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Tests for peripheral vascular diseases tests for cerebrovascular diseases renal artery stenosis intestinal ischaemia aneurysms venous diseases other vascular problems, malformations and tumours surveillance vascular screening other applications of noninvasive vascular investigations other nonvascular applications points to consider in noninvasive investigations.

The study compared, by a prospective, randomized method, 6 treatment options: A: Sclerotherapy; B: High-dose sclerotherapy; C: Multiple ligations; D: Stab avulsion; E: Foam-sclerotherapy; F: Surgery (ligation) followed by sclerotherapy. Results were analyzed 10 years after inclusion and initial treatment. Endpoints of the study were variations in ambulatory venous pressure (AVP), refilling time (RT). presence of duplex-reflux, and number of recurrent or new incompetent venous sites. The number of patients, limbs, and treated venous segments were comparable in the 6 treatment groups, also comparable for age and sex distribution. The occurrence of new varicose veins at 5 years varied from 34% for group F (surgery + sclero) and ligation (C) to 44% for the foam + sclero group (E) and 48% for group A (dose 1 sclero). At 10 years the occurrence of new veins varied from 37% in F to 56% in A. At inclusion AVP was comparable in the different groups. At 10 years the decrease in AVP and the increase in RT (indicating decrease in reflux), was generally comparable in the different groups. Also at 10 years the number of new points of major incompetence was comparable in all treatment groups. These results indicate that, when correctly performed, all treatments may be similarly effective. "Standard," low-dose sclerotherapy appears to be less effective than high-dose sclero and foam-sclerotherapy which may obtain, in selected subjects, results comparable to surgery.

We consider an exchange economy in which price rigidities are present. In the short run the non-numeraire commodities have a exible price level with respect to the numeraire commodity but their relative prices are mutually fixed. In the long run prices are assumed to be completely exible. For a given price level and fixed relative prices, markets can be equilibrated by means of quantity rationing on demand and supply. Keeping markets in equilibrium through rationing, we provide an adjustment process in prices and quantities converging from a trivial equilibrium with complete demand rationing on all non-numeraire markets to a Walrasian equilibrium. Along the path initially all relative prices are kept fixed and the price level is increased. Rationing schemes are adjusted to keep markets in equilibrium. Doing so the process reaches a short run equilibrium with only demand rationing and no rationing on the numeraire and at least one of the other commodities. The process allows for a downward price adjustment of non-rationed non-numeraire commodities and reaches a Walrasian equilibrium in the long run.