Search

Includes bibliographical references. Number of sources in the bibliography: 115. Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Cyprus, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2021. The University of Cyprus Library holds the printed form of the thesis. Οι πρωτόγνωρες αλλαγές διαταράσσουν τα σημερινά δρώμενα στο τομέα της ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας, δημιουργώντας νέες προκλήσεις στους διαχειριστές ηλεκτρικών συστημάτων και σε κυβερνήσεις σε όλο τον κόσμο. Η εξισορρόπηση της διαλείπουσας παραγωγής και η αύξηση της μέγιστης ζήτησης, καθώς και η ενσωμάτωση ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας για την επίτευξη των κλιματικών στόχων καθιστά την εξισορρόπηση παραγωγής και ζήτησης δυσκολότερη και ακριβότερη από ό, τι στο παρελθόν. Ένας από τους πιο καλά ερευνημένους τομείς της ευελιξίας του συστήματος ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας είναι η Διαχείριση Ενεργειακής Ζήτησης, η οποία στοχεύει στη βελτίωση της ευελιξίας από την πλευρά των ενεργειακών καταναλωτών. Η Διαχείριση Ενεργειακής Ζήτησης μπορεί να εφαρμοστεί με δύο τρόπους: μέσω Ενεργειακής Απόδοσης ή Απόκρισης Ζήτησης, η οποία αναφέρεται σε προγράμματα που ενθαρρύνουν τους τελικούς χρήστες να κάνουν βραχυπρόθεσμες μειώσεις στη ζήτηση ενέργειας. Η συμβολή αυτής της διατριβής έγκειται στην εισαγωγή μιας καθολικά εφαρμοσμένης μεθοδολογίας για την ανάπτυξη ενός οικονομικά αποδοτικού συστήματος Διαχείρισης Ενεργειακής Ζήτησης που εστιάζει στην εξαγωγή ευελιξίας μέσω κινήτρων στη μορφή δυναμικής ενεργειακής τιμολόγησης. Αυτή η διατριβή εξετάζει περαιτέρω την πιθανή μεγιστοποίηση της ευελιξίας παρουσιάζοντας ένα καινοτόμο πλαίσιο Απόκρισης Ζήτησης που στοχεύει στην ελαχιστοποίηση του κόστους Σωρευτικής Εκπροσώπησης λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τεχνικές παραμέτρους αλλά και παραμέτρους απόδοσης. Το προτεινόμενο πλαίσιο Απόκρισης Ζήτησης λειτουργεί ως ένα ολιστικό πλαίσιο το οποίο είναι έτοιμο να εφαρμοστεί σε χώρες όπου οι κανόνες της αγοράς ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας και οι τεχνολογίες αυτοματισμού είναι ώριμες και προηγμένες. Το προτεινόμενο σύστημα Διαχείρισης Ενεργειακής Ζήτησης μαζί με το αναπτυγμένο πλαίσιο Απόκρισης Ζήτησης αποσκοπούν στο να ξεκλειδώσουν πλήρως τη διαθέσιμη ανεκμετάλλευτη ευελιξία φορτίου με βάση τις δομικές ιδιαιτερότητες της ηλεκτρικής αγοράς που εφαρμόζεται. Profound changes are disrupting the electricity sector, bringing about new challenges for utilities, system operators and governments around the world. Balancing intermittent generation and increasing peak demand while integrating renewables to meet climate goals make balancing supply and demand harder and more expensive than it used to be. One of the most well-researched fields of electricity system flexibility is Demand Side Management (DSM), which aims to improve flexibility on the consumer side. DSM can be implemented in two ways: through Energy Efficiency or Demand Response (DR), which refers to programs that encourage end users to make short-term reductions in energy demand. The contribution of this work lies in the introduction of a universally-applicable methodology for deploying a cost-effective DSM scheme that focuses on flexibility extraction through price incentives. This thesis delves further into flexibility potential maximization by presenting an innovative framework for DR that aims to minimise the Aggregator's cost by considering technical and performance parameters. The proposed DR framework serves as a holistic framework that is ready to be applied in countries where the electricity market rules and automation technologies are mature and advanced. The proposed DSM scheme along with the developed DR framework aim to fully unlock the available untapped flexibility potential based on the market structure specificities of each area of deployment.

Through the application of flexible Time-of-Use (ToU) tariffs, demand side management (DSM) can be facilitated in order to alleviate grid congestion problems and potential network reinforcement. In this work, a novel approach to derive ToU tariffs for residential prosumers is described and the potential impact is verified in a pilot network within the distribution grid of Cyprus comprised of three hundred prosumers. This pilot network acts as a test-bed for defining the baseline scenario and subsequently verifying the developed ToU tariffs. The ToU block periods were determined by combining statistical analysis and a hybrid optimization function that utilizes annealing driven pattern search algorithms. The ToU rates were calculated by exploiting an optimization function that maintained a neutral electricity bill in the case where the load profile remained unchanged. The impact of the derived ToU tariffs was first analysed through a sensitivity analysis performed on the seasonal load profiles of the participants. The obtained sensitivity analysis results showed that for the summer and winter season, the maximum Load Factor (LF) was 42.83% and 33.33% respectively and occurred when load was shifted mainly to the off-peak period. Finally, with the ToU tariffs applied to the pilot network of prosumers, the effectiveness and potential response of the prosumers to the imposed tariffs, was verified. The results indicated that the LF was increased while the percentage of total consumption measured during peak hours was reduced by 3.19%, 1.03% and 1.40% for the summer, middle and winter season respectively. This led to the conclusion that the derived ToU tariffs are effective in persuading the prosumers to change their energy behaviour. 142 633 646

Increasing development of the electrical smart grid technology offers exceptional opportunities for more complex electrical supply and demand interactions in a relationship that has been historically unilateral. The smart grid allows for the application of modern communication technology, such as the internet of things, to develop electrical transmission and distribution systems. To meet the needs of a fast-evolving power sector, with requirements to host greater Renewable Energy Sources (RES) for decarbonization, it is essential that a range of breakthrough technology novelties in the energy sector be deployed across the energy value chain. The aim of this work is to propose a novel framework that will support future actors to benefit from their participation in a tamper-proof energy market. 1 5

This deliverable describes the work conducted in ERIGrid 2.0 task NA4.1 ’Definition of Functional Scenarios’. The work has been conducted via a survey and a brainstorming workshop. The results are six Functional Scenarios:1. Ancillary services provided by Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and active grid assets,2. Microgrids & energy communities,3. Sector coupling,4. Frequency and voltage stability in inverter dominated power systems,5. Aggregation and flexibility management, and6. Digitalisation,which describe the overarching topics within ERIGrid 2.0. The Functional Scenarios will be used as an input in further ERIGrid 2.0 work. Smart grid and smart energy systems solutions have become complex and multidisciplinary. With the further integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and other energy systems new testing scenarios, profiles, and processes must be defined. In order to achieve this, big trends affecting research, testing, and validation processes have been reviewed, with a special focus on new aspects such as interoperability testing or digitalisation. The scenario descriptions define requirements, actors, etc. on a functional level. ERIGrid 2.0 work package NA4 ’Iterative Creation of Scenarios and Test Case Profiles’ addresses these needs. This work has been conducted with emphasis on the alignment with the European Green Deal, further support on the technology validation and roll-out phases, and further integration of the research infrastructures. A Functional Scenario has been defined as an umbrella term comprising of motivation and relevance for ERIGrid 2.0, system descriptions, use case and test case descriptions, and experimental setup descriptions. Each scenario has a single core idea and is formed on the basis of inclusiveness. Functional Scenarios consider several high-level scenarios in other projects and networks as a background forming the overall circumstances in which the Functional Scenario is considered. The high-level scenarios provide a holistic understanding of the current status and development while also highlighting future visions and requirements impacting the Functional Scenarios. The high-level scenarios also address the high-level drivers for the Functional Scenarios, such as needs for digitalisation of the smart energy systems. Furthermore, Functional Scenarios are related to the generic system configurations developed in ERIGrid and consider the work conducted in ERIGrid as a strong background for ERIGrid 2.0.The necessity for a mutual understanding of scenarios which are of interest to the ERIGrid 2.0 partners and their research infrastructures and in alignment of the project objectives, led to conducting a survey regarding the first actions of the NA4.1 work. The purpose of this survey was to gather inputs on a set of Functional Scenarios that were analysed in more detail to deduce the most relevant approaches for ERIGrid 2.0. Overall, 15 partners participated in the survey and submitted 35 scenarios. The survey results include scenarios on sector coupling, multi-energy systems, ICT and automation, energy communities, microgrids and low-inertia grids, and stability, control and grid code challenges. Detailed descriptions of Functional Scenarios submitted to the survey are presented in Appendix A: Functional Scenario Survey Data of this deliverable.The formation of the Functional Scenarios was organised in six working groups, each of which focused on a single Functional Scenario. The decision on the six Functional Scenario was taken during the NA4 regular meetings and the brainstorming workshop itself based on the results of the Functional Scenario survey.The focus of the first working group has been on a component focused scenario developed based on the survey results on DERs and inverters. The resulting Functional Scenario 1 integrates key components, such as DER inverters and controllers with ICT, control and automation architectures to enable new grid services with the development of interfaces between the active components. The second working group has been focused on topics related to microgrids and energy communities forming Functional Scenario 2 to support the local microgrid and energy community development by enabling flexibility services locally with ICT and control including exploitation of grid intelligence. While the third working group has been working on the survey results on sector coupling and multi-energy systems with Functional Scenario 3 anticipating a massive roll-out of power-to-X components in the near future by developing system level understanding of the impacts on the electrical domain. The fourth working group has been focused on grid management and overall the perspectives of Distribution System Operators (DSOs) and Transmission System Operators (TSOs) resulting in Functional Scenario 4 assuring frequency and voltage stability in low inertia systems through capabilities of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), Distributed Generation (DG), controllable loads and storage systems as well as ICT and control systems. The fifth working group has been based on the survey results comprising of aggregation, flexibility, market and reserve topics and defined Functional Scenario 5 to focus on communication functionality for aggregation, service matching, fail-over, configuration, and interoperability addressing scale-related properties of aggregation and control solutions. Lastly, the sixth working group has been focused on digitalisation including wide range of topics such as ICT infrastructure, communication, automation, control and monitoring. Functional Scenario 6 explores the impact of ICT solutions on the physical (electrical power) system covering new applications of data and data processing as well as new paths for exchanging data.The Functional Scenario templates used during the brainstorming workshop have been included in the Appendix B: Functional Scenario Templates.The work started in NA4.1 will continue in NA4.2 and NA4.4 with discussions on more detailed definitions of the test cases which will initially provide the inputs for other project activities. The discourse on the Functional Scenarios is also assumed to support ERIGrid 2.0 physical lab and virtual access work and decision-making beyond ERIGrid 2.0.

Electricity pricing policy can be an effective instrument for achieving electricity conservation. Time-varying electricity pricing, in particular, can contribute to more efficient utilization of existing production capacity, allowing for build-up of additional capacity to be postponed. Time differentiated prices should provide an economic incentive to customers to modify consumption patterns by reducing peak demand and shifting electricity consumption from peak to off-peak periods. In this work, the effectiveness of time-varying tariffs on residential prosumers, was investigated. The results indicated that the percentage of total consumption measured during peak hours was reduced by 3.19%, 1.03% and 1.40% for the summer, middle and winter season respectively. Additionally, a regression analysis of the hourly consumption data led to the conclusion that the developed Time of Use (ToU) tariff structure was a major driver in persuading the prosumers to change their energy behaviour. 1 6

Accurate day-ahead photovoltaic (PV) power output forecasting techniques are important both for grid and plant operators. In this work, a machine learning model was implemented based on gradient boosting machine (GBM), for accurate PV production forecasting. The accuracy of the developed model was experimentally verified on a test system installed in Cyprus. The basic methodology followed was to train and optimize different developed GBM PV production day-ahead forecasting models with acquired data-sets and construct relationships between the input and output features. The final optimal developed GBM model included 7 inputs, 1000 trees with 10 minimum observations on each node and a shrinkage level set to 0.001. The prediction results obtained when the test set was applied to the model, demonstrated that the nRMSE was 0.80 %, while some days were exhibiting accuracies close to 0.50 %. Finally, the forecasting performance assessment results obtained when the test set and numerical weather prediction (NWP) data were applied to the optimal designed model, showed a nRMSE of 7.9 % with 55 % of the test set days exhibiting nRMSE below 5 %. The error relative to the capacity of the system for all points during clear sky conditions was in most cases less than 0.1 W/Wp. 2371 2375

In recent years, residential electricity consumption has been rapidly increasing, leading to inevitable power grid reinforcement. To cope with these challenges Demand Side Management (DSM) can play an important role and Time of use (ToU) pricing is increasingly seen as the most viable DSM option by policy-makers. However, it is imperative to investigate how an alteration of electricity prices will affect the power utilities as well as the consumers. This paper assesses the development of a ToU tariff structure and its impacts on a pilot-network of residential prosumers in terms of changes in electricity demand and peak load shifting. The obtained results demonstrated that the percentage of total consumption measured during peak hours was reduced by 3.19%, 1.03% and 1.40% for the summer, middle and winter season, respectively. Additionally, a comparison of the average annual consumption of the smart prosumers with the rest of the consumers indicated a sizable reduction of 2.18% leading to the conclusion that the developed ToU tariff structure was the motivating force for the prosumers to change their energy behaviour. 1 6

The integration of battery energy storage systems (BESS) to existing grid-connected residential PV systems can reduce issues stemming from the increased PV penetration and at the same time improve the performance of the existing system. In this paper, a methodology for determining the optimal sizing of BESS is presented based on a clustering method by considering energy profiles of residential prosumers in Cyprus. As such, the daily energy required for residential premises with existing 3 kWp photovoltaic system in Cyprus is determined in three primary clusters. The clustering procedure is carried out based on the daily import electricity profiles recorded for the prosumers over the period of one year which revealed the daily energy needs of each cluster targeting to maximize self-consumption. Additionally, the battery capacity level of each cluster is compared with the daily export electricity of each prosumer within the same cluster to reveal the amount of users with enough surplus electricity to meet the capacity requirement of each cluster. Finally, a power rate dimensioning of the BESS power converter is performed by analyzing the import power measurements over the one year test period.

Electricity networks are undergoing revolutionary changes. The backbone of these changes is a modern electricity distribution system that encompasses smart technologies and services, a smart grid. As with many transformative technologies and services, there is a degree of uncertainty around the expected benefits and costs that are variable and highly dependent on the exact deployment area. The focus of this paper is to present a contextual-based methodology to determine and quantify the costs and benefits of a large-scale deployment of smart metering and time-varying pricing in isolated power networks with high shares of photovoltaic (PV) systems. 2430 2434

In order to increase the efficient allocation of renewable energy sources (RES), the microgrid concept has been arisen, as a controllable entity being able to operate both grid-connected and isolated in island mode. In distribution grids with a high RES potential like Cyprus island, the microgrids can play a significant role. This paper deals with the future transformation of the campus of the University of Cyprus (UCY) into a fully operational microgrid with a large photovoltaic (PV) installation and energy storage systems. The benefits of the Distributed System Operator (DSO) can be multidirectional, especially considering the non-interconnected nature of the Cyprus distribution grid. A quantitative analysis of the benefits of the DSO is presented in order to make this microgrid viable under different load and pricing scenarios, while a comprehensive analysis for selecting the optimal energy storage system is demonstrated. All the results are based on real measurements from the field depicting a very close to reality model. 1 6

Microgrids (μG) are an emerging and promising concept for the integration of distributed Renewable Energy Sources (RES) into the power grid by introducing local coordination of controllable distributed energy sources. The University of Cyprus (UCY) plans to evolve the whole campus into a μG with a 10 MWp PV and respective Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). The campus is ideal for a μG because it is connected to the national grid through only one Point of Common Coupling (PCC). The μG will target, among others, the reduction of the UCY electricity bill (e.g. by improved time of use and self-consumption) and will provide ancillary services such as voltage regulation at the PCC. This paper presents an analysis on optimizing the required PV power and BESS size (power and energy), control and technology based on the University’s load profile and the solar insolation in Cyprus. Furthermore, the cost of the proposed solution and operational reliability / flexibility of the system are compared for a centralized (single BESS for the whole campus) and distributed (one BESS per faculty building) storage solution. The imported and exported energy from/to the grid is priced based on the net-metering scheme that is currently in place in Cyprus. In addition to the flat net-metering tariff, the energy management system will utilize a simulated time of use tariff (Peak, Off-Peak, Intermediate) aiming to achieve peak shaving during peak hours by the use of PV and stored energy from off-peak hours. It is planned to analyse and determine the optimum BESS size and technology based on the tariff scheme, load and battery capital cost. It is therefore imperative that the optimum size and technology of the BESS is obtained in order to avoid a long payback period and to meet the UCY campus requirements

With the existing energy systems and electricity grids worldwide being developed as smart systems and grids with increased renewable energy in general, there are critical needs in smart grid knowledge, development, testing, demonstration, evaluation, education and training. The University of Cyprus (UCY) is presently establishing a complete new green-field campus in Nicosia and is looking at the opportunity to introduce smart, sustainable and cost and energy efficient solutions for the energy services at the campus as a truly smart grid living lab. As part of this vision, UCY plans to install 10MWp PV capacity and 1MW/1MWh battery storage at the campus. This paper presents the specific context of the power system in Cyprus and the future UCY microgrid along with the possible and expected impacts of the PV plant and Battery Energy Storage System. The battery control strategies are tested at the experimental facility SYSLAB at The Technical University of Denmark (DTU).; With the existing energy systems and electricity grids worldwide being developed as smart systems and grids with increased renewable energy in general, there are critical needs in smart grid knowledge, development, testing, demonstration, evaluation, education and training. The University of Cyprus (UCY) is presently establishing a complete new green-field campus in Nicosia and is looking at the opportunity to introduce smart, sustainable and cost and energy efficient solutions for the energy services at the campus as a truly smart grid living lab. As part of this vision, UCY plans to install 10MWp PV capacity and 1MW/1MWh battery storage at the campus. This paper presents the specific context of the power system in Cyprus and the future UCY microgrid along with the possible and expected impacts of the PV plant and Battery Energy Storage System. The battery control strategies are tested at the experimental facility SYSLAB at The Technical University of Denmark (DTU).

With the existing energy systems and electricity grids worldwide being developed as smart systems and grids with increased renewable energy in general, there are critical needs in smart grid knowledge, development, testing, demonstration, evaluation, education and training. The University of Cyprus (UCY) is presently establishing a complete new green-field campus in Nicosia and is looking at the opportunity to introduce smart, sustainable and cost and energy efficient solutions for the energy services at the campus as a truly smart grid living lab. As part of this vision, UCY plans to install 10MWp PV capacity and 1MW/1MWh battery storage at the campus. This paper presents the specific context of the power system in Cyprus and the future UCY microgrid along with the possible and expected impacts of the PV plant and Battery Energy Storage System. The battery control strategies are tested at the experimental facility SYSLAB at The Technical University of Denmark (DTU).

Microgrids (μG) are an emerging and promising concept for the integration of distributed Renewable Energy Sources (RES) into the power grid by introducing local coordination of controllable distributed energy sources. The University of Cyprus (UCY) plans to evolve the whole campus into a μG with a 10 MWp PV and respective Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). The campus is ideal for a μG because it is connected to the national grid through only one Point of Common Coupling (PCC). The μG will target, among others, the reduction of the UCY electricity bill (e.g. by improved time of use and self-consumption) and will provide ancillary services such as voltage regulation at the PCC. This paper presents an analysis on optimizing the required PV power and BESS size (power and energy), control and technology based on the University’s load profile and the solar insolation in Cyprus. Furthermore, the cost of the proposed solution and operational reliability / flexibility of the system are compared for a centralized (single BESS for the whole campus) and distributed (one BESS per faculty building) storage solution. The imported and exported energy from/to the grid is priced based on the net-metering scheme that is currently in place in Cyprus. In addition to the flat net-metering tariff, the energy management system will utilize a simulated time of use tariff (Peak, Off-Peak, Intermediate) aiming to achieve peak shaving during peak hours by the use of PV and stored energy from off-peak hours. It is planned to analyse and determine the optimum BESS size and technology based on the tariff scheme, load and battery capital cost. It is therefore imperative that the optimum size and technology of the BESS is obtained in order to avoid a long payback period and to meet the UCY campus requirements

Microgrids (μG) are an emerging and promising concept for the integration of distributed Renewable Energy Sources (RES) into the power grid by introducing local coordination of controllable distributed energy sources. The University of Cyprus (UCY) plans to evolve the whole campus into a μG with a 10 MWp PV and respective Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). The campus is ideal for a μG because it is connected to the national grid through only one Point of Common Coupling (PCC). The μG will target, among others, the reduction of the UCY electricity bill (e.g. by improved time of use and self-consumption) and will provide ancillary services such as voltage regulation at the PCC. This paper presents an analysis on optimizing the required PV power and BESS size (power and energy), control and technology based on the University’s load profile and the solar insolation in Cyprus. Furthermore, the cost of the proposed solution and operational reliability / flexibility of the system are compared for a centralized (single BESS for the whole campus) and distributed (one BESS per faculty building) storage solution. The imported and exported energy from/to the grid is priced based on the net-metering scheme that is currently in place in Cyprus. In addition to the flat net-metering tariff, the energy management system will utilize a simulated time of use tariff (Peak, Off-Peak, Intermediate) aiming to achieve peak shaving during peak hours by the use of PV and stored energy from off-peak hours. It is planned to analyse and determine the optimum BESS size and technology based on the tariff scheme, load and battery capital cost. It is therefore imperative that the optimum size and technology of the BESS is obtained in order to avoid a long payback period and to meet the UCY campus requirements

This deliverable describes the work conducted in ERIGrid 2.0 task NA4.1 ’Definition of Functional Scenarios’. The work has been conducted via a survey and a brainstorming workshop. The results are six Functional Scenarios: Ancillary services provided by Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and active grid assets, Microgrids & energy communities, Sector coupling, Frequency and voltage stability in inverter dominated power systems, Aggregation and flexibility management, and Digitalisation, which describe the overarching topics within ERIGrid 2.0. The Functional Scenarios will be used as an input in further ERIGrid 2.0 work. Smart grid and smart energy systems solutions have become complex and multidisciplinary. With the further integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and other energy systems new testing scenarios, profiles, and processes must be defined. In order to achieve this, big trends affecting research, testing, and validation processes have been reviewed, with a special focus on new aspects such as interoperability testing or digitalisation. The scenario descriptions define requirements, actors, etc. on a functional level. ERIGrid 2.0 work package NA4 ’Iterative Creation of Scenarios and Test Case Profiles’ addresses these needs. This work has been conducted with emphasis on the alignment with the European Green Deal, further support on the technology validation and roll-out phases, and further integration of the research infrastructures. A Functional Scenario has been defined as an umbrella term comprising of motivation and relevance for ERIGrid 2.0, system descriptions, use case and test case descriptions, and experimental setup descriptions. Each scenario has a single core idea and is formed on the basis of inclusiveness. Functional Scenarios consider several high-level scenarios in other projects and networks as a background forming the overall circumstances in which the Functional Scenario is considered. The high-level scenarios provide a holistic understanding of the current status and development while also highlighting future visions and requirements impacting the Functional Scenarios. The high-level scenarios also address the high-level drivers for the Functional Scenarios, such as needs for digitalisation of the smart energy systems. Furthermore, Functional Scenarios are related to the generic system configurations developed in ERIGrid and consider the work conducted in ERIGrid as a strong background for ERIGrid 2.0. The necessity for a mutual understanding of scenarios which are of interest to the ERIGrid 2.0 partners and their research infrastructures and in alignment of the project objectives, led to conducting a survey regarding the first actions of the NA4.1 work. The purpose of this survey was to gather inputs on a set of Functional Scenarios that were analysed in more detail to deduce the most relevant approaches for ERIGrid 2.0. Overall, 15 partners participated in the survey and submitted 35 scenarios. The survey results include scenarios on sector coupling, multi-energy systems, ICT and automation, energy communities, microgrids and low- inertia grids, and stability, control and grid code challenges. Detailed descriptions of Functional Scenarios submitted to the survey are presented in Appendix A: Functional Scenario Survey Data of this deliverable. The formation of the Functional Scenarios was organised in six working groups, each of which focused on a single Functional Scenario. The decision on the six Functional Scenario was taken during the NA4 regular meetings and the brainstorming workshop itself based on the results of the Functional Scenario survey. The focus of the first working group has been on a component focused scenario developed based on the survey results on DERs and inverters. The resulting Functional Scenario 1 integrates key components, such as DER inverters and controllers with ICT, control and automation architectures to enable new grid services with the development of interfaces between the active components. The second working group has been focused on topics related to microgrids and energy communities forming Functional Scenario 2 to support the local microgrid and energy community development by enabling flexibility services locally with ICT and control including exploitation of grid intelligence. While the third working group has been working on the survey results on sector coupling and multi-energy systems with Functional Scenario 3 anticipating a massive roll-out of power-to-X components in the near future by developing system level understanding of the impacts on the electrical domain. The fourth working group has been focused on grid management and overall the perspectives of Distribution System Operators (DSOs) and Transmission System Operators (TSOs) resulting in Functional Scenario 4 assuring frequency and voltage stability in low inertia systems through capabilities of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), Distributed Generation (DG), controllable loads and storage systems as well as ICT and control systems. The fifth working group has been based on the survey results comprising of aggregation, flexibility, market and reserve topics and defined Functional Scenario 5 to focus on communication functionality for aggregation, service matching, fail-over, configuration, and interoperability addressing scale-related properties of aggregation and control solutions. Lastly, the sixth working group has been focused on digitalisation including wide range of topics such as ICT infrastructure, communication, automation, control and monitoring. Functional Scenario 6 explores the impact of ICT solutions on the physical (electrical power) system covering new applications of data and data processing as well as new paths for exchanging data. The Functional Scenario templates used during the brainstorming workshop have been included in the Appendix B: Functional Scenario Templates. The work started in NA4.1 will continue in NA4.2 and NA4.4 with discussions on more detailed definitions of the test cases which will initially provide the inputs for other project activities. The discourse on the Functional Scenarios is also assumed to support ERIGrid 2.0 physical lab and virtual access work and decision-making beyond ERIGrid 2.0.

Η συνεχής αύξηση της ενεργειακής κατανάλωσης, η μη ορθολογική χρήση της ενέργειας, η διαρκής εξάρτηση από ορυκτές ενεργειακές πηγές, έχουν δημιουργήσει έντονα περιβαλλοντικά, οικονομικά, πολιτικά και κοινωνικά προβλήματα τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες σε παγκόσμιο, ευρωπαϊκό, εθνικό, αλλά και ατομικό επίπεδο. Το ευρύ φάσμα αυτών των προβλημάτων αποτέλεσε πολλές φορές την αφορμή προβληματισμού της διεθνούς κοινότητας σχετικά με το πρότυπο ανάπτυξης που ακολουθείται και τη χάραξη πολιτικής που θα μπορεί να εξυπηρετεί με επάρκεια και δικαιοσύνη τις σημερινές και μελλοντικές ανάγκες του ανθρώπου. Η ανάγκη για ενεργειακή αυτάρκεια και απεξάρτηση των κρατών από εισαγόμενα καύσιμα, ιδίως από χώρες με ασταθείς πολιτικές και κοινωνικές καταστάσεις, καθώς και η ανάγκη για αποκεντρωμένη ανάπτυξη και τόνωση της τοπικής απασχόλησης ενισχύει την αντίληψη για αλλαγή και κυρίως βελτίωση του σημερινού παγκόσμιου ενεργειακού σκηνικού. Η Κύπρος ακολουθώντας τις οδηγίες και τους κανονισμούς της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης έχει κάνει την τελευταία δεκαετία σημαντικά βήματα στην αξιοποίηση των ΑΠΕ τα οποία όμως δεν μπορούν σε καμιά περίπτωση να θεωρηθούν επαρκή, δεδομένων των σημερινών ενεργειακών αναγκών. Πολλά δημόσια κτίρια του νησιού καταναλώνουν υπέρογκα ποσά ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας που επιβαρύνουν οικονομικά το κράτος. Ένα από αυτά είναι και το Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Λεμεσού. Το τεράστιο μέγεθος του κτιρίου αλλά και η αδιάκοπη λειτουργία των ιατρικών μηχανημάτων οδηγούν σε ένα τεράστιο φορτίο το οποίο πρέπει να ικανοποιείται καθημερινώς. Σε αυτό το πλαίσιο, αντικείμενο της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η κατάθεση μιας ολοκληρωμένης πρότασης για την εγκατάσταση ΑΠΕ στο Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Λεμεσού. Για το σκοπό αυτό μελετάμε τρείς διαφορετικές περιπτώσεις. Η πρώτη αφορά ένα Φ/Β σύστημα διασυνδεδεμένο με το δίκτυο. Η δεύτερη ένα υβριδικό σύστημα διασυνδεμένο στο δίκτυο ενώ στη τελευταία περίπτωση εξετάζεται η ενεργειακή αυτονομία του κτιρίου. Πολλές είναι εκείνες οι προσπάθειες και έρευνες που έχουν καταβληθεί στον τομέα της ενεργειακής αυτονομίας περιοχών αλλά και κτιρίων με μεγάλη ή μικρότερη επιτυχία, δίνοντας, όμως, πάντα το στίγμα των σημερινών επιταγών που επιβάλλονται από την ανάγκη της κοινωνίας για “καθαρότερες” ενεργειακές μορφές, μικρότερη εξάρτηση από εισαγόμενες πηγές ενέργειας και συστήματα ηλεκτροπαραγωγής με περισσότερη αξιοπιστία. Ο σχεδιασμός και η βελτιστοποίηση αυτών των συστημάτων, τα οποία μπορούν και συνδυάζουν περισσότερες από μία μορφές ενέργειας, είναι το στοίχημα των σημερινών επιστημονικών και τεχνολογικών ερευνών. Σήμερα, ο βέλτιστος συνδυασμός των αυτόνομων υβριδικών ενεργειακών συστημάτων μπορεί να επιτευχθεί μέσω πιθανοτικών, επαναληπτικών, γραφικών ή πολυκριτηριακών τεχνικών, ενώ μέσω της αξιοποίησης των οικονομικών δεικτών (Καθαρή Παρούσα Αξία, Εσωτερικός Βαθμός Απόδοσης, Ανάλυση Κύκλου Ζωής κλπ) επιτυγχάνεται η οικονομοτεχνική αξιολόγηση των συστημάτων αυτών. Τα τελευταία χρόνια, δεν είναι λίγα τα λογισμικά που έχουν αναπτυχθεί προκειμένου να βοηθούν στο σχεδιασμό, στην τεχνική και οικονομική αξιολόγηση, ή και ακόμα στην αριστοποίησή των ενεργειακών επενδύσεων. Λογισμικά, όπως το EnergyPLAN, το energyPRO, το H2RES, το TRNSYS16, το RETScreen, το PV*SOL και το HOMER, χρησιμοποιούνται ως εργαλεία σχεδιασμού, τεχνικοοικονομικής και περιβαλλοντικής αξιολόγησης ενεργειακών συστημάτων, τα οποία συνδυάζουν μία ή και περισσότερες μορφές ενέργειας και βρίσκονται συνδεδεμένα ή μη στο κεντρικό δίκτυο. Στην περίπτωση της πρότασης της εν λόγω εργασίας χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τα λογισμικά HOMER και PV*SOL. Με το πρώτο εργαλείο ο χρήστης έχει τη δυνατότητα να συνδυάσει πηγές ενέργειας, όπως οι Α/Γ, τα Φ/Β, τα υδροηλεκτρικά, οι κυψέλες υδρογόνου, οι ντιζελογεννήτριες, με μέγεθος που αυτός επιθυμεί, και έπειτα από πλήθος προσομοιώσεων να επιλέξει το σύστημα με τα καλύτερα για αυτόν τεχνικά, οικονομικά και περιβαλλοντικά χαρακτηριστικά. Από την άλλη, το PV*SOL αποτελεί ένα εργαλείο με το οποίο ο χρήστης μπορεί να σχεδιάσει πλήρως ένα Φ/Β σύστημα συμπεριλαμβανομένου και του κτιρίου ή της περιοχής εγκατάστασης λαμβάνοντας υπόψη κύριους παράγοντες, όπως η σκίαση, που επηρεάζουν την απόδοση του συστήματος. Βέβαια, η ανάλυση ευαισθησίας σε παραμέτρους των συστημάτων, όπως τα αρχικά κόστη, το ύψος δανεισμού, το επιτόκιο δανεισμού, η περίοδος χρέους και άλλα, μπορούν να διαμορφώσουν πλήθος συσχετισμών που να επιτρέπουν την οικονομική βιωσιμότητα συστημάτων ηλεκτρικής παραγωγής, τα οποία με μια πρώτη ανάγνωση μοιάζουν μη εφικτά και οικονομικά μη συμφέροντα. Χαρακτηριστικό παράδειγμα της συγκεκριμένης διαπίστωσης, που απορρέει από την ανάλυση ευαισθησίας, είναι πως το ύψος των οικονομικών κινήτρων, όπως οι επιδοτήσεις και τα χαμηλότοκα δάνεια, μπορούν να δώσουν ώθηση στην ανάπτυξη συστημάτων παραγωγής ηλεκτρισμού από ΑΠΕ, ακόμα και με αποκλειστική χρήση αυτών. Όλα τα παραπάνω αναλύονται διεξοδικά σε όλη την έκταση της παρούσας εργασίας, αναλύοντας το πρόβλημα τεχνοοικονομικής μελέτης για εγκατάσταση ΑΠΕ στο Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Λεμεσού. Συγκεκριμένα, το Κεφάλαιο 1 αποτελεί μια αναφορά στο σημερινό ενεργειακό πρόβλημα, πως αυτό έχει προσεγγισθεί σε παγκόσμιο, ευρωπαϊκό και εθνικό επίπεδο και τις προσπάθειες που γίνονται προκειμένου να αντιμετωπισθεί με αποτελεσματικότητα. Αναφορά γίνεται ταυτόχρονα και στην ενεργειακή κατάσταση στην οποία βρίσκεται η Κύπρος. Το Κεφάλαιο 2 περιγράφει πως οι πολιτικές που ακολουθούνται σήμερα συνάδουν με τις Οδηγίες και τους Κανονισμούς της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης για ανατροπή του σύγχρονου ενεργειακού σκηνικού. Ο κύριος σχολιασμός πραγματοποιείται επί των πολιτικών που σχετίζονται με την προώθηση των Ανανεώσιμων Πηγών Ενέργειας και πως αυτές μπορούν σήμερα να εγγυηθούν την ενεργειακή αυτονομία, την ασφάλεια στον ενεργειακό εφοδιασμό και την προστασία του περιβάλλοντος. Στο Κεφάλαιο 3 αναφέρονται οι βασικές τεχνολογίες και τα χαρακτηριστικά των ΑΠΕ που συμμετέχουν στη δημιουργία των υβριδικών συστημάτων παραγωγής ενέργειας που προτείνονται για το Νοσοκομείο Λεμεσού. Συγκεκριμένα, περιγράφονται τα δομικά χαρακτηριστικά των Φ/Β συστημάτων, των ανεμογεννητριών, των αντιστροφέων αλλά και ντιζελογεννητριών, ενώ πραγματοποιείται μια πρώτη προσέγγιση στην παγκόσμια και κυπριακή ενεργειακή αγορά. Το Κεφάλαιο 4 αποτελεί το σημείο στο οποίο περιγράφεται αναλυτικά η περιοχή μελέτης, οι κλιματολογικές της συνθήκες, ενώ παράλληλα, γίνεται και μια εισαγωγή στα συστήματα που είναι διασυνδεδεμένα με το δίκτυο και τις συνθήκες που πρέπει να πληρούν. Στη συνέχεια γίνεται αναφορά της νεοεισαχθείς για τα κυπριακά δρόμενα μεθόδου, της τεχνολογίας Συμψηφισμού Μετρήσεων (Net-Metering). Τέλος γίνεται αναφορά για τα αυτόνομα υβριδικά συστήματα και τις χρήσεις τους. Στο Κεφάλαιο 5 πραγματοποιείται η τεχνοοικονομική μελέτη εγκατάστασης Φ/Β συστήματος στην οροφή του Νοσοκομείου. Συγκεκριμένα σε πρώτη φάση παρουσιάζονται λεπτομερώς τα βήματα για μια ολοκληρωμένη μελέτη. Στη συνέχεια προβάλλονται τα αποτελέσματα της εξομοίωσης που αφορούν τα κύρια χαρακτηριστικά του συστήματος, όπως η ονομαστική ισχύς, το Καθαρό Παρόν Κόστος, η απόδοση κλπ. Επεκτείνοντας την αρχική μελέτη, στο Κεφάλαιο 6 γίνεται η εξομοίωση ενός υβριδικού συστήματος διασυνδεδεμένου στο δίκτυο, στο οποίο εκτός από Φ/Β πλαίσια έχουμε συμπεριλάβει και Α/Γ. Σε δεύτερη φάση μελετάμε ένα σύστημα αυτοπαραγωγής. Για τις δύο αυτές μελέτες χρησιμοποιήθηκε το λογισμικό HOMER. Τέλος στο Κεφάλαιο 7, συμπυκνώνονται όλα τα συμπεράσματα και οι παρατηρήσεις των τεχνοοικονομικών και περιβαλλοντικών αξιολογήσεων των συστημάτων παραγωγής ηλεκτρισμού, ενώ παράλληλα γίνεται μια σύγκριση σχετικά με τη πιο συμφέρουσα πρόταση με κριτήριο τη μικρότερη αρχική επένδυση με το μεγαλύτερο δυνατό κέρδος. Έχοντας πάντα ως πρωταρχικό στόχο τα κριτήρια αυτά καταλήγουμε στο συμπέρασμα ότι η ιδανικότερη λύση είναι η περίπτωση του διασυνδεδεμένου υβριδικού συστήματος, η οποία αποφέρει το μεγαλύτερο κέρδος, μειώνοντας παράλληλα τις εκπομπές ρύπων, αφού χρησιμοποιεί αποκλειστικά ανανεώσιμες πηγές. Στη συνέχεια παρατίθενται κάποιες προτάσεις για περαιτέρω έρευνα και σε άλλα κτίρια, οι οποίες μπορούν να βοηθήσουν στην ανατροπή του σημερινού ενεργειακού προβλήματος του νησιού. The continuous increase in energy consumption, the irrational use of energy, the continuous dependence on fossil energy sources, have generated intense environmental, economic, political and social problems in recent decades at global, European, national, and individual level. The wide range of these problems has often given rise reflection of the international community about the development model followed and policy that can serve with competence and fairness of current and future human needs. The need for energy self-sufficiency and independence of states from imported fuels, particularly from countries with unstable political and social situations, the need for decentralized development and boost local employment reinforces the perception of change and especially improving the current global energy scene. Cyprus, following the guidelines and European Union regulations, has made important steps in the development of renewable sources the last decade, but which may in no case be considered sufficient, given the current energy needs. Many public buildings on the island consume huge amounts of electricity that cost the state. One of them is the Limassol General Hospital. The sheer size of the building and the uninterrupted operation of medical equipment lead to a huge load which must be met daily. In this context, the subject of this thesis is the submission of a complete proposal for installing RES in Limassol General Hospital. For this purpose we study three different cases. The first concerns a PV system connected to the grid. The second a hybrid system interconnected to the grid while in the last case the energy autonomy of the building is considered. Many are those efforts and research have been made in the field of energy autonomy areas and buildings, some with large success and some with less, giving, however, always the mark of current requirements imposed by society's need for "cleaner" forms of energy, less dependence on imported energy sources and power systems with more reliability. The design and optimization of these systems, which can combine more than one form of energy, is the bet of the current scientific and technological research. Today, the optimal combination of autonomous hybrid energy systems can be achieved through probabilistic, repetitive, graphics or multicriteria techniques, and through the use of financial indicators (NPV, IRR, LCA etc.) achieve the financial and evaluation systems thereof. In recent years, there are few software have been developed to assist in the design, technical and economic evaluation, or even in the optimization of energy investments. Software like EnergyPLAN, the energyPRO, the H2RES, the TRNSYS16, the RETScreen, the PV*SOL and HOMER, used as planning tools, logistical and environmental evaluation of energy systems, which combine one or more forms of energy and are connected or not in the grid. In the case of the proposal of this thesis the software HOMER and PV*SOL were used. In the first software, the user is able to combine energy sources, such as WT, the PV, hydroelectric, hydrogen cells, the diesel generators, size he desires, and then a plurality of simulations to select the system the best for this technical, economic and environmental characteristics. On the other hand, PV*SOL is a tool with which the user can fully design a PV system, including the building or installation area taking into account key factors, such as shading, affecting system performance. Of course, the sensitivity analysis on parameters of systems, including initial costs, the loan amount, the interest rate, the debt term and others, can form correlations that allow the economic viability of the electrical power system, which at first they look not practicably and economically profitable. A typical example of this verification, resulting from the sensitivity analysis, is that the level of financial incentives, such as grants and soft loans, may give impetus to the development of electricity production from RES systems, even with exclusive use. All the above discussed thoroughly throughout this work, analyzing a techno-economic study for installing RES in Limassol General Hospital. Specifically, Chapter 1 is a reference to the current energy problem that has approximated at global, European and national levels and what efforts are made to address effectively. Reference is made simultaneously in the energy situation of the Cyprus. Chapter 2 describes how the policies pursued today are in line with the Directives and EU Regulations for the overthrow of modern energy scene. The main commentary is based on the policies related to the promotion of renewable energy and how they can now guarantee energy independence, the security of energy supply and environmental protection. Chapter 3 sets out the key technologies and characteristics of RES involved in the installation of hybrid power systems proposed for Limassol Hospital. Specifically, the structural characteristics of PV panels, WT, inverters and diesel generators are described, while making a first approach to the global and Cypriot energy market. In Chapter 4 details of the study area and the climatic conditions are pointed out, while an introduction to the systems which are interconnected through the network and the conditions that must prerequisite, is made. Followed by a reference of the newly introduced, for Cyprus standards, method of Net-Metering. Finally reference to the autonomous hybrid systems and their uses, is made. In Chapter 5 the techno-economic study of PV system installation on the roof of the hospital is carried out. Initially the steps for a comprehensive study are detailed. Then the results of the simulation on the main features of the system, such as rated power, the Net Present Cost, performance etc are viewed. Extending the initial study, in Chapter 6, in addition to PV panels we included WT, leading to a hybrid system connected to the grid. In the second phase a self-fed system is proposed. For these studies we used the HOMER software. Finally, in Chapter 7, all the conclusions and observations of the techno-economic and environmental assessments of power generation systems are concentrated, while the most advantageous proposal in terms of lower initial investment with the greatest possible profit is searched. Having as primary objective that criteria we conclude that the ideal solution is the case of interconnected hybrid system, which offers the most profit while reducing emissions, since it uses only renewable sources. Some proposals for further research and other buildings, which can help to reverse the current energy problem on the island, are suggested.