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Chronic liver disease (CLD) has rapidly increased in prevalence over the past two decades, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Historically, the clinical gold standard for diagnosis, assessment of severity, and longitudinal monitoring of CLD has been liver biopsy with histological analysis, but this approach has limitations that may make it suboptimal for clinical and research settings. Magnetic resonance (MR)-based biomarkers can overcome the limitations by allowing accurate, precise, and quantitative assessment of key components of CLD without the risk of invasive procedures. This review briefly describes the limitations associated with liver biopsy and the need for non-invasive biomarkers. It then discusses the current state-of-the-art for MRI-based biomarkers of liver iron, fat, and fibrosis, and inflammation.

Characteristic features of chronic pancreatitis (CP) may be absent on standard imaging studies. Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques such as T1 mapping, extracellular volume (ECV) fraction, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with apparent diffusion coefficient map (ADC), MR elastography (MRE), and T1-weighted signal intensity ratio (SIR) have shown promise for the diagnosis and grading severity of CP. However, radiologists still use the Cambridge classification which is based on traditional ductal imaging alone. There is an urgent need to develop new diagnostic criteria that incorporate both parenchymal and ductal features of CP seen by MRI/MRCP. Designed to fulfill this clinical need, we present the MINIMAP study, which was funded in September 2018 by the National Institutes of Health. This is a comprehensive quantitative MR imaging study which will be performed at multiple institutions in well-phenotyped CP patient cohorts. We hypothesize that quantitative MRI/MRCP features can serve as valuable non-invasive imaging biomarkers to detect and grade CP. We will evaluate the role of T1 relaxometry, ECV, T1-weighted gradient echo SIR, MRE, arteriovenous enhancement ratio, ADC, pancreas volume/atrophy, pancreatic fat fraction, ductal features, and pancreatic exocrine output following secretin stimulation in the assessment of CP. We will attempt to generate a multi-parametric pancreatic tissue fibrosis (PTF) scoring system. We anticipate that a quantitative scoring system may serve as a biomarker of pancreatic fibrosis; hence this imaging technique can be used in clinical practice as well as clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of agents which may slow the progression or reverse measures of CP.

Purpose To perform a meta-analysis to generate an estimate of the repeatability coefficient (RC) for magnetic resonance (MR) elastography of the liver. Materials and Methods A systematic search of databases was performed for publications on MR elastography during the 10-year period between 2006 and 2015. The identified studies were screened independently and were verified reciprocally by all authors. Two reviewers independently determined the percentage RC and effective sample size from each article. A forest plot was constructed of the percentage RC estimates from the 12 studies. Bootstrap 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were constructed for the summary percentage RCs. Results Twelve studies comprising 274 patients met the eligibility criteria and were included for analysis. A flow diagram of studies included according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines was prepared for the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All studies included in the meta-analysis fulfilled four or more of the seven categories of the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS)-2. The estimated summary RC was 22% (95% CI: 16.1%, 28.2%). The three main sources for this heterogeneity were the trained versus untrained operator drawing contours to choose regions of interest, the time between two replicate examinations, and, finally, the field strength of the MR imaging unit. The RC estimates tended to be higher for studies that did not use a well-trained operator, those with 1.5-T field strength imaging units, and those with longer time intervals between examinations. Conclusion The meta-analysis results provide the basis for the following draft longitudinal Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers Alliance MR elastography claim: A measured change in hepatic stiffness of 22% or greater, at the same site and with use of the same equipment and acquisition sequence, indicates that a true change in stiffness has occurred with 95% confidence. © RSNA, 2017.

Hepatic fibrosis is potentially reversible; however early diagnosis is necessary for treatment in order to halt progression to cirrhosis and development of complications including portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma. Morphologic signs of cirrhosis on ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) alone are unreliable and are seen with more advanced disease. Newer imaging techniques to diagnose liver fibrosis are reliable and accurate, and include magnetic resonance elastography and US elastography (one-dimensional transient elastography and point shear wave elastography or acoustic radiation force impulse imaging). Research is ongoing with multiple other techniques for the noninvasive diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis, including MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging, hepatobiliary contrast enhancement, and perfusion; CT using perfusion, fractional extracellular space techniques, and dual-energy, contrast-enhanced US, texture analysis in multiple modalities, quantitative mapping, and direct molecular imaging probes. Efforts to advance the noninvasive imaging assessment of hepatic fibrosis will facilitate earlier diagnosis and improve patient monitoring with the goal of preventing the progression to cirrhosis and its complications.

Purpose To (a) evaluate modified spin-echo (SE) magnetic resonance (MR) elastographic sequences for acquiring MR images with improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in patients in whom the standard gradient-echo (GRE) MR elastographic sequence yields low hepatic signal intensity and (b) compare the stiffness values obtained with these sequences with those obtained with the conventional GRE sequence. Materials and Methods This HIPAA-compliant retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board; the requirement to obtain informed consent was waived. Data obtained with modified SE and SE echo-planar imaging (EPI) MR elastographic pulse sequences with short echo times were compared with those obtained with the conventional GRE MR elastographic sequence in two patient cohorts, one that exhibited adequate liver signal intensity and one that exhibited low liver signal intensity. Shear stiffness values obtained with the three sequences in 130 patients with successful GRE-based examinations were retrospectively tested for statistical equivalence by using a 5% margin. In 47 patients in whom GRE examinations were considered to have failed because of low SNR, the SNR and confidence level with the SE-based sequences were compared with those with the GRE sequence. Results The results of this study helped confirm the equivalence of SE MR elastography and SE-EPI MR elastography to GRE MR elastography (P = .0212 and P = .0001, respectively). The SE and SE-EPI MR elastographic sequences provided substantially improved SNR and stiffness inversion confidence level in 47 patients in whom GRE MR elastography had failed. Conclusion Modified SE-based MR elastographic sequences provide higher SNR MR elastographic data and reliable stiffness measurements; thus, they enable quantification of stiffness in patients in whom the conventional GRE MR elastographic sequence failed owing to low signal intensity. The equivalence of the three sequences indicates that the current diagnostic thresholds are applicable to SE MR elastographic sequences for assessing liver fibrosis. © RSNA, 2016.

ObjectivesWe conducted an individual participant data (IPD) pooled analysis on diagnostic accuracy of MRE to detect fibrosis stage in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).MethodsThrough a systematic literature search, we identified studies of MRE (at 60-62.5 Hz) for staging fibrosis in patients with NAFLD, using liver biopsy as gold standard, and contacted study authors for IPD. Through pooled analysis, we calculated the cluster-adjusted AUROC, sensitivity and specificity of MRE for any (≥stage 1), significant (≥stage 2) and advanced (≥stage 3) fibrosis and cirrhosis (stage 4).ResultsWe included nine studies with 232 patients with NAFLD (mean age, 51 ± 13 years; 37.5% males; mean BMI, 33.5 ± 6.7 kg/m(2); interval between MRE and biopsy