043 Recommendations

Author

Mudau, Phathutshedzo P., Venter, H. S., Kebande, Victor R., Ikuesan, Richard A., Karie, Nickson M., Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Gomide, Fernando, Advisory Editor, Kaynak, Okyay, Advisory Editor, Liu, Derong, Advisory Editor, Pedrycz, Witold, Advisory Editor, Polycarpou, Marios M., Advisory Editor, Rudas, Imre J., Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Abawajy, Jemal H., editor, Choo, Kim-Kwang Raymond, editor, and Chiroma, Haruna, editor

Published
2021
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5. A Framework for Concurrent Contact-Tracing and Digital Evidence Analysis in Heterogeneous Environments

Author

Baror, Stacey O., Venter, H. S., Kebande, Victor R., Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Gomide, Fernando, Advisory Editor, Kaynak, Okyay, Advisory Editor, Liu, Derong, Advisory Editor, Pedrycz, Witold, Advisory Editor, Polycarpou, Marios M., Advisory Editor, Rudas, Imre J., Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Ben Ahmed, Mohamed, editor, Rakıp Karaș, İsmail, editor, Santos, Domingos, editor, Sergeyeva, Olga, editor, and Boudhir, Anouar Abdelhakim, editor

Published
2021
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6. A Conceptual Model for Consent Management in South African e-Health Systems for Privacy Preservation

Author

Zazaza, Lelethu, Venter, H. S., Sibiya, George, Barbosa, Simone Diniz Junqueira, Editorial Board Member, Filipe, Joaquim, Editorial Board Member, Ghosh, Ashish, Editorial Board Member, Kotenko, Igor, Editorial Board Member, Zhou, Lizhu, Editorial Board Member, Venter, Hein, editor, Loock, Marianne, editor, Coetzee, Marijke, editor, Eloff, Mariki, editor, and Eloff, Jan, editor

Published
2020
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8. The Current State of Electronic Consent Systems in e-Health for Privacy Preservation

Author

Zazaza, Lelethu, Venter, H. S., Sibiya, George, Barbosa, Simone Diniz Junqueira, Series Editor, Filipe, Joaquim, Series Editor, Kotenko, Igor, Series Editor, Sivalingam, Krishna M., Series Editor, Washio, Takashi, Series Editor, Yuan, Junsong, Series Editor, Zhou, Lizhu, Series Editor, Ghosh, Ashish, Series Editor, Venter, Hein, editor, Loock, Marianne, editor, Coetzee, Marijke, editor, Eloff, Mariki, editor, and Eloff, Jan, editor

Published
2019
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13. Genomic profiling of Pasteurella multocida isolated from feedlot cases of bovine respiratory disease.

Author

Alhamami, T, Roy Chowdhury, P, Venter, H, Veltman, T, Truswell, A, Abraham, S, Sapula, SA, Carr, M, Djordjevic, SP, Trott, DJ, Alhamami, T, Roy Chowdhury, P, Venter, H, Veltman, T, Truswell, A, Abraham, S, Sapula, SA, Carr, M, Djordjevic, SP, and Trott, DJ

Abstract

Pasteurella multocida causes a range of diseases in many host species throughout the world, including bovine respiratory disease (BRD) which is predominantly seen in feedlot cattle. This study assessed genetic diversity among 139 P. multocida isolates obtained from post-mortem lung swabs of BRD-affected feedlot cattle in four Australian states: New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, and Victoria during 2014-2019. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was used to determine capsular serogroup, lipopolysaccharide genotypes, multi-locus sequence types and phylogenetic relationships. Two capsular types (A and D), with most isolates (132/139; 95%) belonging to type A; and three lipopolysaccharide (LPS) genotypes were identified (L1 [6/139; 4.3%], L3 [124/139; 89.2%] and L6 [9/139; 6.4%)]). Multi-locus sequence types (STs) ST9, ST13, ST17, ST20, ST36, ST50, ST58, ST79, ST124, ST125, ST132, ST167, ST185, ST327, ST394, and three novel STs [ST396, ST397, and ST398] were identified, with ST394 (59/139; 42.4%) and ST79 (44/139; 32%) the most prevalent in all four states. Isolates displaying phenotypic resistance to single, dual or multiple antibiotics (macrolide, tetracycline and aminopenicillins) were predominantly ST394 (23/139; 17%). Laterally mobile elements identified in the resistant ST394 isolates included small plasmids, encoding macrolide and/or tetracycline resistance, distributed in all states; and chromosomally located integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) (4 ST394 and 1 ST125) from the same Queensland feedlot. This study highlights the genomic diversity, epidemiological relationships and AMR associations in bovine P. multocida isolates from Australia and provides insight into the unique ST prevalence compared to other major beef-producing countries.

Published
2023

16. Trust Model Architecture: Defining Prejudice by Learning

Author

Wojcik, M., Eloff, J. H. P., Venter, H. S., Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Dough, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Fischer-Hübner, Simone, editor, Furnell, Stevel, editor, and Lambrinoudakis, Costas, editor

Published
2006
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19. A Framework for Concurrent Contact-Tracing and Digital Evidence Analysis in Heterogeneous Environments

Author

Baror, Stacey O., Venter, H. S., and Kebande, Victor R.

Subjects
Digital forensics, Contact-tracing, Digital evidence, Heterogeneous, Article
Abstract

The multiple functionalities of mobile devices have allowed them to be used for contact-tracing especially with the emergence of an infectious pandemic, for example, in a smart city. This has been experienced, for example, in COVID-19 cases where propagation of infections may not be controlled effectively. Given that data is exchanged between parties it becomes important to have a focus on how this data can be used as a contact trace mechanism. This contract trace mechanism can also provide Potential Digital Evidence (PDE) that can aid to form an objective hypothesis that could be employed during litigation in the event of a suspicious infection, or when a security incident is detected. This paper, therefore, proposes an iterative Concurrent Contact-Tracing (CCT) framework based on digital evidence from mobile devices in heterogeneous environments.

Published
2020

20. Correction: Alhamami et al. First Emergence of Resistance to Macrolides and Tetracycline Identified in Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida Isolates from Beef Feedlots in Australia. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1322

Author

Alhamami, T, Roy Chowdhury, P, Gomes, N, Carr, M, Veltman, T, Khazandi, M, Mollinger, J, Deutscher, AT, Turni, C, Mahdi, L, Venter, H, Abraham, S, Djordjevic, SP, and Trott, DJ

Abstract

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...].

Published
2022

21. Antimicrobial susceptibility and genomic analysis of Histophilus somni isolated from cases of bovine respiratory disease in Autralian feedlot cattle

Author

Alhamami, T., Low, W.Y., Ren, Y., Taylor, K., Khazandi, M., Veltman, T., Venter, H., Carr, M., Turni, C., Abraham, S., Trott, D.J., Alhamami, T., Low, W.Y., Ren, Y., Taylor, K., Khazandi, M., Veltman, T., Venter, H., Carr, M., Turni, C., Abraham, S., and Trott, D.J.

Abstract

Histophilus somni is a prevalent commensal organism of the upper respiratory tract of cattle and a major causative agent of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and other syndromes including myocarditis and infectious thromboembolic meningoencephalitis. This study investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility and phylogenetic relationships of H. somni isolates obtained from lung, heart, and other tissues at post-mortem as well as nasal mucosa swabs from cases of BRD in Australian feedlots (2004–2019). Broth microdilution Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assays were determined for 19 antimicrobials using three different media (CLSI approved Veterinary Fastidious Medium [VFM], Mueller-Hinton fastidious broth medium supplemented with yeast extract [MHF-Y] and Columbia Broth [CB] supplemented with 5% lysed horse blood). For all antimicrobials, MICs obtained using CB medium were identical or within 1 dilution step of the MICs obtained for VFM and MHF-Y media. Therefore, CB may be a suitable medium for H. somni antimicrobial susceptibility testing similar to MHF-Y medium. None of the 70 Australian H. somni isolates exhibited resistance to antimicrobials with CLSI breakpoints including those commonly used in the treatment of BRD in Australia (first-line tetracyclines [chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline], second-line macrolides [tulathromycin], and third-line extended-spectrum cephalosporin [ceftiofur]). Whole-genome sequence analysis of 65 H. somni isolates for genomic single nucleotide polymorphism differences identified four phylogenetic clusters, each containing isolates from different Australian states, feedlots and tissue sources that clustered together. These findings demonstrate limited genetic diversity and the absence of significant antimicrobial resistance among Australian isolates of H. somni isolated from feedlot cattle.

Published
2022

22. Correction: Alhamami et al. First emergence of resistance to macrolides and tetracycline identified in Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida isolates from beef feedlots in Australia. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1322

Author

Alhamami, T., Roy Chowdhury, P., Gomes, N., Carr, M., Veltman, T., Khazandi, M., Mollinger, J., Deutscher, A.T., Turni, C., Mahdi, L., Venter, H., Abraham, S., Djordjevic, S.P., Trott, D.J., Alhamami, T., Roy Chowdhury, P., Gomes, N., Carr, M., Veltman, T., Khazandi, M., Mollinger, J., Deutscher, A.T., Turni, C., Mahdi, L., Venter, H., Abraham, S., Djordjevic, S.P., and Trott, D.J.

Abstract

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper...

Published
2022

23. Targeting malaria parasites with novel derivatives of azithromycin

Author

Burns, AL, Sleebs, BE, Gancheva, M, McLean, KT, Siddiqui, G, Venter, H, Beeson, JG, O'Handley, R, Creek, DJ, Ma, S, Froelich, S, Goodman, CD, McFadden, G, Wilson, DW, Burns, AL, Sleebs, BE, Gancheva, M, McLean, KT, Siddiqui, G, Venter, H, Beeson, JG, O'Handley, R, Creek, DJ, Ma, S, Froelich, S, Goodman, CD, McFadden, G, and Wilson, DW

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: The spread of artemisinin resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites is of global concern and highlights the need to identify new antimalarials for future treatments. Azithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic used clinically against malaria, kills parasites via two mechanisms: 'delayed death' by inhibiting the bacterium-like ribosomes of the apicoplast, and 'quick-killing' that kills rapidly across the entire blood stage development. METHODS: Here, 22 azithromycin analogues were explored for delayed death and quick-killing activities against P. falciparum (the most virulent human malaria) and P. knowlesi (a monkey parasite that frequently infects humans). RESULTS: Seventeen analogues showed improved quick-killing against both Plasmodium species, with up to 38 to 20-fold higher potency over azithromycin after less than 48 or 28 hours of treatment for P. falciparum and P. knowlesi, respectively. Quick-killing analogues maintained activity throughout the blood stage lifecycle, including ring stages of P. falciparum parasites (<12 hrs treatment) and were >5-fold more selective against P. falciparum than human cells. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate supplemented parasites that lacked an apicoplast were equally sensitive to quick-killing analogues, confirming that the quick killing activity of these drugs was not directed at the apicoplast. Further, activity against the related apicoplast containing parasite Toxoplasma gondii and the gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae did not show improvement over azithromycin, highlighting the specific improvement in antimalarial quick-killing activity. Metabolomic profiling of parasites subjected to the most potent compound showed a build-up of non-haemoglobin derived peptides that was similar to chloroquine, while also exhibiting accumulation of haemoglobin-derived peptides that was absent for chloroquine treatment. DISCUSSION: The azithromycin analogues characterised in this study expand the structural diversity over pr

Published
2022

30. First emergence of resistance to macrolides and tetracycline identified in Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida isolates from beef feedlots in Australia

Author

Alhamami, T., Chowdhury, P.R., Gomes, N., Carr, M., Veltman, T., Khazandi, M., Mollinger, J., Deutscher, A.T., Turni, C., Mahdi, L., Venter, H., Abraham, S., Djordjevic, S.P., Trott, D.J., Alhamami, T., Chowdhury, P.R., Gomes, N., Carr, M., Veltman, T., Khazandi, M., Mollinger, J., Deutscher, A.T., Turni, C., Mahdi, L., Venter, H., Abraham, S., Djordjevic, S.P., and Trott, D.J.

Abstract

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) causes high morbidity and mortality in beef cattle worldwide. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) monitoring of BRD pathogens is critical to promote appropriate antimicrobial stewardship in veterinary medicine for optimal treatment and control. Here, the susceptibility of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multicoda isolates obtained from BRD clinical cases (deep lung swabs at post-mortem) among feedlots in four Australian states (2014–2019) was determined for 19 antimicrobial agents. The M. haemolytica isolates were pan-susceptible to all tested agents apart from a single macrolide-resistant isolate (1/88; 1.1%) from New South Wales (NSW). Much higher frequencies of P. multocida isolates were resistant to tetracycline (18/140; 12.9%), tilmicosin (19/140; 13.6%), tulathromycin/gamithromycin (17/140; 12.1%), and ampicillin/penicillin (6/140; 4.6%). Five P. multocida isolates (3.6%), all obtained from NSW in 2019, exhibited dual resistance to macrolides and tetracycline, and a further two Queensland isolates from 2019 (1.4%) exhibited a multidrug-resistant phenotype to ampicillin/penicillin, tetracycline, and tilmicosin. Random-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing identified a high degree of genetic homogeneity among the M. haemolytica isolates, whereas P. multocida isolates were more heterogeneous. Illumina whole genome sequencing identified the genes msr(E) and mph(E)encoding macrolide resistance, tet(R)-tet(H) or tet(Y) encoding tetracycline resistance, and blaROB-1 encoding ampicillin/penicillin resistance in all isolates exhibiting a corresponding resistant phenotype. The exception was the tilmicosin-resistant, tulathromycin/gamithromycin-susceptible phenotype identified in two Queensland isolates, the genetic basis of which could not be determined. These results confirm the first emergence of AMR in M. haemolytica and P. multocida from BRD cases in Australia, which should be closely monitored.

Published
2021

31. Digital forensic readiness in operational cloud leveraging ISO/IEC 27043 guidelines on security monitoring

Author

Makura, Sheunesu, Venter, H. S., Kebande, Victor R., Karie, Nickson M., Ikuesan, Richard A., Alawadi, Sadi, Makura, Sheunesu, Venter, H. S., Kebande, Victor R., Karie, Nickson M., Ikuesan, Richard A., and Alawadi, Sadi

Abstract

An increase in the use of cloud computing technologies by organizations has led to cybercriminals targeting cloud environments to orchestrate malicious attacks. Conversely, this has led to the need for proactive approaches through the use of digital forensic readiness (DFR). Existing studies have attempted to develop proactive prototypes using diverse agent-based solutions that are capable of extracting a forensically sound potential digital evidence. As a way to address this limitation and further evaluate the degree of PDE relevance in an operational platform, this study sought to develop a prototype in an operational cloud environment to achieve DFR in the cloud. The prototype is deployed and executed in cloud instances hosted on OpenStack: the operational cloud environment. The experiments performed in this study show that it is viable to attain DFR in an operational cloud platform. Further observations show that the prototype is capable of harvesting digital data from cloud instances and store the data in a forensic sound database. The prototype also prepares the operational cloud environment to be forensically ready for digital forensic investigations without alternating the functionality of the OpenStack cloud architecture by leveraging the ISO/IEC 27043 guidelines on security monitoring.

Published
2021

32. First Emergence of Resistance to Macrolides and Tetracycline Identified in Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida Isolates from Beef Feedlots in Australia

Author

Alhamami, T, Chowdhury, PR, Gomes, N, Carr, M, Veltman, T, Khazandi, M, Mollinger, J, Deutscher, AT, Turni, C, Mahdi, L, Venter, H, Abraham, S, Djordjevic, SP, Trott, DJ, Alhamami, T, Chowdhury, PR, Gomes, N, Carr, M, Veltman, T, Khazandi, M, Mollinger, J, Deutscher, AT, Turni, C, Mahdi, L, Venter, H, Abraham, S, Djordjevic, SP, and Trott, DJ

Abstract

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) causes high morbidity and mortality in beef cattle worldwide. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) monitoring of BRD pathogens is critical to promote appropriate antimicrobial stewardship in veterinary medicine for optimal treatment and control. Here, the susceptibility of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multicoda isolates obtained from BRD clinical cases (deep lung swabs at post-mortem) among feedlots in four Australian states (2014-2019) was determined for 19 antimicrobial agents. The M. haemolytica isolates were pan-susceptible to all tested agents apart from a single macrolide-resistant isolate (1/88; 1.1%) from New South Wales (NSW). Much higher frequencies of P. multocida isolates were resistant to tetracycline (18/140; 12.9%), tilmicosin (19/140; 13.6%), tulathromycin/gamithromycin (17/140; 12.1%), and ampicillin/penicillin (6/140; 4.6%). Five P. multocida isolates (3.6%), all obtained from NSW in 2019, exhibited dual resistance to macrolides and tetracycline, and a further two Queensland isolates from 2019 (1.4%) exhibited a multidrug-resistant phenotype to ampicillin/penicillin, tetracycline, and tilmicosin. Random-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing identified a high degree of genetic homogeneity among the M. haemolytica isolates, whereas P. multocida isolates were more heterogeneous. Illumina whole genome sequencing identified the genes msr(E) and mph(E)encoding macrolide resistance, tet(R)-tet(H) or tet(Y) encoding tetracycline resistance, and blaROB-1 encoding ampicillin/penicillin resistance in all isolates exhibiting a corresponding resistant phenotype. The exception was the tilmicosin-resistant, tulathromycin/gamithromycin-susceptible phenotype identified in two Queensland isolates, the genetic basis of which could not be determined. These results confirm the first emergence of AMR in M. haemolytica and

Published
2021

34. Examining the interactions between change leadership, commitment to change and employee morale in private institutions of higher learning

Author

Venter, H. and Khumalo, N.

Subjects
leadership, Change leadership, employee morale, commitment to change
Abstract

MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus The purpose of this study is to examine the interactions between change leadership, commitment to change and employee morale in private institutions of higher learning. The ever-changing landscape of private higher institutions and the need for leaders that are capable to lead change and the impact on the employee’s commitment to change and the effect on their morale were the motivation for this study. The literature study in chapter three of this study focuses on change leadership, commitment to change and employee morale. In the literature study the effect of change leadership on commitment to change and the effect of change leadership on the employee morale were taken into consideration. The study was one phase cross-sectional and the questionnaires were sent at a single point of time to the personnel of the two private higher institutions. A total of 130 employees of the two private higher institutions received the questionnaire. 65% of the employees from various operational levels in the private higher institutions responded to the questionnaire. The findings in the study clearly indicated that the interaction between change leadership, commitment to change and employee morale are high. The respondents clearly indicated that their commitment to change are influenced by the change leader, and the data indicated that the change leader support during change does have an impact on their morale. Masters

Published
2020

35. Ontology-driven perspective of CFRaaS

Author

Kebande, Victor R., Karie, Nickson, Ikuesan, Richard, Venter, H S, Kebande, Victor R., Karie, Nickson, Ikuesan, Richard, and Venter, H S

Abstract

A Cloud Forensic Readiness as a Service (CFRaaS) model allows an environmentto preemptively accumulate relevant potential digital evidence (PDE) which maybe needed during a post-event response process. The benefit of applying a CFRaaSmodel in a cloud environment, is that, it is designed to prevent the modification/tampering of the cloud architectures or the infrastructure during the reactive pro-cess, which if it could, may end up having far-reaching implications. The authorsof this article present the reactive processasaverycostlyexercisewhentheinfra-structure must be reprogrammed every time the process is conducted. This mayhamper successful investigation from the forensic experts and law enforcementagencies perspectives. The CFRaaS model, in its current state, has not been pres-ented in a way that can help to classify or visualize the different types of potentialevidence in all the cloud deployable models, and this may limit the expectationsof what or how the required PDE may be collected. To address this problem, thearticle presents the CFRaaS from a holistic ontology-driven perspective, whichallows the forensic experts to be able to apply the CFRaaS based on its simplicityof the concepts, relationship or semantics between different form of potential evi-dence, as well as how the security of a digital environment being investigatedcould be upheld. The CFRaaS in this context follows a fundamental ontologyengineering approach that is based on the classical Resource Description Frame-work. The proposed ontology-driven approach to CFRaaS is, therefore, aknowledge-base that uses layer-dependencies, which could be an essential toolkitfor digital forensic examiners and other stakeholders in cloud-security. The imple-mentation of this approach could further provide a platform to develop otherknowledge base components for cloud forensics and security

Published
2020
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