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Purpose: To determine the changes in hepatic profile during the evaluation of herbal mixtures of Moringa oleifera and Raphanus sativus in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ- NA)-induced diabetic rat model. Methods: Forty-eight (48) albino rats were randomly divided into six groups of eight rats each. Diabetes was induced in all the groups except Group I (normal control) using nicotinamide (110 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Groups I and II (untreated control) received only distilled water (2 mL/kg) while Group III received 100 mg/kg of metformin. Groups IV to VIII were treated with a dose of 200 mg/kg of the herbal mixtures (HEMA-C) at different ratios of M. oleifera and R. sativus. Blood samples were analyzed for biochemical markers while liver histopathology was assayed after 29 days of treatment. Results: Acute toxicity study showed that the herbal mixtures did not exhibit mortality or adverse effect in rats up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg (LD50 > 2000 mg/kg) with a safe dose of 200 mg/kg (1/10th LD50). Induction of diabetes significantly increased serum aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and bilirubin levels in untreated control compared to normal control (p < 0.001). Administration of the herbal mixtures, especially HEMB, significantly (p < 0.001) restored these liver marker levels to levels comparable to metformin. Furthermore, histological examination showed that HEMB significantly restored the STZ-NA-induced liver damage in rats. Conclusion: The herbal mixture possesses hepatoprotective effect and ameliorates the adverse diabetic conditions caused by STZ-NA-induced diabetes in rats. The herbal mixture also demonstrated better and extended therapeutic potential than the single herbs. Further pharmacological and biochemical investigations will elucidate the mechanisms of action and clarify the potentials of the herbal mixture as a therapeutic tool as an anti-diabetic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clerodendrum is a genus of around 500 species that has a place with the family Lamiaceae. Numerous types of this class have been demonstrated for the treatment of different maladies including cancer. This study aimed to investigate the anti-cancer activity of ethyl acetate fractions of Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf.f. (EACT) in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA) was used to induce breast cancer. Two doses of (25 and 50 mg/kg) EACT were used for the study. Various biochemical, hematological and, antioxidant parameters were analyzed. Results: Reduction in mean tumor volume and tumor weight was observed in EACT treated groups. The blood parameters were seen as normal. In both DMBA and doxorubicin groups, malondialdehyde were increased and the level was significantly reduced in EACT-treated groups. The effect of catalase has been seen as reduced in the groups administered by DMBA and doxorubicin and normal in the EACT groups. In the DMBA control groups, nitrate and nitrite were found to increase, the levels in others were normal. There were less necrosis and infiltration in breast tissues treated with doxorubicin as well as in EACT. The curative effect was found to be dose-dependent in animals treated with EACT. Some of the damaged breast patterns were restored to normal by the treatments. GC-MS analysis confirmed 2, 4-bis(1-phenylethyl)-phenol (39%), which was found to be the major compound present in EACT. Conclusion: The study concludes that C. thomsoniae may be a potential anticancer candidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Plant phenolic have extended significance as a promising therapeutic candidate for several disorders including cancer. Apoptosis is a well-organized cell death that has importance in cancer research. The present study was aimed to isolate 2, 4-bis (1-phenylethyl) -phenol from Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf.f. and evaluation of cytotoxicity on human breast cancer cells. Methods: MTT assay was used to estimate cell viability. Apoptosis was analyzed by Annexin V/PI staining, EtBr staining, cell cycle analysis and MMP assay. Results: In this study 2,4-bis (1-phenylethyl) -phenol was separated from aerial parts of C. thomsoniae and its structure was confirmed by different spectroscopic methods. The IC50 value was determined based on cell viability rates and the value was calculated as 12. 58 (µg/mL). Apoptosis analysis by annexin V/PI staining showed that died cells were stained as red fluorescence. The loss of mitochondrial potential as a result of the induction of apoptosis was noted. The EtBr assay showed early apoptotic cells, late apoptotic cells, necrotic cells and, dead cells with characteristic fluorescence. The apoptosis induction of 2, 4-bis (1-phenylethyl) -phenol was also noticed in Cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry. Conclusion: The outcome of this research work, we can conclude that 2, 4-bis (1-phenylethyl)-phenol may be a successful candidate for breast cancer therapy via apoptosis activation and farther in vivo studies are required to evaluate this compound for its safety and efficacy as a potential anticancer candidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]