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In this article, the saturation kinetics model that describes chronoamperometric response of PPy(DBS) in our recently published work is extended to study the effect of mass and charge density on the step response of PPy(DBS). The saturation kinetics model is based on a mechanistic approach for charge storage in conducting polymers and leads to the development of structure-dependent input-output relationships to develop a cation concentration sensor. In this article, we demonstrate the use of poles and residues in the saturation kinetics model to deconstruct the chronoamperometric and chronocoulometric response by seperating the contributions from double layer charge accumulation and faradaic ion transport. We show that: (i) the number of redox sites, and therefore the number of ingressing ions at saturation, is directly proportional to the mass of the conducting polymer, (ii) the accessibility of these redox sites associated with ion ingress is inversely proportional to the conducting polymer charge density, (iii) the rate of ion ingress is found to be inversely proportional to mass and charge density, due to the decrease in the driving force per unit redox site and redox site accessibility, respectively. For lower charge densities, the mass has a dominant effect on saturation and rate of ion ingress, with charge density effects becoming apparent as it increases. The saturation charges obtained are consistent with the peak charges during cyclic voltammetry, thus validating the mechanistic interpretations. The findings of this article highlight the trade-offs between charge storage and transport properties for conducting polymer devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of miniaturizing machine tools has received a strong interest in the research community due to their ability to fabricate intricate components. Lower power consumption, higher productivity rate, and smaller sizes of work stations have enabled microscale machining operations to acquire an edge over other fabrication techniques in various applications such as aerospace, instrumentation, automotive, biomedical, etc. The literature is filled with works done by researchers working in this domain. A significant contribution comes from the works which have been published during the period 1998–2014. The focus of these studies has primarily been on conventional and nonconventional micromachining techniques. Since nonconventional machining operations such as microelectrical discharge machining, laser machining, etc., are not compatible with traditional workpiece materials, conventional micromachining techniques such as micromilling and microdrilling are generally used. However, as of today, there has been no revision on the state of the-art in this field to serve as a reference for the experienced researcher and as a handbook for the newcomer. In this review, we have attempted to summarize the current state of understanding on this topic. A variety of issues which are representative of micromachining operations are critically analyzed and presented. Conventional micromachining operations have been compared with their nonconventional counterparts with respect to performance characteristics such as burr formation, surface integrity, etc., and their advantages and shortcomings have been listed. Meticulous efforts have been taken to address the key challenges faced in typical micromachining operations. Taking the convenience of the reader into consideration, we have presented a bird's-eye view of the various micromachining operations and simulation studies as performed in the last decade. In the last few years, diamond turning operations have gained more importance and are particularly used for machining composite materials and superalloys. This paper gives an insight into these operations apart from providing an outlook for future growth and development of micromachining technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the surface roughness of a Nanocomposite after finishing with three different polishing systems using a two dimensional profilometer. The three different polishing systems used were aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide and diamond. Methodology: Thirty specimens were made of light activated resin composite Filtek Z350 approximately 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height. The specimens were prepared from a stainless steel mold. The specimens were cured for 40 seconds on both sides of the mold. The specimens were then finished with a 600 grit carbide paper. The samples were divided into three groups of ten specimens each. Group I Aluminum oxide abrasives (Sof-Lex), Group II Silicon dioxide abrasives (Astropol) and Group III Diamond abrasives (PoGo). The specimens were polished following manufacturer's instructions and were analyzed for surface roughness using a two dimensional profilometer. The roughness average of the specimens was determined. They were analyzed statistically using one- way ANOVA and Tukey -- HSD analysis. Results: Analysis of the results showed that Group I showed the smoothest surface. Specimens of Group III were smoother than Group II. There was a statistically significant difference between the three groups. Significance: use of appropriate finishing and polishing system with proper methodology helps to improve smoothness and hence increases the longevity of the restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esthetic restorations involving anterior teeth pose a challenge to any clinician. Increasing patient expectations and the search for metal-free restorations have led to the birth of all-ceramic restorations. All-ceramic restorations must combine the mechanical properties of metal and optical properties of ceramics to be accepted as an alternative to porcelain-fused to metal restorations. At present, zirconia-based materials stand out as the strongest, most esthetic and biocompatible material available as posts for all-ceramic restorations. All-ceramic crowns require all-ceramic post and core as foundation restoration, as they help to bring about the best possible esthetic outcome. Here, a zirconia prefabricated post was heat pressed with the core material to obtain a monobloc. This provided the foundation for the restoration of the tooth with all-ceramic crown. The article presents clinical cases and a 4-year follow-up of three cases treated using all-ceramic post/core/crown. The procedure is presented in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) present themselves as smooth saucer lesions with variable height and depth. Treatment of choice for these lesions should be aimed at conservative management by restoring the teeth. The present study aims to evaluate the micro-tensile bond strength in NCCLs after various surface pre-treatments., Materials and Methods: Sixty-six human permanent maxillary first premolars were subjected to artificial wedge-shaped lesions on the buccal aspect of the cervical regions of all the teeth. Samples were divided into two groups (n = 33 per group). Group 1 received a 37% orthophosphoric acid treatment for 30 seconds and a 17% ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) application for 10 seconds. Group 2 received a 10% citric acid treatment for 30 seconds, followed by a 17% EDTA application for 10 seconds. These groups were further subdivided according to the bonding agent applied as subgroup A: 3M™ Single Bond™; Subgroup B: Prime & Bond Universal group; and Subgroup C: Tetric N-Bond Universal. Samples were subjected to incremental restoration and then segmented to fit into Geraldelli jig with cyanoacrylate adhesive. A universal testing machine was used to assess the micro-tensile bond strength and the data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis., Results: In this study, statistically significant differences in micro-tensile strength were observed between the pre-treatment groups and the effect of the bonding agent. Consequently, the null hypothesis was rejected, and the research hypothesis was accepted. The micro-tensile strength for both groups was compared with various pre-conditioning methods. It was noted that the micro-tensile strength was maximum when Tetric N Bond was used along with 37% orthophosphoric acid followed by Prime Bond with highly statistically significant values (p = 0.000). Contrary to this, in the 10% citric acid group, the micro-tensile strength was equally comparable in the 3M ESPE and Tetric N bond groups compared to the Prime Bond group, with highly statistically significant differences (p = 0.000)., Conclusion: Surface pre-treatment in NCCLs improves the bonding strength of the restoration used. Analysis using scanning electron microscopy and long-term assessment of the failure of restoration should be carried out in future studies., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Institutional Ethics Committee of SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre issued approval SRMIEC-ST1023-1387. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Mohan Dhas et al.)

Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of alpha hydroxy acids and chelating agents on dentin conditioning for the release of growth factors., Methods: The agents used for dentin conditioning included 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 10% glycolic acid (GA), 10% citric acid (CA), and 5% maleic acid (MA). Forty horizontally sectioned (SV1) human dentine slices were conditioned for 5 and 10 minutes so that the growth factor liberation reached quantifiable levels. Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) release and surface exposure were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Growth factor measurement required immediately removing the solutions from each of the 48-well plates (with consistent dentine surface area and weight) and freezing at -20°C so that ELISA measured the growth factors., Results: After 5-min conditioning of dentine slices, CA was the most effective agent for growth factor release into the aqueous environment as measured by ELISA (post hoc Tukey's test p<0.05). Furthermore, dentine slices subjected to GA treatment for the same duration of time showed noticeably lower surface levels of TGF-β1 in comparison to the other agents employed., Conclusions: Based on the findings of this in vitro study, a desirable biological growth factor-mediated effect may be gained when conditioning dentin with milder acidic or chelating agents such as CA, MA, and EDTA., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Institutional Ethics Committee of the SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre issued approval SRMIEC-ST0123-718. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Tulasi et al.)

Introduction:  The three-dimensional (3D) dynamic navigation system (DNS; Navident, ClaroNav Technology, Toronto, ON) is a revolutionary technique in endodontics that offers superior precision and efficiency compared to existing techniques for post space preparation., Aim: The aim is to evaluate and contrast the efficacy and efficiency of the DNS with conventional post space preparation techniques. This assessment considers several parameters, notably canal deviation (global coronal and apical deviation and angular deflection), duration of the procedure, and total volumetric loss of instrumented root canal and volumetric loss of instrumented root canal above 4 mm from the apex., Materials and Methods: Freshly extracted maxillary central incisors were chosen for this study. A total sample size of 60 (n) was included. The extracted teeth samples were divided into two groups: 3D DNS (group I; n = 30) and conventional techniques (group II; n = 30). The samples were taken, and 50% of the crown structure was reduced for post space preparation to ensure standardization between the two groups. The samples were root canal-treated and mounted in a 3D-printed maxillary cast. Preoperative micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) were taken for both groups. For group I, post space preparation was conducted with the DNS, which provided comprehensive guidance. The procedure was stopped when post space preparation was 4 mm short of the apex, as indicated in the system display. For group II, post space preparation was done without the guidance of DNS. Time taken for the procedure was assessed using a timer; canal deviation was evaluated using CBCT analysis, and volumetric loss was estimated using micro-CT analysis., Results: The dynamic navigation group achieves significantly more precise outcomes in post space preparation than the conventional technique. The DNS group has significantly lesser global coronal and apical deviation and angular deflection compared to the conventional group (p < 0.05). The DNS group has reduced the volumetric loss of instrumented root canals compared to the conventional group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the DNS group requires significantly less time than the conventional method, with a mean difference of about 10.567 minutes (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: Implementing dynamic navigation improves precision in post space preparation, with a notable reduction in canal deviation and volumetric loss and a decrease in procedure time compared to the conventional method., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Institutional Ethical Committee issued approval SRMIEC-ST0723-1373. The Institutional Ethical Committee (IEC) approves the above-mentioned study in its present form. This approval is valid for three years. No changes to the protocol and informed consent document should be initiated without prior written approval by the IEC. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Shervani et al.)

Space dentistry addresses the unique challenges of providing dental care in space, where zero gravity, limited resources, and the vast distance from Earth complicate the maintenance of oral health. Ensuring astronauts' dental health is crucial, as dental issues can adversely affect their overall health and mission performance. Microgravity exacerbates risks for dental problems such as periodontitis, dental caries, bone loss, and potentially, neoplasms. Traditional dental care methods become less effective in microgravity, leading to increased plaque accumulation and worsening of dental diseases. As space missions venture further and last longer, maintaining oral hygiene presents unique challenges that necessitate innovative solutions. These include specialized tools like ergonomic toothbrushes and 3D-printed dental prostheses designed to function effectively in a zero-gravity environment. Preventive measures, such as comprehensive astronaut training programs focusing on oral health, are vital. These programs educate astronauts on maintaining oral hygiene and managing potential dental issues using available resources. Collaborative efforts among dental professionals, engineers, and space agencies are essential to developing comprehensive strategies for space dentistry. Such interdisciplinary collaboration leads to the advancement of dental care technologies and methodologies that can address the unique needs of astronauts. Despite the formidable challenges, these innovative solutions and collaborative efforts offer promising avenues for ensuring the dental health of astronauts during long-duration missions. This review aims to examine the detrimental effects of microgravity on the oral cavity and explore potential solutions to these issues, ensuring that humanity can continue to push the boundaries of space exploration while safeguarding the well-being of those who venture into the cosmos., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Hasin Abdul Samathu et al.)

Background Access cavity preparation is a crucial step in nonsurgical root canal treatment. Recent advancements in access cavity designs focus on preserving maximum tooth structure while ensuring sufficient access to canal orifices for effective cleaning and shaping, resulting in minimally invasive procedures. However, there is limited information on the impact of three-dimensional (3D)-guided access cavity preparation in molars. A literature review found no prior studies comparing the effects of various access cavity preparation techniques on apical transportation, untouched surfaces, and debris formation within the canal. Objective The objective of this study is to compare and evaluate the effects of three different access cavity techniques on apical transportation, untouched surfaces, and debris formation within the root canal. Material and methods Thirty extracted permanent mandibular first molars were selected and randomly assigned to three groups for this study: Group I received 3D-printed static guided cavity preparation, Group II underwent conservative access cavity preparation, and Group III was subjected to traditional access cavity (TAC) preparation. The mesial canals in all samples were cleaned and shaped using TruNatomy files. Preoperative and postoperative micro-CT imaging was performed on each sample to assess the effects of the different access cavity preparation techniques on apical transportation, untouched surfaces, and debris formation within the root canal. Results The study found that Group I, which used 3D-printed static guided cavity preparation, exhibited significantly less apical transportation compared to Groups II and III, with mean differences of -0.1677 and -0.2079, respectively. Debris accumulation was similar across all groups, with mean values of 0.928 ± 0.824 for Group I, 0.751 ± 0.495 for Group II, and 0.938 ± 0.681 for Group III, indicating no significant impact of cavity preparation type on debris levels. For untouched canal surfaces, Group III (TAC preparation) had the fewest untouched surfaces, with mean differences of 3.0380 and 3.9020 compared to Groups II and I, respectively. Conclusions While TAC preparation reduces substantial tooth structure, it shows higher instrumentation efficacy and better cleaning of the root canal system. However, in complex cases where tooth structure preservation is crucial, guided access cavity preparation provides an effective balance between structural conservation and adequate canal access. This approach offers a tailored solution, optimizing treatment outcomes based on the specific clinical scenario., Competing Interests: Human subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve human participants or tissue. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Khare et al.)

Introduction Canal preparation is a critical step in endodontic therapy. Introducing nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments has significantly reduced the likelihood of errors in curved canals. However, due to their price, these instruments are often reused following autoclaving. The aim of this study is to compare and evaluate the surface characteristics of two designs of rotary NiTi files used in curved canals and subjected to multiple autoclaving cycles, utilizing an atomic force microscope for detailed analysis. Methods A total sample size of 24 files was taken, 12 files of Hyflex EDM (Coltene/Whaledent, Germany) files and WaveOne Gold (Dentsply Sirona, USA) files were then divided into four groups (n=6) as follows: Group I: Hyflex EDM control group; Group II: WaveOne Gold control group; Group III: Hyflex EDM experimental group; Group IV: WaveOne Gold experimental group. Sterilization using an autoclave was performed thrice for Groups I and II files. The files in Groups III and IV were used in simulated curved canals three times and autoclaved after each use. Atomic force microscopy was used to assess the surface roughness of the files after the first and third autoclave cycles. Results The results showed that, without statistical significance, Hyflex EDM exhibited the highest surface roughness after the first usage among the two file systems. Conclusion It can be concluded that both Hyflex EDM and WaveOne Gold files produced similar levels of surface changes when subjected to multiple usage and autoclaving cycles., Competing Interests: Human subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve human participants or tissue. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Alex et al.)

Introduction Composite resin materials are a popular choice for direct tooth-colored restorative purposes due to their excellent aesthetic qualities and versatility. The key determinants that impact the visual aspect of the restoration are gloss, surface roughness, and color stability. Research indicates that there is a direct correlation between the level of roughness on a composite resin surface and the likelihood of discoloration. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the surface roughness and color stability of a single-shade and multi-shade composite resin after subjecting it to toothbrush simulation and immersion in coffee and an aerated drink. Materials and methods Ten single-shade composite resins and 10 multi-shade composite resins were packed into a Teflon mold and light cured. Pre-operative surface roughness values were evaluated using a surface profilometer. Toothbrush abrasion was simulated using a toothbrushing simulator. All these resin molds were then evaluated for initial color using a spectrophotometer machine (Konica Minolta, Japan). Five resin molds were then immersed in a beaker containing coffee for seven days and five resin molds were immersed into a beaker containing an aerated drink for seven days. Following this, the resin molds were re-evaluated for color stability using a spectrophotometer machine. Results The results of this study show that single-shade composite showed increased discoloration when compared with multi-shade composite resin. Also, there is a statistical difference between the single-shade composite and multi-shade composite when it comes to surface roughness and discoloration. Conclusion With the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that single-shade composite resins have more discoloration potential in beverages than multi-shade composite resins., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Institutional Research Ethics Committee of SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Center issued approval SRMIEC-ST1123-1264. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Alex et al.)

Introduction Microorganisms play an important role in causing inflammation in the pulp and periapical regions. Even after undergoing chemo-mechanical procedures during root canal treatment, bacteria may persist within dentinal tubules, posing a risk of disease recurrence. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), introduced as a dental material, has been investigated as a potential antibacterial agent since its early use. Calcium and phosphorus are the primary ions in MTA, and their antibacterial characteristics are attributed to the release of calcium hydroxide through surface hydrolysis of calcium silicate components. Previous studies have shown that MTA has limited antimicrobial properties. Several alterations have been made to enhance the biological properties of MTA, such as incorporating nanoparticles made from silver, zinc, gold, and titanium. Therefore, in this study, titanium tetrafluoride (TiF 4 ) was added to MTA in an effort to enhance its antimicrobial properties. Aim To compare and evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of MTA after the incorporation of TiF 4 . Materials and methods A total of 56 samples were made by mixing MTA with different weight proportions of TiF 4 (1 wt%, 2 wt%, and 3 wt%). Out of these, 28 samples were taken to test each of the following properties: antibacterial efficacy and pH. The specimens were prepared using stainless steel molds of recommended dimensions for testing the pH. The pH was evaluated using a pH meter, and the antibacterial efficacy was assessed using the direct contact test. Data regarding the antibacterial efficacy and pH of MTA with various proportions of TiF 4 were investigated for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and assessed for normal distribution. The antibacterial properties among the four groups were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by pairwise multiple comparisons using Tukey's Honest Significant Difference test. The level of statistical significance was determined at p ≤ 0.05. MTA, when incorporated with TiF 4 , showed enhanced antibacterial properties. Results On day 1, the group treated with MTA containing 3% TiF 4 demonstrated the strongest antibacterial effectiveness, with a mean of 4.67 ± 0.04 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL × 10^8. However, the group treated with plain MTA had the lowest mean values, at 5.67 ± 0.25 CFU/mL × 10^8. On day 1, the MTA group with 3% TiF 4 also had the highest mean pH values (11.90 ± 0.05), while the plain MTA group had the lowest mean pH values (11.64 ± 0.78). On day 7, the MTA group with 3% TiF 4 had the highest pH value (12.85 ± 0.08), whereas the plain MTA group had the lowest pH value (11.92 ± 0.09). Conclusion The inclusion of TiF 4 resulted in an augmentation of the antibacterial efficacy of MTA against Enterococcus faecalis ( E. faecalis ). Hence, the integration of TiF 4 into MTA can be considered a promising development against E. faecalis during endodontic procedures., Competing Interests: Human subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve human participants or tissue. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Suganthakumar et al.)

Introduction: Intracoronal bleaching serves as a conservative option for nonvital teeth that exhibit discoloration. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is frequently utilized in bleaching processes owing to its capability to produce free radicals. The main drawbacks of the currently available bleaching agents are the occurrence of cervical resorption and the multiple dental visits to achieve the desired result. Therefore, in our study, to address the limitations associated with cervical resorption and extended treatment duration for badly stained teeth, an attempt was made to incorporate a whitening agent (35% H 2 O 2 ) with microbubbles., Aim:  This study aimed to compare and evaluate the effect of activated and nonactivated microbubbles on the efficacy of bleaching agents., Methodology:  Forty-five human central incisors were collected and divided into three groups: Group I (HP), H 2 O 2 plain ( n  = 15) (Control); Group II (HPM), H 2 O 2 -infused microbubbles without ultrasonic activation ( n  = 15) (experimental group); and Group III (HPMU), H 2 O 2 -infused microbubbles with ultrasonic activation ( n  = 15) (experimental group). The crowns were artificially stained. Microbubbles containing 35% H 2 O 2  were generated using the probe sonication method. The bleaching agent H 2 O 2 plain (0.04 mL) was syringed into the pulp chamber in group I, while H 2 O 2 -infused microbubbles (0.04 mL) were syringed into group II and group III. Group III was further activated ultrasonically. The evaluation of color shade differences was conducted using the Vita Lumin shade guide at three time points: baseline, day 7, and day 14., Results:  Data regarding color change using Vita shade were investigated for normality using the Kolmogorov Smirnov test and assessed a non-normal distribution. Intergroup comparisons at each particular time interval (baseline, day 7, and day 14) were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test followed by multiple pairwise comparisons using the Adjusted Bonferroni post hoc test. Intragroup comparisons between different time intervals were analyzed using related samples from Friedman's test followed by multiple pairwise comparisons using the post hoc Dunn test. The level of statistical significance was determined at P  < 0.05. There was no statistical difference in the baseline values of all three groups. Group I (HP) exhibited an average increase of three Vita Lumin shade tabs on day 7 and day 14, respectively, whereas Group II (HPM) exhibited an average increase of six and four Vita Lumin shade tabs on day 7 and day 14, respectively, and Group III (HPMU) exhibited an average increase of 10 and 3 Vita Lumin shade tabs on day 7 and day 14, respectively., Conclusions:  Microbubbles containing H 2 O 2 were more efficient and faster than plain H 2 O 2 for bleaching, and the efficacy of bleaching was enhanced when activated using ultrasonic technology., Competing Interests: Human subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve human participants or tissue. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Suganthakumar et al.)