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A simple, efficient, and ecofriendly method was employed to synthesize TiO2/ZrO2/SiO2 ternary nanocomposites using Prunus × yedoensis leaf extract (PYLE) that shows improved photocatalytic and antibacterial properties. The characterization of the obtained nanocomposites was done by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic (EDS) analysis. The synthesized ternary nanocomposites with nanoscale pore diameters were investigated for the elimination of Reactive Red 120 (RR120) dye. The obtained results showed about 96.2% removal of RR120 dye from aqueous solution under sunlight irradiation. Furthermore, it shows promising antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The improved photocatalytic and antibacterial activity of TiO2/ZrO2/SiO2 may bring unique insights into the production of ternary nanocomposites and their applications in the environment and biomedical field.

Cancer of lung is the utmost typical cause of death and the number of cases is increasing rapidly, which has emerged as a major leading health problem. A large amount of reports suggested that Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] in cigarette smoke plays the major function in an initiation of cancer of lung. Cancer prevention or chemoprevention has become a compelling approach recently for treatment of lung cancer. So, discovering a fresh candidate with reduced toxicity for targeting lung cancer is vital and urgent. Sinapic acid which is a widely extracted in various vegetables and fruit exhibits rich anti-oxidant content, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activity. But, the chemopreventive action of sinapic acid against lung cancer initiated by B[a]P remain unclear. Following, an in-vivo B[a]P-stimulated lung cancer in swiss albino mice and an in-vitro human lung cancer cell (A549) model were established to examine the chemopreventive activities of sinapic acid. The levels of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), oxidative and inflammatory markers, and tumor markers level was studied using kits and standard methods. The results showed administration of sinapic acid ameliorates the exposure of B[a]P mediated lung cancer in swiss albino mice by a decline in IgG and IgM level, leukocyte count, neutrophil function tests, soluble immune complex, lipid peroxidation, pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor markers (AHH, LDH, GGT, 5′NT and CEA) and enhanced phagocytic index, activity index and antioxidant defense enzymes. In addition, in-vitro studies showed potential cytotoxicity against human lung cancer and exhibited a potential cytotoxic (MTT assay) and apoptotic activity by elevation of ROS production and caspase activity (caspase-3 and caspase-9). Collectively, the results, clearly specifies sinapic acid can be utilized as an effective chemo preventative agent against lung carcinogenesis.

Microbial infections are a general public health problem worldwide, and their resistance to antibiotics has increased rapidly. The prevention of microbial growth on the surface of cotton fabric is essential to control skin-related infections. In this work, we evaluated A.calamus- zinc oxide nanoparticle (AC-ZnONPs) coated cotton fabrics for antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. The formulated AC-ZnONPs were characterized by UV-spectrophotometer, SEM, EDX, FT-IR, and TEM studies. The AC-ZnONPs amalgamation into the cotton fabrics was done by the dipping technique. The antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic activity were executed by standard approaches. The results of UV-spectrophotometer, TEM, and SEM, and EDX proved the formation and existence of AC-ZnONPs on the fabrics' surface. FT-IR results demonstrated the existence of numerous functional groups. AC-ZnONPs efficiently suppressed the growth of the pathogenic microbes with a maximum inhibition at 60 μg of AC-ZnONPs against E.coli and S.aureus. The AC-ZnONPs coated fabrics also prevented microbial growth with maximum inhibition against P.aeruginosa, K.oxytoca, and A.baumanii. In addition, AC-ZnONPs efficiently suppressed the viability of SK-MEL-3 cells. Altogether, our findings disclosed that the AC-ZnONPs coated fabrics displayed excellent antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic microbes and could be utilized in the medical fields in the future.

In the present study, Mo-BiVO4-loaded and metal oxide (MO: Ag2Ox, CoOx, and CuOx)-loaded Mo-BiVO4 photocatalysts were synthesized using a wet impregnation method and applied for microbial inactivation (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) and orange II dye degradation under visible-light (VL) conditions (λ ≥ 420 nm). The amount of MO cocatalysts loaded onto the surface of the Mo-BiVO4 photocatalysts was effectively controlled by varying their weight percentages (i.e., 1-3 wt %). Among the pure Mo-BiVO4, Ag2Ox-, CoOx-, and CuOx-loaded Mo-BiVO4 photocatalysts used in bacterial E. coli and S. aureus inactivation under VL irradiation, the 2 wt % CuOx-loaded Mo-BiVO4 photocatalyst showed the highest degradation efficiency of E. coli (97%) and S. aureus (99%). Additionally, the maximum orange II dye degradation efficiency (80.2%) was achieved over the CuOx (2 wt %)-loaded Mo-BiVO4 photocatalysts after 5 h of radiation. The bacterial inactivation results also suggested that the CuO x -loaded Mo-BiVO4 nanostructure has significantly improved antimicrobial ability as compared to CuOx/BiVO4. The enhancement of the inactivation performance of CuOx-loaded Mo-BiVO4 can be attributed to the synergistic effect of Mo doping and Cu2+ ions in CuOx, which further acted as an electron trap on the surface of Mo-BiVO4 and promoted fast transfer and separation of the photoelectron (e-)/hole (h+) pairs for growth of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, during the bacterial inactivation process, the ROS can disrupt the plasma membrane and destroy metabolic pathways, leading to bacterial cell death. Therefore, we provide a novel idea for visible-light-activated photocatalytic antibacterial approach for future disinfection applications.

Extensive use of neonicotinoid insecticides in recent decade had contaminated water and soil systems and poses serious environmental and health risk. Microbial degradation of toxic contaminants in the environment has been established as a sustainable tool towards its remediation. Under this context, the present study focused on the biodegradation of neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid, by bacterial strain Brucella intermedia PDB13 isolated from the gut of the acetamiprid exposed earthworms. To enhance acetamiprid biodegradation, suitable parameters such as pH, temperature, inoculum size and acetamiprid concentration range were optimised using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The experimental results showed that the Brucella intermedium PDB13 can tolerate and degrade relatively high concentrations of acetamiprid (50 - 350 mg L

The use of dyes and segments has increased widely in recent years, but it poses a serious health risk to ecosystems. In this work, TiO

Herein, we report an Ag

Visible light-active rhodium and antimony-co-doped SrTiO3 nanocubes (Rh/Sb:SrTiO3 NCs) were synthesized at low temperatures from Rh/Sb:TiO2 nanorods by the molten salt flux method. The effects of different calcination temperatures (700, 800, and 900 °C) and addition of transition metal oxides (NiOx, CoOx, and CuOx) on the photocatalytic properties of the Rh/Sb:SrTiO3 NCs were studied. The phase composition and morphology of the Rh/Sb:SrTiO3 NC photocatalysts (after calcination) were characterized using standard analytical techniques. The synergistic effect of the metal oxides and Rh/Sb:SrTiO3 NCs boosted the photocatalytic degradation of orange II dye and bisphenol A as well as the inactivation of bacteria. 2 wt% CoOx-loaded Rh/Sb:SrTiO3 photocatalyst showed higher photocatalytic performance for the degradation of orange II (96.3%) and bisphenol A (87%) in aqueous solution than Ni (2 wt%) and Cu (2 wt%)-loaded Rh/Sb:SrTiO3 NC composites. In addition, inactivation of Escherichia coli (96%) and Staphylococcus aureus (97.1%) was achieved over CoOx (2 wt%)-loaded Rh/Sb:SrTiO3 for 2 h under visible light irradiation (λ ≥ 420 nm). Further, scavenging experiments confirmed that superoxide anion radicals (·O2−) and holes (h+) are the major active species and OH· is a minor species responsible for the photocatalytic degradation of the studied organic pollutants. The synthetic strategy presented here offers a novel approach to the design of highly active visible light active photocatalysts for the removal of organic pollutants and inactivation of bacteria in wastewater.

Background Around 30% world population affected by acute and chronic pain due to inflammation and accidental injuries. Pain is a uncomfortable sensation and it reduce the patients’ life quality. Objective The present exploration focuses to explore the beneficial effects of butein on the different chemical and thermal-provoked nociceptive and inflammatory mice models. Methodology The nociception was induced to the Swiss mice using different chemical (formalin, acetic acid, glutamate, and capsaicin) and thermal (hot plate and tail immersion) methods. the mice were supplemented with 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg of butein and respective standard drugs like morphine, diclofenac sodium, and dexamethasone. The anti-inflammatory effects of butein was studied using carrageenan-provoked inflammation in mice. Results The present findings clearly demonstrated that the butein was substantially lessened the different thermal and chemical provoked nociception in mice. The carrageenan-triggered paw edema and inflammatory cell infiltrations were appreciably suppressed by the butein treatment. The TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in the carrageenan-induced mice were effectively depleted by the butein. Conclusion Altogether, the present findings evidenced the potent antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of the butein in different nociceptive mice models.

Herein, we synthesized in-situ Zr-doped Fe

Hierarchical nanostructures play an important role in environmental clean-up and sustainability applications. The magnetic and photocatalytic characteristics of flower-like Mn-doped α-Fe

Green synthesis of scalable, high-quality, fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from natural biomass remains attractive due to their outstanding environmental application. CQDs are an emerging class of zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials (10 nm) that have recently attracted much attention due to their strong optical properties, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, uniform particle size, high photostability, low-cost synthesis, and highly tunable photoluminescence. The unique properties of CQDs possess a broad range of prospective applications in a number of fields such as metal ions detection, photocatalysis, sensing, medical diagnosis, bioimaging, and drug delivery. CQD nanostructures are synthesized using various techniques such as hydrothermal method, laser ablation, microwave irradiation, electrochemical oxidation, reflux method, and ultrasonication. However, this type of fabrication approach requires several chemical reactions including oxidation, carbonization, and pyrolysis. Green synthesis of CQDs has several advantages such as the use of low-cost and non-toxic raw materials, renewable resources, simple operations, and being environment-friendly. This review article will discuss the physicochemical properties of CQDs techniques used in the production of CQDs, and the stability of CQDs along with their applications in wastewater treatment and biomedical fields.

SnO

The current study mainly focused on the fabrication of 2D graphitic carbon nitride-supported tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO

Herein, we report a Ceria-graphitic oxide sheets (CeO

Background Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the common cancers that have a direct impact on the numerous facets of life. GC still remains a life threatening with one million mortalities per year worldwide. Objective In this work, we planned to formulate the Neodymium/Zinc oxide nanocomposites by using the Avaram Senna flower extract (AS-Nd/ZnONCs) and examine its anticancer potential against the GC AGS cells via inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Methodology The developed AS-Nd/ZnONCs were characterized by various techniques like UV–vis spectroscopy, XRD, FE-SEM, EDAX, FT-IR, and photoluminescence studies. Antibacterial assay was performed by well diffusion method. The anticancer potential of AS-Nd/ZnONCs were investigated against AGS cells by MTT, ROS and MMP measurement, and apoptotic cell death using respective fluorescence staining techniques. The cell adhesion and antioxidants status were detected by standard method. The mRNA expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling molecules was studied via RT-PCR technique. Results The formulated AS-Nd/ZnONCs exhibited the hexagonal wurtzite structure with 33.56 nm size. The outcomes of antibacterial assay proved that the AS-Nd/ZnONCs has remarkable antibacterial activity. The MTT assay evidenced that the AS-Nd/ZnONCs dose-dependently suppressed the AGS cell viability. Fluorescence staining results demonstrated that the AS-Nd/ZnONCs provoked the apoptotic cell death in AGS cells. AS-Nd/ZnONCs treatment effectively inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade and triggered the apoptotic pathway in the AGS cells. Conclusion In conclusion, our findings confirmed that the formulated AS-Nd/ZnONCs could be a hopeful chemopreventive agent in the future to treat the GC.

Green synthesis of high-quality reduced graphene oxide (rGO) from agro-industrial waste resources remains attractive owing to its outstanding environmental benefits. The remarkable properties of rGO include excellent morphology, uniform particle size, good optical properties, high conductivity, nontoxicity, and extraordinary chemical stability. Traditional methods for the synthesis of rGO nanomaterials involve several chemical reactions including oxidation, carbonization, toxic solvent, and pyrolysis which produce harmful byproducts. Green preparation of rGO is an emerging area of research in graphene technology which is cost-effective and sustainable in the procedure. Owing to the uniform particle rGO particle size, these smart nanomaterials have wide applicability, including in metal ions and pollutant sensing and adsorption, photocatalysis, optoelectrical devices, medical diagnosis, and drug delivery. Here we review the physicochemical properties of rGO, the biowaste sources and green methods of rGO synthesis, and the diverse applications of rGO, including in water purification and the biomedical fields. With this review, covering more than 200 research articles published on rGO in the last eight years ending in 2022, we aim to provide a quick guide for researchers seeking up-to-date information on the properties, production, and applicability of rGO, with special attention to rGO applications in water purification and the biomedical fields.

In recent days, natural fibers are extremely influential in numerous applications such as automobile body building, boat construction, civil structure, and packing goods. Intensification of the properties of natural fibers is achieved by blending different natural fibers with resin in a proper mixing ratio. This investigation aims to synthesize a hybrid polymer matrix composite with the use of natural fibers of flax and loops of hemp in the epoxy matrix. The synthesized composites were characterized in terms of tribological and mechanical properties. The Taguchi L16 orthogonal array is employed in the preparation of composite samples as well as analysis and optimization of the synthesis parameters. The optimization of compression molding process parameters has enhanced the results of this investigation. The parameters chosen are percentage of reinforcement (20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%), molding temperature (150 °C, 160 °C, 170 °C, and 180 °C), molding pressure (1 MPa, 2 MPa, 3 MPa, and 4 MPa), and curing time (20 min, 25 min, 30 min, and 35 min). From the analysis, it was observed that the percentage of reinforcement is contributing more to altering the fatigue strength, and the curing time is influenced in the impact and wear analysis.

This Paper describes the synthesis of nickel doped ZnO is planned by chemical co-precipitation techniques. The prepared nanostructured nickel doped zinc oxide samples were analyzed by thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra red (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and cyclic voltametry (CV). Nanostructure nickel doped ZnO materials have developed as promising for the basis of its broad range of employing in diverse areas. The attractive properties of nickel doped ZnO materials are highly demanded in high-energy potential applications. The nickel doped zinc oxide materials are hexagonal wurtzite arrangement is confirmed by XRD. The morphological -features of FE-SEM show nickel doped zinc oxide NPs are the structure of spherical type with agglomeration. The calculated particle size 11 nm is confirmed by HR-TEM. EPR spectra of nickel doped zinc oxide nanoparticles are ferromagnetic nature. Further, CV studies of Ni doped ZnO materials of the specific capacitance value is 133 Fg

Aluminium-reinforced composites play a vital role in the engineering industry because of their better strength and stiffness. The properties are directly related to the solidification phenomenon of the cast alloy. The design engineer should understand the importance of the solidification behavior of base alloy and its reinforcement. Composites’ solidification study is rare, and the reviews are limited. The solidification process is analyzed using the finite element method (FEM), and this would fetch a lot of information about the cooling rate of the composites and also helps to reduce the time in experimentation. This paper reports and plots the cooling curves of Al/SiCp composites using simulation software. Cylindrical-shaped composites were developed using the squeeze casting method, and the experimental cooling curves were plotted using a K-type thermocouple. Composites samples were prepared at the following squeeze pressures: 0, 30, 50, 70, 100, and 130 MPa; melt and die temperature was kept constant at 800 and 400°C, respectively. The experimental and FEA cooling curves were compared, and it was agreed that the increase in the squeeze pressure increases the cooling rate of the developed composite. Furthermore, the effect of temperature distribution from the inner region of the melt and die material which causes the radial and tangential stress of components has also been examined.

The aim of this research is to develop an efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of acrylonitrile under simulated sunlight. In this work, Zr-doped FS–TiO2/SiO2 photocatalyst was reported for the degradation of acrylonitrile. Sol–gel method were used for the preparation of Zr-doped FS–TiO2/SiO2 with the molar ratio of Ti:Zr varied from 1:0.07. The prepared photocatalyst was calcined at 450 °C for 2 h. The characteristics of Zr-doped FS–TiO2/SiO2 were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XRD results confirmed the presence of anatase phase of TiO2, and it also reveals that the Zr doping did not change the crystal phase of TiO2. The absorbance of Zr-doped FS–TiO2/SiO2 was significantly enhanced, as confirmed by the red shift in UV–Vis DRS spectra. Zr doping inhibits the recombination of electron–hole pairs and enhanced the photocatalytic activity. The UV–Vis DRS spectra show stronger absorption in Zr-doped FS–TiO2/SiO2 photocatalysts compared to FS–TiO2/SiO2. XPS analysis illustrated the presence of Zr4+, Ti3+, Ti4+, O2− and OH groups in Zr-doped FS–TiO2/SiO2. Then, the photocatalytic activity of the prepared photocatalyst was tested for the photocatalytic degradation of acrylonitrile under simulated sunlight. Zr doping, together with F and S would enhance the surface area and charge separation, making it serve as a more effectual photocatalyst than TiO2 and FS–TiO2/SiO2. The degradation ratio of acrylonitrile reached 79.2% within 6 min of simulated sunlight due to the doping effect of Zr into FS–TiO2/SiO2 photocatalyst. Zr doping could enhance the thermal stability of anatase phase of TiO2 and improve its surface properties.

In this study, the green treated aluminium oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) were synthesized through simple biological reduction method and studied the effect of pH disparity on particle size variation. Green synthesis of Al2O3 NPs from Prunus × yedoensis leaf extract (PYLE) used for removal of nitrate and antibacterial activities for the first time. The synthesized Al2O3 NPs were characterized by different standard analytical and microscopy techniques. The Al2O3 NPs formation occurred through reduction of metal ions followed by nucleation. The size of the pH = 7 Al2O3 NPs are spherical and hexagonal shape and the size ranges between 50–100 nm, although some nanoparticles are agglomerated. The band gap energy values of the pH = 7 Al2O3 NPs were 3.1 eV, which corresponds to the reflectance edge of 420 nm. The surface area of pH = 7 Al2O3 NPs determined from BET measurement was found to be 54.5014 m2/g. The green synthesized Al2O3 NPs were found to be highly efficient in removing nitrates upto 94% from aqueous solutions at pH = 7 under the influence of sunlight irradiation. This removal efficiency of the synthesized NPS is appreciable when compared with previously reported materials of same kind and hence proves its potential for its use in various ion removal from contaminant systems. The detailed in vitro antibacterial activities of the green treated Al2O3 NPs also investigated. The synthesized Al2O3 NPs at pH = 7 was found to have effective antibacterial activity against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli). The experimental results of the study reveals that on tuning the size of synthesized Al2O3 NPs and optimizing its pH exhibited higher catalytic activity and antibacterial activity. Hence, these green synthesized Al2O3 NPs is found to have promising applications in pollutant ion removal in aquatic systems.