1,032 results on '"Venous Valves"'
Search Results
2. Pathophysiology of deep vein thrombosis.
- Author
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Navarrete, Simón, Solar, Carla, Tapia, Roberto, Pereira, Jaime, Fuentes, Eduardo, and Palomo, Iván
- Subjects
- *
VENOUS thrombosis , *PATHOLOGICAL physiology , *ERYTHROCYTES , *HIP fractures , *BLOOD flow , *BLOOD platelets - Abstract
Deep venous thrombosis is a frequent, multifactorial disease and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Most of the time deep venous thrombosis is triggered by the interaction between acquired risk factors, such as hip fracture, pregnancy, and immobility, and hereditary risk factors such as thrombophilias. The mechanisms underlying deep venous thrombosis are not fully elucidated; however, in recent years, important advances have shed light on the role of venous flow, endothelium, platelets, leukocytes, and the interaction between inflammation and hemostasis. It has been described that the alteration of venous blood flow produces endothelial activation, favoring the adhesion of platelets and leukocytes, which, through tissue factor expression and neutrophil extracellular traps formation, contribute to the activation of coagulation, trapping more cells, such as red blood cells. Thus, the concerted interaction of these phenomena allows the formation and growth of the thrombus. In this work, the main mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of deep vein thrombosis will be described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Multidetector computed tomography assessment of venous invasion in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis.
- Author
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Zhang, Tieliang, Zhang, Yuan, Wang, Jian, Hou, Juan, and Liu, Wenya
- Subjects
- *
HEPATIC echinococcosis , *MULTIDETECTOR computed tomography , *VENOUS valves , *STENOSIS , *HISTOPATHOLOGY - Abstract
Purpose: The objective of this study was to correlate multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) findings in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) with intraoperative and postoperative histopathological results to identify reliable MDCT criteria for the diagnosis of HAE venous invasion. Methods: A total of 136 HAE patients who underwent CT examination were included in this study. The lesion-vessel contact angle, irregular wall, lumen stenosis and occlusion were evaluated. Results: A total of 614 veins were estimated. In total, 510 veins were invaded, and 104 veins were not. The invasion rate was 83.06%. In single CT findings, with a cutoff value of > 180° determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the lesion-vessel contact angle performed the best (area under the ROC curve, AUC = 0.907, 95% confidence interval, 95% CI 0.872–0.941, p < 0.001), with a sensitivity, specificity and positive likelihood ratio (PLR) of 84.90%, 88.46%, and 7.35, respectively. Irregular wall and lumen stenosis showed the lowest diagnostic performance. Diagnostic performance was the highest when combining these criteria and signs (AUC = 0.932, 95% CI 0.905–0.960, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The lesion-vessel contact angle > 180° had the best sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of HAE venous invasion, and good interobserver agreement had been noted. The diagnostic performance of the lesion-vessel contact angle > 180° had been further improved with the addition of lumen occlusion accompanied by irregular wall or lumen stenosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. 3D-Printed Hydrogels with Engineered Nanocrystalline Domains as Functional Vascular Constructs.
- Author
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Ye T, Chai M, Wang Z, Shao T, Liu J, and Shi X
- Subjects
- Animals, Dogs, Nanoparticles chemistry, Tissue Engineering, Polyvinyl Alcohol chemistry, Humans, Tissue Scaffolds chemistry, Blood Vessel Prosthesis, Hydrogels chemistry, Printing, Three-Dimensional
- Abstract
Three-dimensionally printed (3DP) hydrogel-based vascular constructs have been investigated in response to the impaired function of blood vessels or organs by replicating exactly the 3D structural geometry to approach their function. However, they are still challenged by their intrinsic brittleness, which could not sustain the suture piercing and enable the long-term structural and functional stability during the direct contact with blood. Here, we reported the high-fidelity digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing of hydrogel-based vascular constructs from poly(vinyl alcohol)-based inks, followed by mechanical strengthening through engineering the nanocrystalline domains and subsequent surface modification. The as-prepared high-precision hydrogel vascular constructs were imparted with highly desirable mechanical robustness, suture tolerance, swelling resistance, antithrombosis, and long-term patency. Notably, the hydrogel-based bionic vein grafts, with precise valve structures, exhibited excellent control over the unidirectional flow and successfully fulfilled the biological functionalities and patency during a 4-week implantation within the deep veins of beagles, thus corroborating the promising potential for treating chronic venous insufficiency.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. The Effect of Gravity and Upright Posture on Circulation
- Author
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Furst, Branko and Furst, Branko
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Investigations on physico-chemical properties of TSPCU nonwoven for application as prosthetic venous valve.
- Author
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Schubert, Julia, Arbeiter, Daniela, Götz, Andreas, Lebahn, Kerstin, Schmidt, Wolfram, Grabow, Niels, and Illner, Sabine
- Subjects
MEDICAL polymers ,ELECTROSPINNING ,NANOFIBERS ,VENOUS valves ,TENSILE tests - Abstract
Electrospinning is used for producing nonwovens for medical polymer-based implants, such as prosthetic valves or covered scaffolds. In this study, nonwovens for prosthetic venous valves are investigated regarding their morphology and mechanics in physiological medium. Spinning molds were developed based on previous venous valve leaflet designs, 3D printed in different sizes and covered with electrospun nonwovens. Samples were stored in a physiological 0.9% saline at 37°C to investigate the influence of fiber rearrangement and swelling in medium for several weeks. Two different nonwovens of thermoplastic silicone-based polycarbonaturethane (TSPCU) were compared. Tensile test results show that storage in medium has a relevant influence on the mechanical properties. SEM images of TSPCU show substantially increased fiber diameters after 8 days stored in medium. After detaching the valve leaflet nonwovens from the molds, shrinkage of the material of approximately 12% was detected. A suitable valve size could be identified for joining with the stent structure into an interventional prosthetic venous valve. The results demonstrate the influence of storage conditions on the morphological and mechanical properties of electrospun TSPCU nonwovens. For development and dimensioning of venous valve leaflets, this change in mechanical behavior and possible shrinkage of the material has to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Venous Anatomy, Development, and Variations
- Author
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Lohr, Joann M., Mouawad, Nicolas J., and Chaar, Cassius Iyad Ochoa, editor
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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8. Venous Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Author
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Laredo, James, Lee, Byong Boong, and Chaar, Cassius Iyad Ochoa, editor
- Published
- 2018
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- View/download PDF
9. Hilfe, die Endoskopaufbereitung läuft nicht rund!
- Author
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Westermann, Gudrun
- Subjects
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SEMINARS , *ENDOSCOPY , *PERACETIC acid , *VENOUS valves , *ENDOSCOPES - Abstract
The article presents the discussion on DEGEA Online Seminar for endoscopy personnel together with the Endoscopy Campus sponsored by Chemische Fabrik Dr. Weigert. Topics include focusing on research into the causes of contaminated automated endoscope reprocessors (AERs) and endoscopes; and using disposable valves and an increase in the peracetic acid concentration in the precleaning solution for overcoming the problem.
- Published
- 2021
10. Navigation
- Author
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Khan, Shah-Naz H., Ringer, Andrew J., Khan, Shah-Naz H, and Ringer, Andrew J.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. A new application of external valvuloplasty using interventional injection of N-butyl cyanoacrylate for malfunctioning venous valves.
- Author
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Hafız, Erhan and Şen, Elzem
- Subjects
BUTYL cyanoacrylate ,VENOUS valves ,DOPPLER ultrasonography ,CARDIOVASCULAR surgery ,DATA analysis - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Surgery & Medicine (JOSAM) is the property of Journal of Surgery & Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
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12. Meta analysis of clinical efficacy of combination of traditional Chinese and western medicine in the treatment of venous ulcer of lower extremities.
- Author
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Shi-Meng Yan, Xiao-Ming Hu, Qiang Han, Chen-Yan Shi, Ling Wang, and Guo-Bin Liu
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CHINESE medicine ,DRUG efficacy ,VENOUS valves ,ULCER treatment ,LEG diseases ,META-analysis - Abstract
Objective: To test the therapeutic effect of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine on venous ulcer of lower limbs by Meta analysis method, and then to propose the best clinical treatment scheme. Methods: Domestic databases in the past 20 years (January 1999-December 2019) were searched by computer, including China Journal Full-text Database (CNKI), VIP, Wanfang and CBM. Literature was screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Cochrane risk assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included literature. Two-classification method was used to extract data. RevMan 5.3 software was used to make statistical analysis of the data. Results: Eleven articles were finally included, totaling 1,576 patients, 804 cases in the treatment group and 772 cases in the control group. Meta-analysis results show that there is no difference in heterogeneity and bias among the included literatures. The total effective rate (risk ratio [RR]=1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.09-1.15) of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine in treating venous ulcer of lower limbs is higher, which is obviously better than that of western medicine alone. Conclusion: Through data analysis, it is concluded that in the study population, the treatment of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine has a significant effect on venous ulcer of lower limbs. Make up for the deficiency of simple western medicine treatment, improve the cure rate and reduce the recurrence rate. However, there is currently a lack of relevant high-quality literature, so a large sample size, rigorous and standardized experimental design and randomized double-blind clinical study are needed to further test the conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
13. Internal Mammary Vein Valves: A Histological Study.
- Author
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Kubota, Yoshitaka, Yamaji, Yoshihisa, Kosaka, Kentaro, Tokumoto, Hideki, Tezuka, Takafumi, Akita, Shinsuke, Kuriyama, Motone, and Mitsukawa, Nobuyuki
- Subjects
- *
VENOUS valves , *HISTOLOGY , *VEIN physiology , *SMOOTH muscle physiology , *MICROSCOPY - Abstract
It is widely accepted that the internal mammary vein (IMV) is valveless. However, few anatomical studies are available on the presence or absence of IMV valves. To test the hypothesis that the IMV is valveless, we performed microscopic histological examination of the IMV. IMV samples were collected from 10 human fresh frozen cadavers. For a control, the small saphenous vein (SSV) was obtained. Histological stains were performed. Microscopic examination showed that a venous valve was found in 8 of 20 IMVs. The structure of the valve leaflet consisted of two parts. There was a "thick part" located near the wall of the vein that consisted of smooth muscle cells and fibers. There was also a "thin part" located near the center of the venous lumen that lacked smooth muscle cells. The size of the thick part of the IMV valve was smaller than the SSV valve, whereas there was no difference in the size of the thin part between the IMV and SSV. IMV valves exist. Our results that an IMV valve was present in less than half of IMVs and there was a small-sized valve leaflet suggest that the IMV valve may be rudimentary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Using two-dimensional ultrasound imaging to examine venous pressure.
- Author
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Johnson, Christopher D., Roe, Sean M., and Tansey, Etain A.
- Abstract
Ultrasound imaging is being used increasingly to aid in the teaching of human physiology and anatomy. Here we describe how its use can be integrated into the teaching of concepts surrounding venous circulation, specifically 1) venous valves and the muscle pump, 2) the effects of hydrostatic pressure on venous pressure, and 3) central venous pressure. The imaging procedures described are relatively simple but add a dimension that helps deliver the teaching points clearly and is enjoyable for students. They also aid in the link of basic physiology to clinical aspects of venous circulatory physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Gabrielle Falloppia, 1522/23-1562
- Author
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Stolberg, Michael
- Subjects
Young Man ,Gabrielle Falloppia ,Anatomical Demonstration ,Ulisse Aldrovandi ,Public Anatomy ,French Disease ,Therapeutic Approach ,Public Anatomical Demonstration ,Vena Azygos ,Student Notes ,Girolamo Mercuriale ,Institutiones Anatomicae ,Morbid Matter ,Collegium Medicum ,Gab ,Frankfurt Edition ,AET ,Venous Valves ,Quartan Fever ,Materia Medica ,Thermal Springs ,Renaissance Anatomy ,Smilax Aspera ,Superb ,Guy De Chauliac ,thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology ,thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBX History of medicine ,thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHT History: specific events and topics::NHTB Social and cultural history - Abstract
Renaissance anatomist Gabrielle Falloppia is best known today for his account of the eponymous fallopian tubes but he made numerous other anatomical discoveries as well, was one of the most famous surgeons of his time, and is widely believed to have invented the condom. Drawing on Falloppia's Observationes anatomicae of 1561 and on dozens of handwritten and published sets of student notes, this book not only looks at Falloppia’s anatomical lectures and demonstrations. It also studies Falloppia’s work on surgical topics – including the French disease and cosmetic surgery – on thermal waters, and on pharmacology. Last but not least, it uses student notes and the letters of contemporary scholars to throw a new light on Falloppia’s biography, on his very special relationship with the botanist Melchior Wieland, who lived in his house for several years, and on his conflicts with his fellow professors in Padua, one of whom, Bassiano Landi, was murdered just ten days after his funeral – by Falloppia’s disciples, as some believed. Written by one of the leading scholars in the field of early modern medicine, this book will appeal to all those interested in the teaching and practice of anatomy, surgery, and pharmacology in the Renaissance.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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16. The Coronary Vascular System and Associated Medical Devices
- Author
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Spencer, Julianne H., Anderson, Sara E., Lahm, Ryan, Iaizzo, Paul A., and Iaizzo, Paul A., editor
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Supporting evidence for an "arterial pump" venous return mechanism in humans.
- Author
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Cohen JN, Samra RA, and Au JS
- Subjects
- Young Adult, Humans, Blood Flow Velocity physiology, Head-Down Tilt, Posture physiology, Hemodynamics, Arterial Pressure
- Abstract
Blood flow in large veins is dependent on arterial-atrial pressure gradients and pumping mechanisms in concert with valve recruitment. Classic descriptions of muscle and respiratory pumps describe venous transmural pressure changes that cause flow. Not often considered is the transmission of pulsatile energy from arteries to veins directly adjacent to each other. Recently, an ex vivo study demonstrated a novel arterial pump effect in venoarterial bundles when valves were active in managing venous flow. We sought to show in vivo evidence of this arterial pump mechanism in 16 healthy young adults. Venous blood flow was measured in the venoarterial bundled deep femoral vein (DFV) and the greater saphenous vein (GSV), which is not bundled with an artery. Veins were studied through randomized body positions of -6° head-down tilt (HDT), supine, 20° head-up tilt (HUT), and 40° HUT, with the assumption that greater HUT postures increased valve dependence to observe the arterial pump effect. Between 20° and 40° HUT conditions, bundled DFV blood flow did not change (68 ± 36 vs. 71 ± 56 mL·min
-1 ; Padj > 0.99), whereas nonbundled GSV blood flow decreased (6.1 ± 4.8 vs. 3.5 ± 3.9 mL·min-1 ; P = 0.01). Diameters between 20° and 40° HUT conditions increased in DFV (0.90 ± 0.16 vs. 1.04 ± 0.19 cm; P < 0.01), but not in GSV (0.33 ± 0.10 vs. 0.32 ± 0.08 cm; P = 0.60). These data support previous ex vivo observations that when venous pressure gradients rely on valve recruitment, presence of an adjacent artery may protect against further decreases in blood flow. The arterial pump mechanism is an underappreciated contributor to venous return and warrants further investigation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Venous return mechanisms have classically considered muscle and respiratory pumps; however, recent ex vivo evidence suggests that pulsatile energy imparted from arteries to adjacent bundled veins can increase venous flow under certain driving pressures. We tested this concept in humans by manipulating hydrostatic pressures and measuring flow in bundled and nonbundled veins. The bundled vein exhibited flow preservation at the highest hydrostatic pressure. We suggest a novel conservation of energy mechanism within the circulatory system.- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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18. Surgical approach for venous malformation in the head and neck.
- Author
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Jeong Yeop Ryu, Pil Seon Eo, Joon Seok Lee, Jeong Woo Lee, Seok Jong Lee, Jong Min Lee, Sang Yub Lee, Seung Huh, Ji Yoon Kim, and Ho Yun Chung
- Subjects
- *
VENOUS valves , *SCLEROTHERAPY , *SURGICAL excision - Abstract
Background: Treatment for venous malformations of the head and neck includes sclerotherapy, surgical resection, or a combination of both. Surgical resection can remove or reduce the volume of vascular lesions; however, surgery can cause postoperative scarring and potential surgical complications. This study sought to determine the effectiveness of surgery for the treatment of venous malformations of the head and neck. Methods: A retrospective review of the medical records of patients who received surgeries for venous malformations of the head and neck from January 2011 to July 2019 was performed. Using clinical photographs, preoperative and postoperative Doppler ultrasonography, outpatient clinic records, and operation records, the postoperative result and complications were evaluated for each case. Results: Among patients who visited our vascular anomalies clinic, 43 patients (ratio of male to female= 24:19) received surgeries for venous malformations of the head and neck. Twenty-nine patients had undergone surgery only, five patients received sclerotherapy after surgery, and nine patients received surgery after preoperative sclerotherapy. In postoperative evaluations, the result was excellent in 24 patients, good in 18 patients, and poor in one patient. Four patients experienced a recurrence of lesions with lagophthalmos, drooping of the corner of the mouth, partial wound necrosis, and scar widening found in one patient each. Conclusion: Because the head and neck region is the most exposed area in the body, more active implementation of surgical treatments with or without sclerotherapy is essential to reduce the functional and cosmetic impairments associated with venous malformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Understanding basic vein physiology and venous blood pressure through simple physical assessments.
- Author
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Tansey, Etain A., Montgomery, Laura E. A., Quinn, Joe G., Roe, Sean M., and Johnson, Christopher D.
- Abstract
An understanding of the complexity of the cardiovascular system is incomplete without a knowledge of the venous system. It is important for students to understand that, in a closed system, like the circulatory system, changes to the venous side of the circulation have a knock-on effect on heart function and the arterial system and vice versa. Veins are capacitance vessels feeding blood to the right side of the heart. Changes in venous compliance have large effects on the volume of blood entering the heart and hence cardiac output by the Frank-Starling Law. In healthy steady-state conditions, venous return has to equal cardiac output, i.e., the heart cannot pump more blood than is delivered to it. A sound understanding of the venous system is essential in understanding how changes in cardiac output occur with changes in right atrial pressure or central venous pressure, and the effect these changes have on arterial blood pressure regulation. The aim of this paper is to detail simple hands-on physiological assessments that can be easily undertaken in the practical laboratory setting and that illustrate some key functions of veins. Specifically, we illustrate that venous valves prevent the backflow of blood, that venous blood pressure increases from the heart to the feet, that the skeletal muscle pump facilitates venous return, and we investigate the physiological and clinical significance of central venous pressure and how it may be assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Effect of valve lesion on venous valve cycle: A modified immersed finite element modeling.
- Author
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Liu, Xiang and Liu, Lisheng
- Subjects
- *
VENOUS valves , *ATROPHY , *FLOW velocity , *ELASTICITY (Physiology) , *FINITE element method - Abstract
The present study aimed to understand the effect of venous valve lesion on the valve cycle. A modified immersed finite element method was used to model the blood–tissue interactions in the pathological vein. The contact process between leaflets or between leaflet and sinus was evaluated using an adhesive contact method. The venous valve modeling was validated by comparing the results of the healthy valve with those of experiments and other simulations. Four valve lesions induced by the abnormal elasticity variation were considered for the unhealthy valve: fibrosis, atrophy, incomplete fibrosis, and incomplete atrophy. The opening orifice area was inversely proportional to the structural stiffness of the valve, while the transvalvular flow velocity was proportional to the structural stiffness of the valve. The stiffening of the fibrotic leaflet led to a decrease in the orifice area and a stronger jet. The leaflet and blood wall shear stress (WSS) in fibrosis was the highest. The softening of the atrophic leaflet resulted in overly soft behavior. The venous incompetence and reflux were observed in atrophy. Also, the atrophic leaflet in incomplete atrophy exhibited weak resistance to the hemodynamic action, and the valve was reluctant to be closed owing to the large rotation of the healthy leaflet. Low blood WSS and maximum leaflet WSS existed in all the cases. A less biologically favorable condition was found especially in the fibrotic leaflet, involving a higher mechanical cost. This study provided an insight into the venous valve lesion, which might help understand the valve mechanism of the diseased vein. These findings will be more useful when the biology is also understood. Thus, more biological studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Patent Issued for Transcatheter bio-prosthesis member and support structure (USPTO 11793628).
- Subjects
PATENTS ,PULMONARY valve ,TRICUSPID valve ,HEART valves ,INFORMATION design - Abstract
A patent has been issued for a transcatheter bio-prosthesis member and support structure. The patent describes an implantable valve system that includes an adjustable stabilizing ring and an implantable valve frame. The stabilizing ring can transition from an elongate insertion geometry to an annular operable geometry and has anchors to engage the annulus of the cardiovascular valve. The implantable valve frame is in mechanical communication with the stabilizing ring and can be stabilized in position with respect to the cardiovascular valve. The patent provides detailed information on the design and functionality of the implantable valve system. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2023
22. Has external banding become a historical technique during venous valve repair?
- Author
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Melih Hulusi Us and Murat Ugur
- Subjects
Reoperation ,Venous insufficiency ,Medicine (General) ,Treatment Outcome ,R5-920 ,Venous thrombosis ,Humans ,General Medicine ,Venous valves ,Vascular Surgical Procedures ,Follow-Up Studies ,Retrospective Studies ,Veins - Abstract
SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: In deep venous valve repair, transcommissural external valvuloplasty (TEV) is the commonly used technique. In some cases, external banding (EB) is combined with this procedure to improve the patency and durability of the surgical procedure. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent deep venous valve repair from 1998 through 2018. Patients were divided according to the surgical procedure: Group A: TEV alone and Group B: TEV+EB. Early postoperative outcomes of the procedure were compared between the groups. RESULTS: There were 265 patients in Group A and 165 patients in Group B. The mean follow-up period was 4.2±3.7. The rate of recurrence of venous reflux, ulcer, and reoperation were 31.9 versus 30.9, 21.2 versus 21.8, and 16.7 versus 13.9 in Group A and Group B, respectively. There were 67 reoperations in the follow-up period. At reoperation, external valvuloplasty was performed in 64% of the reoperations in Group A, while this rate was 13% for Group B. CONCLUSIONS: There is no more need for EB during the venous valve repair with the increased experience of valvuloplasty techniques. TEV might be enough with acceptable long-term outcomes during deep venous reconstruction.
- Published
- 2021
23. Venous Ulcers: Review Article
- Author
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Ravul Jindal, Bhumika Gupta, Shabjot Dhillon, Taranvir Kaur, and Piyush Chaudhary
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Disease ,Venous Valves ,Cardiac surgery ,Review article ,Intervention (counseling) ,Pediatric surgery ,medicine ,Surgery ,Neurosurgery ,business ,Intensive care medicine ,Depression (differential diagnoses) - Abstract
Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) are the most common and challenging leg ulcers to manage. They are caused by venous congestion due to failure of calf pump or non-functional venous valves. These ulcers are characterized by delayed healing and high recurrence rate. They are associated with pain, physical dysfunction, depression, and social isolation. They adversely affect the quality of life by not healing for years and recurring again and again. It is such an important health issue that huge amount of literature has been published until now. There are various consensus documents, algorithms, and guidelines on assessment and management of VLUs. We want to review the published literature in this field and to summarize the latest knowledge in a single document. This in turn will be useful to the treating physicians to update their current knowledge. Among recent advances on venous leg ulcers, one is modified CEAP classification which was published in 2020. The aim of our review is to provide an updated single educational tool for the clinicians dealing with venous leg ulcers. Treatment of venous leg ulcers requires complete and update knowledge about the disease. It involves understanding the role of existing venous disease in venous leg ulcers. As a clinician dealing with this issue, he must individualize management plan. Compression is the mainstay of the treatment along with other adjuncts. Early venous intervention is very important in healing and prevention of recurrence of the ulcers.
- Published
- 2021
24. Numerical simulation and experimental validation of thrombolytic therapy for patients with venous isomer and normal venous valves.
- Author
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Lin B, Zhang X, Xu J, Ni H, and Lv X
- Subjects
- Humans, Thrombolytic Therapy methods, Computer Simulation, Venous Valves, Venous Thromboembolism drug therapy, Thrombosis
- Abstract
Thrombus is an extremely dangerous factor in the human body that can block the blood vessel. Once thrombosis happens in venous of lower limbs, local blood flow is impeded. This leads to venous thromboembolism (VTE) and even pulmonary embolism. In recent years, venous thromboembolism has frequently occurred in a variety of people, and there is no effective treatment for patients with different venous structures. For the patients with venous isomer with single valve structure, we establish a coupled computational model to simulate the process of thrombolysis with multi-dose treatment schemes by considering the blood as non-Newtonian fluid. Then, the corresponding in vitro experimental platform is built to verify the performance of the developed mathematical model. At last, the effects of different fluid models, valve structures and drug doses on thrombolysis are comprehensively studied through numerical and experimental observations. Comparing with the experimental results, the relative error of blood boosting index (BBI) obtained from non-Newtonian fluid model is 11% smaller than Newtonian fluid. In addition, the BBI from venous isomer is 1300% times stronger than patient with normal venous valve while the valve displacement is 500% times smaller. As consequence, low eddy current and strong molecular diffusion near the thrombus in case of isomer promote thrombolysis rate up to 18%. Furthermore, the 80 μM dosage of thrombolytic drugs gets the maximum thrombus dissolution rate 18% while the scheme of 50 μM doses obtains a thrombolysis rate of 14% in case of venous isomer. Under the two administration schemes for isomer patients, the rates from experiments are around 19.1% and 14.9%, respectively. It suggests that the proposed computational model and the designed experiment platform can potentially help different patients with venous thromboembolism to carry out clinical medication prediction., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Biaxial mechanical behavior of bovine saphenous venous valve leaflets.
- Author
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Lu, Jiaqi and Huang, Hsiao-Ying Shadow
- Subjects
TISSUE analysis ,BIOMECHANICS ,ANISOTROPY ,VENOUS valves ,COLLAGEN - Abstract
Chronic venous disease is caused by chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), which results in significant symptoms such as venous ulcers, ankle eczema, leg swelling, etc. Venous valve incompetence is a major cause of CVI. When the valves of veins in the leg become incompetent (i.e., do not close properly), blood is able to flow backwards (i.e., reflux), which results in blood pooling in the lower extremities, distal venous hypertension, and CVI. Current clinical therapies, such as surgical venous valve reconstruction and bioprosthetic venous valve replacement, are highly invasive and only moderately successful. This is due, in part, to the scanty information available about venous valve leaflet structure and mechanical properties. To date, only one previous study by our research group has reported on the mechanical properties of venous valve leaflet tissue, and specifically in the case of jugular vein valves. In this study, we conducted equibiaxial tensile tests on bovine saphenous vein valve leaflet tissues to better understand their nonlinear, anisotropic mechanical behavior. By stretching the valvular tissues to 60% strain in both the circumferential and radial directions, we generated stress-strain curves for proximal (i.e., those closest to the heart) and distal (i.e., those furthest from the heart) valve leaflets. Histology and collagen assays were also conducted to study corresponding leaflet microstructures and the biochemical properties of the tissues. Results showed: (1) saphenous venous valve tissues possessed overall anisotropic properties. The tissues were stiffer in the circumferential direction than in the radial direction (p<0.01), and (2) saphenous venous valve tissues from the proximal end showed nonlinear isotropic mechanical properties, while those from the distal end showed nonlinear anisotropic mechanical properties. (3) Distal saphenous venous valve tissues appeared to be stiffer than proximal ones in the circumferential direction, p=0.04 (i.e., inter-valvular variability), and (4) the collagen concentration showed a decreasing trend from the proximal to the distal end. This study focuses on highly relevant animal (bovine) tissues to develop test protocols, establish biomechanical structure-function correlations, and to provide data critical to the design of clinical prosthetic venous valves. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first study reporting the biaxial mechanical properties of saphenous venous valve leaflet tissues and thus contributes toward refining our collective understanding of valvular tissue biomechanics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Relationship of Common Vascular Anatomy to Cannulated Catheters.
- Author
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Gagne, Paul and Sharma, Karun
- Subjects
- *
CARDIOVASCULAR system , *VASCULAR catheters , *VENOUS valves , *DIAGNOSTIC specimens , *ASPIRATORS , *ANATOMY - Abstract
Superficial veins of the upper extremity are the primary location for placement of peripheral IV catheters (PIVC). It is believed that a significant portion of PIVCs placed may cross or abut valves and branching veins or occlude a significant portion of the vein, limiting the ability to aspirate blood from the PIVC. Two separate clinical investigations using ultrasound were performed to understand the potential interaction between PIVCs and the vein lumen and the venous valves and branches of the superficial veins of the upper extremity. One study with 35 adult volunteers interrogated 210 vein segments where a PIV would likely be placed. A second pediatric study evaluated 35 vein segments central to indwelling PIVCs. The combined data from the two studies showed that over 80% of adult veins and 85% of pediatric veins can properly accommodate 20-gauge and 22-gauge PIVC, respectively. Venous valves are frequent findings, either immediately peripheral to branching veins or at periodic 5 to 7 cm points. Antegrade blood flow can be restricted by a placed PIVC, while retrograde flow is very likely to be restricted by venous valves. Together, these findings may explain the difficulty in reliable aspiration of blood from PIVC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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27. Constitutive modeling of jugular vein-derived venous valve leaflet tissues.
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Kaul, Nayyan and Huang, Hsiao-Ying Shadow
- Subjects
VENOUS valves ,HEART valve diseases ,JUGULAR vein ,BIOPROSTHESIS ,POLYNOMIALS ,NUMERICAL analysis - Abstract
Venous valve tissues, though used in vein reconstruction surgeries and bioprosthetic valves with moderate success, have not been extensively studied with respect to their structure. Their inherent anisotropic, non-linear behavior combined with severe diseases which affect veins, such as chronic venous insufficiency, warrant understanding the structure and material behavior of these tissues. Hence, before any bioprosthetic grafts may be used in place of tissues, it is of the utmost importance to understand the mechanical and structural properties of these tissues as this may lead to higher success rates for valve replacement surgeries. The longevity of the bioprosthetics may also increase if the manufactured grafts behave the same as native valves. Building on the scant information about the uniaxial and biaxial mechanical properties of jugular venous valves and wall tissues from previous studies, the current focus of our investigation lies in understanding the material behavior by establishing a phenomenological strain energy-based constitutive relation for the tissues. We used bovine veins to study the behavior of valve leaflet tissue and adjoining wall tissue (from the proximal and distal ends of the veins) under different biaxial testing protocols. We looked at the behavior of numerical partial derivatives of the strain energy to select a suitable functional form for the strain energy for wall and valve tissues. Using this strain energy descriptor, we determined the Cauchy stress and compared it with experimental results under additional sets of displacement-controlled biaxial testing protocols to find material specific model parameters by the Powell's method algorithm. Results show that whereas wall tissue strain energy can be explained using a polynomial non-linear function, the valve tissue, due to higher non-linearities, requires an exponential function. This study may provide useful information for the primary stages of bioprosthetic designs and replacement surgeries and may support future studies investigating structural models. It may also support the study of valvular diseases by providing a way to understand material properties and behavior and to form a continuum model when required for numerical analyses and computational simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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28. Interrupted Circulation: The ‘Stasis’ Hypothesis and the Significance of Venous Valves
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Malone, P. Colm and Agutter, Paul S.
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- 2008
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29. Virchow and the Pathophysiological Tradition in the 19th Century
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Malone, P. Colm and Agutter, Paul S.
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- 2008
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30. Clinical significance of expression of the marker of adaptation to hypoxia HIF-1α in pregnant women with initial forms of venous disease
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E. Iu. Iupatov, T. P. Zefirova, O. A. Kravtsova, R. S. Zamaleeva, L. I. Maltseva, and I. M. Ignatiev
- Subjects
Embryology ,Chronic venous insufficiency ,Physiology ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,endothelial dysfunction ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Placenta ,medicine ,Clinical significance ,Endothelial dysfunction ,Pregnancy ,030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine ,perinatal complications ,business.industry ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Gestational age ,chronic venous insufficiency ,Gynecology and obstetrics ,Hypoxia (medical) ,medicine.disease ,Venous Valves ,transcription factor hif-1α ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Reproductive Medicine ,RG1-991 ,phlebopathy ,pregnancy ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Aim: to study the activity of the HIF-1á (hypoxia-inducible factor-1á) hypoxia marker in pregnant women with phlebopathy and its relationship with placenta morphological changes and perinatal complications.Materials and Methods. 70 women with phlebopathy were dynamically examined during pregnancy. The main group consisted of 30 patients with newborns showing signs of hypoxia; the control group consisted of 40 women with healthy children. All women underwent ultrasound examinations of the lower extremity veins and pelvis by assessing vascular patency, state of venous valves, and intensity of platelet sludge. Expression of the HIF-1á transcription factor at gestational age of 18–20 and 36 weeks was performed by using real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results. Altered functional state of the veins was found in all pregnant women from the main group, which was accompanied by formation of varying degree platelet sludge in the area of the venous valves in the majority of women, as well as signs of endothelial dysfunction and venous hypoxia highlighted with HIF1-á gene expression upregulated by 2.18-fold. No changes in such parameters were observed in control group.Conclusion. The transcription factor HIF1-á can be considered as a marker of unfavorable perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with signs of phlebopathy.
- Published
- 2021
31. Flow Analysis in Damaged Venous Valves Installed with an Artificial Venous Valve
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Young Ho Choi, Chang Je Lee, Hyoung-Ho Kim, Sang Won Sun, and Kyung Wuk Kim
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Flow (mathematics) ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Venous valve ,Cardiology ,Vein ,business ,Venous Valves - Published
- 2021
32. Saphenous vein valve assessment utilizing upright CT to potentially improve graft assessment for bypass surgery
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Yoshitake Yamada, Takehiro Nakahara, Hideyuki Shimizu, Yoichi Yokoyama, Masahiro Jinzaki, Minoru Yamada, Jagat Narula, Nobuaki Imanishi, Keiichi Narita, and Masataka Yamazaki
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Supine position ,Graft failure ,Science ,Cardiology ,Computed tomography ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Article ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cadaver ,Healthy volunteers ,Supine Position ,medicine ,Humans ,Saphenous Vein ,Tomography ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Leg ,Multidisciplinary ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Middle Aged ,Healthy Volunteers ,Surgery ,Radiography ,Bypass surgery ,Standing Position ,Medicine ,Female ,Vascular Grafting ,Venous Valves ,Medical imaging ,Vein valve ,Tomography, X-Ray Computed ,business ,Saphenous veins - Abstract
Saphenous veins (SVs) are frequently employed as bypass grafts. The SV graft failure is predominantly seen at the valve site. Avoiding valves during vein harvest would help reduce graft failure. We endeavored to detect SV valves, tributaries, and vessel size employing upright computed tomography (CT) for the raw cadaver venous samples and in healthy volunteers. Five cadaver legs were scanned. Anatomical analysis showed 3.0 (IQR: 2.0–3.0) valves and 13.50 (IQR: 10.00–16.25) tributaries. The upright CT completely detected, compared to 2.0 (IQR: 1.5–2.5, p = 0.06) valves and 9.5 (IQR: 7.5–13.0, p = 0.13) tributaries by supine CT. From a total of 190 volunteers, 138 (men:75, women:63) were included. The number of valves from the SF junction to 35 cm were significantly higher in upright CT than in supine CT bilaterally [upright vs. supine, Right: 4 (IQR: 3–5) vs. 2 (IQR:1–2), p p
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- 2021
33. Clinical Presentation of Varicose Veins
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Abdullah Al Mamun, Shantonu Kumar Ghosh, and Alpana Majumder
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,medicine.disease ,Thrombophlebitis ,Venous Valves ,Surgery ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Hemosiderin ,Edema ,Varicose veins ,Etiology ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Lipodermatosclerosis ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Varicose eczema - Abstract
Varicose vein is one type of venous insufficiency that presents with any dilated, elongated, or tortuous veins caused by permanent loss of its valvular efficiency. Destruction of venous valves in the axial veins results in venous hypertension, reflux, and total dilatation, causing varicosities and transudation of fluid into subcutaneous tissue. The first documented reference of varicose veins was found as illustrations on Ebers Papyrus dated 1550 B.C. in Athens. Evidence of surgical intervention was found in the 1860s. However dramatic advances of varicose vein management occurred in the latter half of twentieth century. Varicose veins affect from 40 to 60% of women and 15 to 30% men. Multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors including age, gender, pregnancy, weight, height, race, diet, bowel habits, occupation, posture, previous DVT, genetics, and climate are considered to be the predisposing factors for formation of varicose vein. Other reported factors are hereditary, standing occupation, chair sitting, tight underclothes, raised toilet seats, lack of exercise, smoking, and oral contraceptives. Common symptoms are unsightly visible veins, pain, aching, swelling, itching, skin changes, ulceration, thrombophlebitis, and bleeding. The signs of varicose vein disease are edema, varicose eczema or thrombophlebitis, ulcers (typically found over the medial malleolus), hemosiderin skin staining, lipodermatosclerosis (tapering of legs above ankles, an “inverted champagne bottle” appearance), and atrophie blanche. Varicose vein is classified according to CEAP classification, the components of which are clinical, etiological, anatomy, and pathophysiology. The revised CEAP classification was published on 2020 based on four principles which were preservation of the reproducibility of CEAP, compatibility with prior versions, evidence-based medicine, and practicality.
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- 2021
34. Recognising the remnants of the left venous valve
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Diane E. Spicer and Robert H. Anderson
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Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,Coronary Sinus ,Humans ,Surgery ,Venous Valves ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine - Published
- 2022
35. Radiofrequency ablation for markedly incompetent perforators versus compression therapy in the management of post-phelebtic venous ulcers: A randomized controlled trial
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Amr M. Elshafei, Ehab Saad, Amr Sameer, Tamer Khafagy, Hesham A. Sharaf El-Din, Mohamed A Abdelmaksoud, Mohamed S. Abdelgawad, and Nshaat A. Elsaadany
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Radiofrequency ablation ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,030230 surgery ,Varicose Ulcer ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Randomized controlled trial ,Recurrence ,law ,Humans ,Medicine ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Radiofrequency Ablation ,Wound Healing ,business.industry ,Reflux ,General Medicine ,Incompetent perforators ,Compression therapy ,Venous Valves ,Surgery ,Venous Insufficiency ,Catheter Ablation ,Venous reflux ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business - Abstract
Background Venus ulcers developed mainly due to reflux of incompetent venous valves in perforating veins. Patients and methods In this randomized controlled trial, 119 patients recruited over two years, with post-phelebtic venous leg ulcers, were randomly assigned into one of two groups: either to receive radiofrequency ablation of markedly incompetent perforators (Group A, n = 62 patients) or to receive conventional compression therapy (Group B, n = 57 patients). Follow-up duration required for ulcer healing continued for 24 months post randomization. Results Statistically significant shorter time to healing (ulcer complete healing or satisfactory clinical improvement) between both groups (56 patients, 90.3% of cases in Group A versus 44 patients 77.2% of cases in Group B) over the follow-up period of 24 months was attained ( p = 0.001). Also, significantly different ulcer recurrence was recorded between both groups, 8 patients (12.9%) in Group A versus 19 patients (33.3%) in Group B ( p = 0.004). Conclusion In absence of deep venous obstruction, the monopolar radiofrequency ablation for incompetent perforators is a feasible and effective method that surpasses the traditional compression protocol for incompetent perforator-induced venous ulcers in terms of time required for healing even in the presence of unresolved deep venous valvular reflux.
- Published
- 2021
36. Periphere Venenverweilkanülen: Ein facettenreiches Thema
- Author
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Schalk, R., Mai, T., and Ochmann, T.
- Published
- 2020
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37. Comparative Study of Morphology and Distribution of Valves in Human Retromandibular Vein
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Satoru Matsunaga, Hitoshi Yamamoto, Kento Odaka, Masahito Yamamoto, Sumiharu Morita, Shinichi Abe, and Norio Kasahara
- Subjects
business.industry ,General Medicine ,Retrograde Flow ,Dissection (medical) ,Anatomy ,medicine.disease ,Venous Valves ,Trunk ,Veins ,Retromandibular vein ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Cadaver ,cardiovascular system ,medicine ,Brachial vein ,Humans ,Tokyo ,Vein ,business - Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the distribution and morphology of the valves in the human retromandibular vein. The retromandibular, internal thoracic, azygos, femoral, and brachial veins were harvested from 46 cadavers donated to the Department of Anatomy at Tokyo Dental College for dissection. The frequency of the valves in each vein, the length of the cusps, and the thickness of the vein itself were measured. Valves were present at high frequency (92.1%) in the veins of the limbs and had cusps at least twice as long as the internal diameter of the vein. Veins in the trunk contained a lower frequency of valves, with cusps that tended to be shorter (1.60±0.77) than those of the venous valves in the limbs (2.12±0.60). The valves of the retromandibular vein tended to resemble venous valves in the trunk in terms of both frequency and morphology. The main function of venous valves in the limbs is to prevent retrograde flow. Conversely, valves in the veins of the trunk and retromandibular vein play a role in retaining blood in the veins, and their relationship to other veins means that they can cause major hemorrhage.
- Published
- 2021
38. A novel tissue engineered nerve graft constructed with autologous vein and nerve microtissue repairs a long-segment sciatic nerve defect
- Author
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Hongguang Xu, Yaqiong Zhu, Jing Wang, Liang Xiao, Wei Lu, Qi Quan, Aiyuan Wang, Changfeng Lu, Yue-xiang Wang, Wen Jiang, Yong-Qiang Hu, Xiao-Qing Cheng, Chen Liu, Yanxu Zhao, Chen Zhu, Yu Wang, and Wenjing Xu
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,injury ,Myelinated nerve fiber ,neurological function ,lcsh:RC346-429 ,recovery ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Developmental Neuroscience ,In vivo ,Autologous vein ,peripheral nerve injury ,Medicine ,rat ,lcsh:Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system ,business.industry ,Venous Valves ,motor ,Surgery ,Transplantation ,in vivo ,030104 developmental biology ,regeneration ,repair ,Peripheral nerve injury ,Sciatic nerve ,Autologous Vein Graft ,Corrigendum ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Research Article - Abstract
Veins are easy to obtain, have low immunogenicity, and induce a relatively weak inflammatory response. Therefore, veins have the potential to be used as conduits for nerve regeneration. However, because of the presence of venous valves and the great elasticity of the venous wall, the vein is not conducive to nerve regeneration. In this study, a novel tissue engineered nerve graft was constructed by combining normal dissected nerve microtissue with an autologous vein graft for repairing 10-mm peripheral nerve defects in rats. Compared with rats given the vein graft alone, rats given the tissue engineered nerve graft had an improved sciatic static index, and a higher amplitude and shorter latency of compound muscle action potentials. Furthermore, rats implanted with the microtissue graft had a higher density and thickness of myelinated nerve fibers and reduced gastrocnemius muscle atrophy compared with rats implanted with the vein alone. However, the tissue engineered nerve graft had a lower ability to repair the defect than autogenous nerve transplantation. In summary, although the tissue engineered nerve graft constructed with autologous vein and nerve microtissue is not as effective as autologous nerve transplantation for repairing long-segment sciatic nerve defects, it may nonetheless have therapeutic potential for the clinical repair of long sciatic nerve defects. This study was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Chinese PLA General Hospital (approval No. 2016-x9-07) on September 7, 2016.
- Published
- 2021
39. Association of abnormal coronary sinus reflux with coronary slow flow and importance of the Thebesian valve
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Özge Özden Tok, Emine Gazi, Mehmet Arslan, Muserref Hilal Sehitoglu, Ercan Akşit, Bahadır Kırılmaz, and Ahmet Barutçu
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Regurgitation (circulation) ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Great cardiac vein ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,medicine.artery ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Coronary sinus ,Body surface area ,Coronary Vein ,business.industry ,Coronary Sinus ,Reflux ,Thebesian valve ,Coronary Vessels ,Heart Valves ,Case-Control Studies ,Right coronary artery ,Cardiology ,Venous Valves ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business - Abstract
The relationship between coronary slow flow (CSF) and coronary sinus (CS) reflux has not been previously studied. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between CSF and CS reflux and Thebesian valve presence as well as the relationship between CS reflux and serum annexin-V and ICAM-1 levels.In this case-control study, patients were divided into two groups: CSF (n = 13) and control (n = 7) groups. CS flow parameters and Thebesian valve presence were evaluated by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Moreover, serum ICAM-1 and annexin-V levels were measured.Regurgitation volume and regurgitation fraction, indicators of reflux flow in CS, were higher in the CSF group than in the control group (p = 0.039 and p = 0.019). Fewer Thebesian valves were observed in the CSF group than in the control group (p = 0.022). Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between regurgitation volume and regurgitation fraction and serum annexin-V and ICAM-1 levels (r = 0.813, p 0.001 and r = 0.996, p 0.001; r = 0.817, p 0.001 and r = 0.993, p 0.001, respectively).This study revealed the significant relationship between CSF and reflux flow in CS. The fact that the patients in the CSF group have fewer Thebesian valves suggests the importance of the valve in preventing backward flow from the coronary vein. A positive correlation between serum ICAM-1 and annexin-V levels with regurgitation volume and regurgitation fraction indicates that after a certain threshold, CS reflux should be considered an abnormal condition.
- Published
- 2020
40. Glutaraldehyde fixation of venous valve tissue: A benchmark for alternative fixation methods
- Author
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Megan Laughlin, Makenzie Kapales, Keshari Thakali, Marc Girardot, and Morten Jensen
- Subjects
Bioprosthesis ,Benchmarking ,Glutaral ,Temperature ,Humans ,Venous Valves ,General Medicine ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,Veins - Abstract
Objective Bioprosthetic venous valves have yet to achieve long-term patency due to issues with calcification following implantation that is influenced by current xenograft fixation methods, most notably glutaraldehyde. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of glutaraldehyde fixation on the functional properties of venous tissue to establish a benchmark for the evaluation of alternative fixation methods. Methods The degree of crosslinking was evaluated by determining shrink temperature and the stability of tissue with pronase and collagenase digestion. Results Glutaraldehyde fixation of venous tissue was confirmed by a significant difference in the shrink temperature between fresh and glutaraldehyde treated samples. Significant differences in the amount of tissue remaining following digestion were observed for venous versus cardiac tissue. Conclusions This study demonstrates the importance of tissue-specific evaluation in the development of alternative xenograft fixation methods to improve outcomes with bioprosthetic venous valves.
- Published
- 2022
41. The effect of pathologic venous valve on neighboring valves: fluid-structure interactions modeling.
- Author
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Soifer, Elina, Weiss, Dar, Marom, Gil, and Einav, Shmuel
- Subjects
- *
VENOUS valves , *FLUID-structure interaction , *HEMODYNAMICS , *PHYSIOLOGICAL stress , *PROSTHETICS , *VEIN physiology , *BIOLOGICAL models , *PROSTHETIC heart valves , *PHYSIOLOGIC strain - Abstract
Understanding the hemodynamics surrounding the venous valve environment is of a great importance for prosthetic valves design. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of leaflets' stiffening process on the venous valve hemodynamics, valve's failure on the next proximal valve hemodynamics and valve's failure in a secondary daughter vein on the healthy valve hemodynamics in the main vein when both of these valves are distal to a venous junction. Fully coupled, two-way fluid-structure interaction computational models were developed and employed. The sinus pocket region experiences the lowest fluid shear stress, and the base region of the sinus side of the leaflet experiences the highest tissue stress. The leaflets' stiffening increases the tissue stress the valve is experiencing in a very low fluid shear region. A similar effect occurs with the proximal healthy valve as a consequence of the distal valve's failure and with the mother vein valve as a consequence of daughter vein valve's failure. Understanding the described mechanisms may be helpful for elucidating the venous valve stiffness-function relationship in nature, the reasons for a retrograde development of reflux and the relationship between venous valves located near venous junctions, and for designing better prosthetic valves and for improving their positioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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42. Observed decompression sickness and venous bubbles following 18-msw dive profiles using RN Table 11.
- Author
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Blogg, S. Lesley, Møllerløkken, Andreas, and Gennser, Mikael
- Subjects
DECOMPRESSION sickness ,VENOUS valves ,BUBBLE measurement ,HYPERBARIC oxygenation ,PATIENTS ,DIAGNOSIS - Abstract
The venous bubble load in the body after diving may be used to infer risk of decompression sickness (DCS). Retrospective analysis of post-dive bubbling and DCS was made on seven studies. Each of these investigated interventions, using an 18 meters of sea water (msw) air dive profile from Royal Navy Table 11 (Mod Air Table), equivalent to the Norwegian Air tables. A recent neurological DCS case suggested this table was not safe as thought. Two-hundred and twenty (220) man-dives were completed on this profile. Bubble measurements were made following 219 man-dives, using Doppler or 2D ultrasound measurements made on the Kisman-Masurel and Eftedal-Brubakk scales, respectively. The overall median grade was KM/EB 0.5 and the overall median maximum grade was KM/EB 2. Two cases of transient shoulder discomfort ("niggles") were observed (0.9% (95% CL 0.1% - 3.3%)) and were treated with surface oxygen. One dive, for which no bubble measurements were made, resulted in a neurological DCS treated with hyperbaric oxygen. The DCS risk of this profile is below that predicted by models, and comparison of the cumulative incidence of DCS of these data to the large dataset compiled by DCIEM [1, 2], show that the incidence is lower than might be expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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43. A comparison of vertebral venous networks in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients and healthy controls.
- Author
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Grant, Caroline, Newell, Nicolas, Izatt, Maree, Keenan, Bethany, Askin, Geoffrey, Labrom, Robert, and Pearcy, Mark
- Subjects
- *
VENOUS valves , *SCOLIOSIS , *MAGNETIC resonance imaging , *SPINE abnormalities , *DISEASES in teenagers , *PATIENTS - Abstract
Purpose: Cadaveric studies have previously documented a typical pattern of venous drainage within vertebral bodies (VBs), comprised primarily of the basivertebral vein. These studies, however, are limited by the number of samples available. MRI is able to provide 3D images of soft tissue structures in the spine, including the basivertebral vein without the use of contrast in both healthy controls and subjects with abnormal anatomy such as adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). This study aimed to quantify the venous networks within VBs of 15 healthy adolescent controls and 15 AIS patients. Methods: Five transverse slices through the VBs were examined simultaneously and the observable vascular network traced. The length of the network on the left and right sides of the VB was calculated, and the spatial patterning assessed level-by-level within each subject. Results: Significant differences were seen in the left/right distribution of vessels in both the control and AIS subjects, with both groups having greater length on the right side of all of their VBs. No difference was seen between AIS and control subjects in any region. Large individual variations in patterns were seen in both groups; however, the control group showed more consistent spatial patterning of the vascular networks across levels in comparison to the AIS group. Conclusion: The length of the basivertebral vein was seen to have a significant bias to the right hand side of the VB in both healthy and AIS adolescents. The spatial pattern of this vein showed large variations in branching both within and across individuals. No significant differences were seen between AIS and control subjects, suggesting both that this network is preserved in deformed AIS vertebrae, and that the vertebral venous system does not play a role in the etiology of AIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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44. Venous Valvular Distribution in the Thoracic and Pelvic Limbs of the Horse.
- Author
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Harfoush, K., Guintard, C., Desfontis, J. C., Thorin, C., Douart, C., Mallem, M. Y., and Betti, E.
- Subjects
- *
VENOUS valves , *LAMINITIS , *HORSE diseases , *HYDROSTATIC pressure , *VASOCONSTRICTION , *DISEASES , *HORSES - Abstract
Dysfunction of venous valves can lead to hemodynamic disorders causing venous stasis, which would favour the occurrence of equine laminitis. However, very few studies have investigated venous valves in the horse digit. The purpose of this study was to compare valvular density between thoracic and pelvic limbs and to study the relationship between valvular density of veins and their location, diameter and wall thickness. After dissection, valvular density was calculated based on the number of valves counted in the principal veins of 7 thoracic and 7 pelvic limbs from 7 horses. Our results showed that the valvular density was higher in thoracic limbs, which probably reflects the adaptation to the consequences of hydrostatic pressure. The superficial veins have a higher valvular density that would prevent the varicose risk in the horse. The lower valvular density in the thick veins can be explained by the high density of the smooth muscular cells contained, which would cause an important vasoconstriction via the sympathetic nervous system. The veins with a large diameter also have a lower valvular density; these veins are not exposed to important changes in hydrostatic pressure. Other valvular characteristics may also be involved in the vascular disorders that may be related to the pathophysiology of laminitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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45. Bioengineered valves for the venous circulation.
- Author
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Weber, Benedikt, Hafner, Jürg, Willenberg, Torsten, and Hoerstrup, Simon P.
- Subjects
VENOUS valves ,BIOENGINEERING ,BLOOD circulation ,VASCULAR disease diagnosis ,TREATMENT of vascular diseases - Abstract
Introduction: Chronic insufficiency of lower extremity venous valves represents a frequent structural disorder of the vascular system being responsible for a substantial global disease load. While in the field of superficial valve insufficiency surgical as well as endoluminal interventions represent good therapeutic options with high rates of complete remission of symptoms, only limited options exist in the field of deep venous reflux today. Bioengineered, autologous cell-based, endothelialized valve constructs may open up new therapeutic options in these patients, potentially offering novel treatment options in cases with severe insufficiency of deep venous segments in the future. Areas covered: This review summarizes previous reports focusing on venous valve replacement and bioengineering, also including first preclinicalin vivostudies and first clinical trials in patients. In particular, the aspects of current technical and medical limitations of venous valve bioengineering approaches preventing clinical translation and potential solutions by upcoming technologies will be discussed as part of this review. Expert commentary: Bioengineered replacement valves may open up novel options in the treatment of venous valve disease in defined patient groups in the future. However, preventing thromboembolic complications will remain the bottle-neck for clinical translation of the technologies involved. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Functional ultrasound imaging of the venous valve of the great saphenous vein in the area around the crosse using the novel vector flow technique
- Author
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S Kammerer, C Stroszczynski, and Ernst-Michael Jung
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Physiology ,Deep vein ,Hemodynamics ,Pilot Projects ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Physiology (medical) ,medicine ,Humans ,Saphenous Vein ,Vein ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Vector flow ,business.industry ,Great saphenous vein ,Reflux ,Hematology ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Thrombosis ,Venous Valves ,Surgery ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Venous Insufficiency ,Female ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business - Abstract
PURPOSE: The aim of our pilot study is to consider if the new flow presentation of the vector flow (V-flow) allows an assessment of the valve morphology of the crosses with respect to an insufficiency. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a total of 50 investigations in which we documented a complete valve closure at the so called “crosse” at the valve of the large saphenous vein, a delayed valve closure or an incomplete valve closure with consecutive insufficiency at the crosse. The valve function of the crosse is crucial for the development of varicosis. For our study we recorded age and gender of the patients. One patient in the study was suffering from Covid19. For the examinations we used a 3–9 MHz probe and a high-end ultrasound device. The examination was performed in a lying position and under quiet conditions. Before examination we practiced inhalation and exhalation as well as “pressing” or coughing with the patients, which resulted in a physiological closure of the venous valves. To rule out thrombosis, we carried out compression sonography on the legs. During the examination we documented the B-scan, the Color-Coded Duplex Sonography, the HR-flow and the V-flow for 3 seconds at the estuary of the crosses and incorporated these parameters into our measurements. Via V-flow, vectors can be imaged by representing the flow of erythrocytes and visually indicate a possible insufficiency due to delayed or incomplete valve closure. RESULTS: 31 of 50 patients (age 19–81years) showed a complete valve closure of the crosses, three of them suffered from thrombosis. In eight of the 50 study participants (age 45–79 years) a delayed valve closure could be diagnosed by V-flow within 1–2 seconds. None of them had a thrombosis, but six of them suffered from cancer. In eleven patients we derived an incomplete valve closure with insufficiency (age 51–88 years). With reflux it took >2 seconds to close the valve. The patient with Covid19 also showed an incomplete valve closure with insufficiency. At the same time this patient showed a Covid19-associated deep vein thrombosis. Eight additional patients also had a thrombosis. Six of them suffered from cancer. Overall, the results were best visualized by V-Flow. CONCLUSION: The crosse as a significant venous structure can be well investigated by V-flow with respect to hemodynamic changes and a resulted reflux. Also associated changes close to the valve can be visualized well.
- Published
- 2020
47. Prosthetic venous valves: Short history and advancements from 2012 to 2020
- Author
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Habib Mahdi, Hassan Jouni, Ravit Atara Staub, and Constantinos Zervides
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Chronic venous insufficiency ,0206 medical engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Prosthesis Design ,Veins ,03 medical and health sciences ,Global population ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Endovascular treatment ,business.industry ,Catheter based interventions ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,020601 biomedical engineering ,Venous Valves ,Surgery ,Venous Insufficiency ,Quality of Life ,Venous reflux ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Venous disease - Abstract
Chronic Venous Disease is estimated at 83.6% of the global population. Patients experience pain, discomfort and severe complications with few effective therapies being available. Current strategies for the treatment of malfunctioning venous valves are invasive with a high recurrence rate. A prosthetic venous valve replacement is imminent, possibly providing better outcomes and improved general quality of life. In this review, prosthetic venous valves history is presented and assesses the advantages and disadvantages of developed venous valves. Articles that discussed potential designs of prosthetic venous valves were examined. A systematic search produced thirty-five papers fitting the inclusion criteria. Our understanding of the ideal abilities required in prosthetic valves has evolved. Developed valves are reported for regurgitation, migration and leakage. Issues have been resolved, but we are still away from the ideal valve. Improvements within the last eight years provided information on the importance of sinuses and prosthetic to venous wall-size mismatch.
- Published
- 2020
48. Fsp1 cardiac embryonic expression delineates atrioventricular endocardial cushion, coronary venous and lymphatic valve development
- Author
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Juan Antonio Guadix, Paul Palmquist-Gomes, José M. Pérez-Pomares, Sara Cano-Ballesteros, and Ernesto Marín-Sedeño
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cell type ,Histology ,government.form_of_government ,Mesenchyme ,Morphogenesis ,Mice, Transgenic ,Brief Communication ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pregnancy ,medicine ,Lymphatic vessel ,Animals ,S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A4 ,Molecular Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Endocardium ,Atrioventricular valve ,business.industry ,Cell Biology ,Embryo, Mammalian ,Coronary Vessels ,Lymphatic Endothelium ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Lymphatic system ,cardiovascular system ,government ,Female ,Venous Valves ,Endothelium, Lymphatic ,Anatomy ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
Fsp1 (a.k.a S100A4 or Metastatin) is an intracellular and secreted protein widely regarded as a fibroblast marker. Recent studies have nonetheless shown that Fsp1 is also expressed by other cell types, including small subsets of endothelial cells. Since no detailed and systematic description of Fsp1 spatio-temporal expression pattern in cardiac vascular cells is available in the literature, we have used a transgenic murine line (Fsp1-GFP) to study Fsp1 expression in the developing and postnatal cardiac vasculature and endocardium. Our work shows that Fsp1 is expressed in the endocardium and mesenchyme of atrioventricular valve primordia, as well as in some coronary venous and lymphatic endothelial cells. Fsp1 expression in cardiac venous and lymphatic endothelium is progressively restricted to the leaflets of cardiac venous and lymphatic valves. Our results suggest that Fsp1 could play a role in the development of atrioventricular valves and participate in the patterning and morphogenesis of cardiac venous and lymphatic vessel valves.
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- 2020
49. A new application of external valvuloplasty using interventional injection of N-butyl cyanoacrylate for malfunctioning venous valves
- Author
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Elzem Sen and Erhan Hafiz
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Medicine (General) ,treatment ,RD1-811 ,business.industry ,N-butyl-cyanoacrylate ,chronic venous insufficiency ,harici jel uygulaması ,tedavi ,Venous Valves ,kronik venöz yetmezlik ,R5-920 ,venöz kapak yetersizliği ,Medicine ,Surgery ,incompetent venous valve ,external gel application ,business ,Nuclear medicine - Abstract
Aim: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a common disorder that occurs when the venous valves are not working sufficiently. The treatment strategies depend on ameliorating the function of the valves. The aim of this study was to evaluate the external application of N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate to improve venous valves’ functions. Methods: Thirty patients with CVI who were admitted to the cardiovascular surgery clinic with CVI complaints and underwent extravenous N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate application (extravenous application to the area surrounding the malfunctioning venous valves) between January 2020 and June 2020 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Preoperative and postoperative (third and sixth month) venous Doppler ultrasound findings and complaints were noted, and the results were compared. Results: The diameter of the great saphenous vein was found to have decreased during the postoperative period (9.27 (1.95 mm) vs. 6.27 (2.16), P=0.001). Decremental saphenofemoral reflux durations were detected in postoperative ultrasound evaluations when compared with preoperative data (0.77(0.87) vs. 4.77(0.97) seconds). CVI complaints, including oedema, pigmentation and restless leg syndrome, improved within months after the operation. Conclusion: The external application of N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate gel seems effective for recovering venous valve function in the medium term.
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- 2020
50. Using two-dimensional ultrasound imaging to examine venous pressure
- Author
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Sean Roe, Christopher Johnson, and Etain Tansey
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medicine.medical_specialty ,020205 medical informatics ,Physiology ,medicine.medical_treatment ,education ,02 engineering and technology ,Education ,Hydrostatic Pressure ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Valsalva maneuver ,Humans ,Medicine ,Muscle, Skeletal ,Students ,Ultrasonography ,business.industry ,Venous pressure ,05 social sciences ,Models, Cardiovascular ,Central venous pressure ,050301 education ,Blood Pressure Determination ,Two dimensional ultrasound ,General Medicine ,Human physiology ,Venous Valves ,Ultrasound imaging ,Educational Status ,Educational Measurement ,Radiology ,Comprehension ,business ,Venous Pressure ,0503 education ,Muscle Contraction - Abstract
Ultrasound imaging is being used increasingly to aid in the teaching of human physiology and anatomy. Here we describe how its use can be integrated into the teaching of concepts surrounding venous circulation, specifically 1) venous valves and the muscle pump, 2) the effects of hydrostatic pressure on venous pressure, and 3) central venous pressure. The imaging procedures described are relatively simple but add a dimension that helps deliver the teaching points clearly and is enjoyable for students. They also aid in the link of basic physiology to clinical aspects of venous circulatory physiology.
- Published
- 2020
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