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The fast adaptation to different growing conditions of a fungus Macrophomina phaseolina, led to its becoming one of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) disease causal agents in regions with a temperate climate. Methods currently used to determine sunflower resistance require laborious manual inoculation and confirmation of pathogen appearance, due to the late stage of testing. The paper proposes a cut-stem method for inoculating sunflower plants in the controlled conditions and the possibility of early-stage disease evaluation. A set of 15 sunflower inbred lines was inoculated using M. phaselolina isolate in the growth chamber and the obtained data were analysed using Cut-stem Disease Severity (CSDS) and compared with disease severity obtained from field experiments using traditional inoculation methods (toothpick, Unwounded Stem Base Inoculation (USBI) and non-inoculated plants). The results showed that, based on CSDS, inbred lines infected with the cut-stem inoculation method significantly differed regarding resistance to M. phaseolina. None of the inbred lines exhibited complete resistance but three lines could be proposed as a source of resistance to this pathogen. Ranking of inbred lines which was based on resistance to M.phaseolina was similar in all inoculation methods and in non-inoculated plants. There were highly significant correlations between the values obtained from growth chamber experiment and disease severity scores from field evaluations. Thus, the obtained results indicate that the cut-stem method could potentially complement field testing methods and be valuable tool in sunflower breeding for resistance to M. phaseolina. The accepted peer-reviewed version is available here [http://fiver.ifvcns.rs/handle/123456789/2971] Online access to this article has been shared by the authors via Springer Nature SharedIt: [https://rdcu.be/cSBoz]

Summary Alternative plant cultures with favorable agronomic characteristics are a great source of refined edible oil and renewable industrial oil products. False flax stands out as a species with modest growing requirements, short vegetation and diverse use. Accordingly, the breeding program of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad created two cultivars of false flax, NS Zlatka and NS Slatka, which were the research material of this study. The use and production value of these false flax cultivars were determined by examining important seed quality characteristics: oil content, oil yield, protein content and protein yield. The highest oil content was obtained in NS Slatka (45.90%) in 2016, while the highest protein content was 30.30%. The highest oil yield (801 kg/ha in 2017) and the highest protein yield (424 kg/ha in 2017) were detected in NS Zlatka. The data obtained from the field and laboratory were analyzed by analysis of variance, Duncan test and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Statistically significant differences were identified between the cultivars, and strong environmental influence was affirmed. By examining the correlations of the analyzed features, statistically significant correlations were found. The most common fatty acids included linolenic acid (33.80%), linoleic acid (18.81%), oleic acid (15.99%), eicosenoic acid (14.22%) and erucic acid (2.90%). The results obtained are applicable in further breeding program of false flax. They are of special importance in increasing the use value of false flax owing to the oil and meal high quality and potential for even more diverse use.

Wheat (Triticum sp.) is one of the most widely consumed grains in human nutrition, and bread is its primary product, the quality of which is dependent on grain technology. When processing wheat into flour, it's important to understand the basic chemical composition components that are direct indications of wheat grain technological quality, such as water, starch, protein, dietary fiber, and fat. As a result, experiments conducted in various microclimatic conditions aid in determining the impact of genotypes and environmental factors, as well as their interaction, on total protein content, sedimentation value, and amylolytic activity, all of which are important indicators of wheat technological quality. Microclimatic growth circumstances had a statistically significant impact on measures of grain technological quality in genotypes of three types of wheat (Triticum aestivum, Triticum spelta and Triticum compactum). The stable reactivity of genotypes with the external environment was examined through a more extensive analysis, and genotypes that would serve as suitable parental components in the wheat breeding program with better technological quality were selected.

Maintaining global food security is a major challenge that requires novel strategies for crop improvement. Epigenetic regulation of plant responses to adverse environmental conditions provides a tunable mechanism to optimize plant growth, adaptation and ultimately yield. Epibreeding employs agricultural practices that rely on key epigenetic features as a means of engineering favorable phenotypic traits in target crops. This review summarizes recent findings on the role of epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, in controlling phenotypic variation in crop species in response to environmental factors. The potential use of natural and induced epigenetic features as platforms for crop improvement via epibreeding, is discussed.

Crop cultivation under the open-field conditions depends on a variety of biotic and abiotic factors which cause plant stress and deterioration. Due to high soil salinity, some soils can be an unfavourable growing environment for most plants. As a low productivity soil type, solonetz soils are a stressful growing environment, causing plant deterioration. Plants have developed a complex antioxidative defense system as a precaution against oxidative stress caused by high soil salinity. The trial was set up on a halomorphic soil type-solonetz. The research included ten cultivars, one local population of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum L.) and one cultivar of triticale (Triticosecale W.). The activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in plant antioxidative defense system was detected during the trial, as well as lipid peroxidation. The analysis of biochemical markers was done in the flowering stage, and then in the milk maturity phase. Research results of the tested components revealed the highest stress tolerance exhibited by genotypes Banatka and Bankut 1205. Understanding the process of oxygen radical production by the plant tissue contributes to breeding wheat cultivars for better stress tolerance. Selection of genotypes better adapted to growing conditions in solonetz soils could facilitate a more economically justifiable wheat production, and promote utilization of the lower-quality soil types in agriculture.

Summary As plant breeding is a very complex and sophisticated process, it is of paramount importance to understand the nature and magnitude of interdependence between specific plant features. Using PCA and correlation analysis, this study examined the variability in features of two types of inbred sunflower lines and determined its connection with their seed yields. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with four replications in Rimski Šančevi (the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad) in 2018 and 2019. It examined a total of nine inbred sunflower lines created at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. The results obtained suggest a high degree of variability in the examined traits of inbred sunflower lines considered, whereas the significance indicated by the F test was confirmed by the Duncan test performed. A high degree of variability was also found between the different types of inbred lines considered. A positive correlation was found between all four traits observed in the inbred sunflower lines considered, with different levels of significance. A statistically significant positive increase in the head diameter was followed by an increase in the weight of 1000 seeds, which generated a higher seed yield per unit area. According to the arrangement of different types of inbred lines considered on the PCA biplot, it can be concluded that the linoleic inbred lines G7L and G8L had the highest average values of the 1000-seed weight, head diameter and seed yield throughout the course of both experimental years. The useful data obtained by PCA analysis can facilitate successful selection programs aimed at developing sunflower genotypes that possess high stability and seed yields.

Through choosing bread wheat genotypes that can be cultivated in less productive areas, one can increase the economic worth of those lands, and increase the area under cultivation for this strategic crop. As a result, more food sources will be available for the growing global population. The phenotypic variation of ear mass and grain mass per ear, as well as the genotype × environment interaction, were studied in 11 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and 1 triticale (Triticosecale W.) cultivar grown under soil salinity stress (3S) during three vegetation seasons. The results of the experiment set on the control variant (solonetz) were compared to the results obtained from soil reclaimed by phosphogypsum in the amount of 25 t × ha−1 and 50 t × ha−1. Using the AMMI analysis of variance, there was found to be a statistically significant influence of additive and non-additive sources of variation on the phenotypic variation of the analyzed traits. Although the local landrace Banatka and the old variety Bankut 1205 did not have high enough genetic capacity to exhibit high values of ear mass, they were well-adapted to 3S. The highest average values of grain mass per ear and the lowest average values of the coefficient of variation were obtained in all test variants under microclimatic condition B. On soil reclaimed by 25 t × ha−1 and 50 t × ha−1 of phosphogypsum, in microclimate C, the genotypes showed the highest stability. The most stable genotypes were Rapsodija and Renesansa. Under 3S, genotype Simonida produced one of the most stable reactions for grain mass per ear.

The permanent need for efficient plant breeding comes from the increment of human population, which is projected to reach 9.7 million by 2050. Novel approaches could be used to reach these goals more rapidly, raising the question of efficiency, as well. Spike length is one of the important components of grain yield formation in wheat. The influence of individual plan traits is getting more important to grain yield formation per area unit in stressful growing conditions, which are increasingly present due to global climate changes. The objectives of the present research were three-fold: (i) to determine the influence of a genotype, environment and their interaction on spike length and to evaluate stability of the trait; (ii) to present cause-causing links on a graphical example; (iii) to transform a number of possibly correlated variables into a smaller number of uncorrelated variables called principal components. Samples were obtained from 96 winter wheat cultivars grown in 2011/12 and 2012/13 on two locations. The wheat genotype population was profiled with 28 microsatellites. The ANOVA of the total phenotypic variation of the experiment shows that genotypes took the largest portion, followed by the influence of the GE interaction. Additional analysis of the GE interaction using the PCA analysis shows a statistical significance of the first two main components. In the conducted research, the dispersion of the points represents two subpopulations, but the geographical origin could not explain the grouping of genotypes within the same, so the division into two groups was done on the basis of their lines of descent.

Bearing in mind that the sunflower production in Serbia is extensive, it is very important to select a hybrid that will achieve stable and high seed and oil yields in different enviromental conditions. The objective of the study was to identify the most stable sunflower hybrids for seed and oil yield using AMMI model analysis. Nine newly developed early, medium early and medium late hybrids were tested. Hybrids were grown in different locations across Northern Serbia during two growing seasons (2013-2014). Selected locations are geographically close, but environmentally different in terms of soil, rainfalls and temperature, thus creating a specific microclimate conditions for sunflower growing. Pooled analysis of variance for seed and oil yield showed that the main effects of hybrids, environments and their interaction were highly significant. The agro-ecological environment E3 is most favourable for achieving high seed and oil yields, but E9 was the most stable. According to results of AMMI model, the most stable hybrids for the seed and oil yield, i.e. the lowest interaction with the enviroment, were NS2, NS8 and NS9. The obtained results indicate that hybrids can be recommended for production in different environments in Serbia; NS2 hybrid as early-growing, stable for oil yield; NS8 and NS9, medium-late hybrids, high productivity potential and suitable for all production systems. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. TR31025]

Praktikum iz oplemenjivanja biljaka je namenjen studentima ratarsko povrtarskog smera koji predmet Oplemenjivanje biljaka slušaju u trećoj godini studija i studentima organske poljoprivrede koji slušaju predmet Oplemenjivanje biljaka i semenarstvo u drugoj godini. Većina poglavlja omogućuje sticanje neophodnih znanja i za predmet Genetika sa oplemenjivanjem biljaka za smerove Fitomedicina i Agroekologija i Zaštita životne sredine. Sva poglavlja su povezana sa znanjem sadržaja iz predmeta Genetika, koje je student trebalo da usvoji pre slušanja kursa oplemenjivanja biljaka

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz is one of the oldest oilseed crops in Europe. Over the last twenty years, it has reemerged as a very promising alternative oilseed crop. Camelina has broad environmental adaptability, a wide range of resistances to pests and diseases, low-input requirements, and multiple industrial and feed applications exist for its seed oil and meal. In a multi-environment study conducted in Serbia, seven yield-related traits, including plant height (PH), height to the first branch (HFB), number of lateral branches (NLB), number of seed capsules per plant (NSCP), number of seeds per plant (NSP), mass of seeds per plant (MSP), and the total percentage of oil in the seed (TPOS), were analyzed in 20 spring camelina accessions. The combination of two years, two locations, and two sowing dates (autumn and spring) resulted in eight different environments across which the performance of the accessions was evaluated. The aims of the study were (a) to provide a phenotypic characterization and performance evaluation of the camelina accessions, (b) to identify correlations between the selected traits, and (c) to determine the effect of environmental factors on the traits. Environments contributed to the largest proportion in the total variance, explaining approximately 90% of the variance for all traits, except for NLB (70.96%) and TPOS (42.56%). The additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model (AMMI) showed that the weather conditions, and seeding dates were the most influential environmental factor. Location had a minor to moderate effect on the investigated traits. Lines CK3X-7 and Maksimir had the highest seed yields, and CK2X–9 and CJ11X–43 had the highest seed oil contents. All four lines had good adaptability and yield stability, making them the most suitable candidates for cultivation in the environmental conditions of Serbia in southeastern Europe. The present results reveal a potential for developing higher-yielding camelina cultivars with increased seed oil content and improved adaptability to various environmental conditions. Supplementary Materials: [https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/agronomy11050858/s1]

Epigenetics has emerged as an important research field for crop improvement under the on-going climatic changes. Heritable epigenetic changes can arise independently of DNA sequence alterations and have been associated with altered gene expression and transmitted phenotypic variation. By modulating plant development and physiological responses to environmental conditions, epigenetic diversity—naturally, genetically, chemically, or environmentally induced—can help optimise crop traits in an era challenged by global climate change. Beyond DNA sequence variation, the epigenetic modifications may contribute to breeding by providing useful markers and allowing the use of epigenome diversity to predict plant performance and increase final crop production. Given the difficulties in transferring the knowledge of the epigenetic mechanisms from model plants to crops, various strategies have emerged. Among those strategies are modelling frameworks dedicated to predicting epigenetically controlled-adaptive traits, the use of epigenetics for in vitro regeneration to accelerate crop breeding, and changes of specific epigenetic marks that modulate gene expression of traits of interest. The key challenge that agriculture faces in the 21st century is to increase crop production by speeding up the breeding of resilient crop species. Therefore, epigenetics provides fundamental molecular information with potential direct applications in crop enhancement, tolerance, and adaptation within the context of climate change.

46 p.-3 fig.-1 tab., Epigenetics has emerged as an important research field for crop improvement under the on-going climatic changes. Heritable epigenetic changes can arise independently of DNA sequence alterations and have been associated with altered gene expression and transmitted phenotypic variation. By modulating plant development and physiological responses to environmental conditions, epigenetic diversity—naturally, genetically, chemically, or environmentally induced—can help optimise crop traits in an era challenged by global climate change. Beyond DNA sequence variation, the epigenetic modifications may contribute to breeding by providing useful markers and allowing the use of epigenome diversity to predict plant performance and increase final crop production. Given the difficulties in transferring the knowledge of the epigenetic mechanisms from model plants to crops, various strategies have emerged. Among those strategies are modelling frameworks dedicated to predicting epigenetically controlled-adaptive traits, the use of epigenetics for in vitro regeneration to accelerate crop breeding, and changes of specific epigenetic marks that modulate gene expression of traits of interest. The key challenge that agriculture faces in the 21st century is to increase crop production by speeding up the breeding of resilient crop species. Therefore, epigenetics provides fundamental molecular information with potential direct applications in crop enhancement, tolerance, and adaptation within the context of climate change., This research was supported by COST action (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) EPIgenetic mechanisms of Crop Adaptation To Climate cHange (EPICATCH)—grant number CA19125.

Camelina (Camelina sativa [L.] Crtz.) is an oilseed crop of the Brassicaceae family. It represents revived crops, which was reintroduced to contribute in diversification of the used crops. Field trials were set in a total of five different locations across four years in which in Serbia (2015/2016, 2016/2017, 2017/2018, 2018/2019) and in Austria (2016/2017). In all samples, 12 different environments were processed. Analysis of the distributions of environments for oil content, which mirrored protein content, using the PCA analysis, shows a statistical significance of the first two main components, which participated in the phenotypic variation with a larger amount to additive component and with both axes having a statistically significant effect on the interaction. The first two main components jointly explained more than 80% of the variation in two traits. The statistical significance of the remainder is a consequence of an agronomically explicable variation. The genotypes NS Zlatka and NS Slatka, used in this study, come from elite breeding material that is engineered to provide a consistent return to the producer regardless of the amount of money invested in primary agricultural production. Incorporating these varieties into the crop rotation would broaden the range of species available in Balkan agriculture.

For the production of high-yielding sunflower hybrids, it is necessary to cross inbred lines, the parent components of hybrids, which differ in a number of traits. The aim of this paper was to examine the variability of sunflower inbred line for agronomically important traits and to classify them based on similarities. 110 inbred lines from the collection of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad were used in this paper. Nine important agronomic traits were examined: plant height, head diameter, number of days from germination to flowering, number of days from germination to maturity, seed yield, oil percentage, oleic acid content, 1000 seed mass and hull percentage. Inbred lines showed high variability for tested traits. The largest coefficient of variations was for seed yield (CV = 42.51%), and the smallest was for days from germination to flowering (CV = 8.86%) and days from germination to ripening (CV = 8.27%). Based on the principal components analysis (PCA analysis), inbred lines were grouped by similarity: (I) inbred lines with high seed and oil yields, (II) inbred lines with a short period from germination to flowering and (III) inbred lines with a high percentage shells, for special use. Seed yield and oil percentage as the most important agronomic traits were positively correlated, and they were positively correlated with the largest number of examined trais. The data obtained in this paper will be taken into account when crossing the inbred line in order to create sunflower hybrids. Za stvaranje visoko-produktivnih hibrida suncokreta potrebno je ukrstiti inbred linije, roditeljske komponente hibrida, koje se razlikuju u većem broju osobina. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita varijabilnost 110 inbred linija suncokreta iz kolekcije Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu za agronomski važne osobine i da se klasifikuju na osnovu sličnosti u pogledu ispitivanih osobina. Mereno je devet agronomski važnih osobina: visina stabla, prečnik glave, broj dana od nicanja do cvetanja, broj dana od nicanja do zrenja, prinos semena, procenat ulja, sadržaj oleinske kiseline, masa 1000 semena i procenat ljuske. Inbred linije su pokazale visoku varijabilnost za većinu ispitivanih osobina. Najveći koeficijent varijacije bio je kod prinosa semena (CV=42,51%), a najmanji kod perioda od nicanja do cvetanja (CV=8,86%) i zrenja (CV=8,27%). Analiza glavnih komponenata (PCA) izdvojila je inbred linije koji su se u većoj meri razlikovale od ostalih inbred linija prema sledećim osobinama: (I) inbred linije sa visokim prinosima semena i ulja, (II) inbred linije sa kratkim periodom od nicanja do cvetanja i (III) inbred linije sa visokim procentom ljuske, pogodne za specijalne namene. Prinos semena i procenat ulja kao najvažnije agronomske osobine su bile u pozitivnoj korelaciji, a i u pozitivnoj korelaciji sa najvećim brojem ispitivanih osobina. Podaci dobijeni u ovom radu biće korišćeni prilikom ukrštanja inbred linija u svrhu stvaranja hibrida suncokreta.

Summary The food production at the global level is about to meet its border. Industrialization of agriculture correlates with an explosive enlargement of human population, during XX and at the beginning of XXI centuries. An ongoing process of environmental erosion has been speeding up during that period, not only in our physical surrounding, but also in biodiversity. A new direction in agricultural food production is in demand. Organic food production has been recognized as the way of providing safety and quality food, preserving the environment in the same time. In the other hand new land areas have to be explored for agricultural use, in order to enhance food quantity to meeting the increasing demand for food. These targets set new requirements in plant breeding. To fulfill these requirements the genetic variability harbored in genetic resources has to be preserved, examined and put to good use.

Creation of new higher yield cultivars, adaptation of existing germplasm to a global climate change, increasing resistance to diseases in new genotypes are some of the tasks that breeding have in front of it. The objectives of this research were to assess GE interaction in two different environments across two vegetation seasons and to do association analysis based on the results of the phenotypic and molecular evaluation. Grain samples were obtained from 96 winter wheat cultivars grown in 2011/12 and 2012/13 at two locations in the South Pannonia Basin region and population was profiled with 28 microsatellites. The share of genotype is high and amounts 24.84%, while the share of environments was 21.06%, when yield was evaluated. The GE interaction was also statistically significant and amounts 51.58% of the total variance. Microsatellites that exhibited a relation with yield by GLM and MLM model were: gwm357, gwm339, cfa2114, gwm631, gwm495, gwm190, barc1121 and gwm437. Markers that have demonstrated the stability of the relationship with yield in different environments can be recommended as potentially useful in wheat breeding.

20 p.-3 fig., Although epigenetic modifications have been intensely investigated over the last decade due to their role in crop adaptation to rapid climate change, it is unclear which epigenetic changes are heritable and therefore transmitted to their progeny. The identification of epigenetic marks that are transmitted to the next generations is of primary importance for their use in breeding and for the development of new cultivars with a broad-spectrum of tolerance/resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this review, we discuss general aspects of plant responses to environmental stresses and provide an overview of recent findings on the role of transgenerational epigenetic modifications in crops. In addition, we take the opportunity to describe the aims of EPI-CATCH, an international COST action consortium composed by researchers from 28 countries. The aim of this COST action launched in 2020 is: (1) to define standardized pipelines and methods used in the study of epigenetic mechanisms in plants, (2) update, share, and exchange findings in epigenetic responses to environmental stresses in plants, (3) develop new concepts and frontiers in plant epigenetics and epigenomics, (4) enhance dissemination, communication, and transfer of knowledge in plant epigenetics and epigenomics, This finalization of the review was funded by COST Action CA19125—EPIgenetic mechanisms of Crop Adaptation to Climate cHange.

Lanik (Camelina sativa L.) is a relict agricultural oilseed crops from Brassicaceae family. It has several agronomic advantages relative to the other crops, including short vegetation (85- 100 days), low requirements for water and nutrients, great adaptability to different environmental conditions and resistance to insect attack and disease-causing agents. The aim of this work was to do preliminary characterization of Camelina sativa through plant height. The obtained information of germplasm genetic variability will be helpful in making decisions in future crosses. Field exam were performed using 54 hexaploid genotype of Camelina sativa, and 2 of them are result of genotype Serbian Selection (NS Slatka and NS Zlatka). The experimental plot was alpha lattice in four (4) replications in Novi Sad. Phenotyping of Camelina sativa for plant height was consisted of two statistical analysis. The first is descriptive statistics of plant height, and the second analysis was a cluster analysis (Cluster Analysis). Analyzing parameters through basic statistics for individual clusters it is evident that there is a statistically significant difference between the clusters. ANOVA was applied only to confirm the accuracy of the group. A statistically significant difference was found between but not within clusters. Genotypes of cluster 5, with small average plant height, are selected as genotypes of particular importance. Lanik (Camelina sativa L.) je uljana biljna vrsta iz porodice kupusnjača (Brassicaceae), koja poslednjih godina postaje posebno interesantna zbog svoje raznovrsne upotrebe i skromnih agroekoloških zahteva gajenja. Sadržaj ulja u semenu lanika je od 30% do 50%. Ulje lanika ima jedinstven sastav masnih kiselina sa 30-40% alfa-linoleinske kiseline (omega-3 masne kiseline), oko 15% eikozenoične kiseline i sa oko 3% eruka kiseline. Kvalitet ulja lanika omogućava njegovo korišćenje u proizvodnji biogoriva, biomaziva, u farmaceutskoj i kozmetičkoj industriji i ulja pogodnog za ljudsku ishranu. Poseduje nekoliko agronomskih prednosti u odnosu na druge kulture, uključujući kratku vegetaciju (85-100 dana), niske potrebe za vodom i nutritijentima, veliku prilagodljivost različitim agroekološkim uslovima i tolerantnost na napade insekata i prouzrokovače ekonomski važnih bolesti. Istraživanja u oplemenjivanju i tehnologiji gajenja lanika intenzivirana su poslednjih godina u zemljama Europske unije, Kanadi i SAD. Cilj ovog rada je bio uraditi fenotipizaciju lanika kroz visinu stabljike (biljke) kako be se dobila jasnija slika o genetičkoj varijabilnosti korišćene germplazme kao potencijalnog izvora poželjnih gena u budućim programima oplemenjivanja. U radu je korišćeno 54 genotipa heksaploidnog lanika, od čega su 2 genotipa rezultat srpske selekcije (NS Zlatka i NS Slatka). Ogled je postavljen po alfa latis sistemu (alpha lattice) u tri (3) ponavljanja, na lokalitetu Rimski šančevi (45.323 s.g.š. i 19.848 i.g.d.). U rezultatima su prikazani osnovni parametri lanika za visinu stabljike dok je grupisanje ispitivanih genotipova po ovoj osobini prikazano dendrogramom klaster analize (Sluster Analysis). Prosečna visine stabljike za ceo ogled iznosila je 67,95 cm. Najniži je bio genotip G8 (51,53 cm), a najviši genotip G51 (78,63 cm). Minimalna prosečna visina biljke je iznosila 30,0 cm, dok je maksimalna 81,1 cm. Na osnovu klaster analize genotipovi su se grupisali u pet različitih klastera. Klaster pod rednim brojem 4 izdvaja genotipove niskog rasta (58,74 cm), dok klaster pod rednim brojem 5 grupiše visoke genotipove (73,83 cm). Visina stabljike lanika utiče na mnoge osobine, a prvenstveno na samu arhitekturu biljke i prinos semena i ulja. Zato je veoma važno postojanje genetičke varijabilnosti visine stabljike, kao i poznavanje datog svojstva germplazme koja se koristi ili se uvodi u programe oplemenjivanja ove, relativno nove uljane biljke.

Components of yield and seed quality are traits of primary importance in bread wheat breeding programs. Yield components are obviously a major determinant of farmer’s income, whereas seed quality is very important for breeding quality. In this paper, the thousand grain weight (TGW) was chosen as indicative of yield features and the shelling percentage (RND) as indicative of seed quality (although RND is not directly connected to the technological/seed quality, but rather indirectly and it greatly contributes to the wider picture of seed quality). The objectives of the present research were two-fold: to determine the influence of genotype, the environment and their interaction on the thousand grain weight and shelling percentage and to evaluate the stability via the AMMI model. The grain samples were obtained from ten winter wheat cultivars grown in 2009/10, 2010/11, 2011/12 at three locations in Serbia: Novi Sad, Sremska Mitrovica and Pančevo. The ten winter wheat cultivars used in this study were: Evropa 90, NSR-5, Pobeda, Renesansa, Ljiljana, Cipovka, Dragana, Simonida, NS 40 S and Zvezdana. The thousand grain weight and shelling percentage were investigated and statistically analyzed via the AMMI model, which showed significant differences between genotypes at various locations and ASV rankings. The most favorable cultivar in the experiment was Dragana in terms of all investigated traits. Komponente prinosa i kvaliteta semena hlebne pšenice su osobine, koje imaju primarni značaj u oplemenjivanju ove biljne vrste. Komponente prinosa su glavna odrednica ekonomske dobiti proizvođača, dok je kvalitet semena presudan za kvalitet hleba. Za ovo istraživanje, kao predstavnik komponenti prinosa pšenice, je odabrana masa hiljadu masu zrna (TGW), dok je randman semena (RND), indirektno, značajan za kvalitet semena. Istraživanje je imalo dva cilja (i) da se utvrdi uticaj genotipa, životne sredine i njihove interakcije na masu hiljadu zrna i randman, kao predstavnike kvaliteta semena; (ii) da se oceni stabilnost kroz AMMI model. Analizirano je deset sorti hlebne pšenice, gajenih u 2009/10, 2010/11, 2011/12 godini, na tri lokaliteta u Srbiji: Novi Sad, Sremska Mitrovica i Pančevo. Ispitivane sorte su: Evropa 90, NSR-5, Pobeda, Renesansa, Ljiljana, Cipovka, Dragana, Simonida NS 40 S i Zvezdana. AMMI analiza i rangiranje preko ASV za masu hiljadu zrna i randman su pokazali značajne razlike između genotipova na različitim lokalitetima. U pogledu oba ispitivana svojstva, na nivou celog ogleda, najveću stabilnost ispoljila je sorta Dragana.

Studies on genetic gains in grain yield and other traits may be very useful in providing necessary information to plant breeders about the effectiveness of their breeding programs. The objective of this research was to analyze changes in grain yield, yield stability and morphological characteristics of maize hybrids released in Serbia between 1978 and 2011. Five hybrids, representatives of different breeding periods, were chosen for this study. Field trials were conducted during 2013 and 2014 at three locations in Serbia. The estimated genetic gain per breeding period was 440 kg ha(-1) which corresponds to an approximate annual linear increase in yield of 63 kg ha(-1). Changes in morphological characteristics were presented graphically, compared to the reference value and defined by the third period of breeding. Plant and ear height, kernel row number, number of kernels per row and leaf number were reduced compared to the third breeding period. Kernel depth showed higher variation through periods while in other analyzed traits, major changes in value through the periods were not found. Stability analysis distinguished the hybrids from the sixth and seventh period of breeding as the most stable, whereas the most unstable were representatives of the fifth and third period. Changes in certain morphological traits and yield stability have led to an increase in the genetic potential of the hybrids most probably through the increased tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress factors.

One of the main breeders tasks is improving characteristics of existing varieties and creating new genetic variability, which will achieve better economic effect. By observation of genotypes in different environmental conditions and by assessment of their interaction ideal genotypes for specific growing area will be chosen. The aim of this study is evaluation of genotype/environment interaction for plant height and grain weight per spike, grown solonetz and chernozem. The experiment was set in two different agro-ecological locations, Kumane (Banat) on solonetz soil and on Rimski Šančevi, chernozem. During two growing seasons 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 three genotypes of bread wheat: NSR-5, Pesma and Renesansa were examined. Based on an interaction between genotype and agro-ecological environment for plant height and grain weight per spike, presented trought AMMI1 biplot, it was noted that the genotypes differed more in multivariate part of the variation then in an additive effect.

Certified seed is produced from the seed of known genetic origin and genetic purity with controlled and tested production, processed and declared in accordance with the Law on Seeds. Production of certified seed is carried out under the supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection, by seed producers formally listed in the Seed Register. Seed is processed in registered seed processing centres and quality is tested in laboratories accredited for seed testing. The organization authorized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection issues labels for packaging of certified seed. The utilization of the genetic potential of varieties for quality and yield is achieved using certified seed. High quality seed is a prerequisite for farmers seeking to achieve higher yields, and therefore higher profits.

The objective of this study was to present the results of experiment conducted on 11 cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and 1 cultivar of triticale (Triticosecale W) on stressful conditions of halomorphic solonetz in Kumane, Banat, Serbia. Across three growing seasons genotypic variability, monitoring of phenotypic variation and genotype by environment interaction (GEI) for number of grains per spike and yield was studied. The cultivar were grown in field trails of control treatment and treatments with measures repairs solonetz using phosphogypsum in the amount of 25 t?ha-1 and 50 t?ha-1. GEI was tested using AMMI (Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction) model. The expression of tested traits were statistically significant and showed additive and non-additive sources of variation. The first source of variation, quantified IPCA1 axis explained most of the structure of GEI.

The objectives of this study were to estimate the progress in wheat genetic yield potential, associated with changes in some agronomic traits, under different N rates. Twenty-four cultivars of winter wheat (T. aestivtum L.) representing most of the cultivars released in Serbia from 1955 to 2006 were analyzed. The cultivars were grown for four years (2005-2008) in field trails with two levels of agronomic inputs (low nitrogen-N-45 and high nitrogen-N-110). Data were collected on 1000-kernel weight, kernels per spike, kernels per square meter, spikes per square meter, plant height, harvest index, heading time and grain yield. Mean difference between the two fertilization levels was 0.44 t ha(-1). The average rate of increase in yield potential per year of release, estimated from the slope, was 41 kg ha(-1) year(-1) and it was significantly different from zero (P lt = 0.01). It was 35 kg ha(-1) year(-1) or 0.55% at the low level of N input, and 46 kg ha(-1) year(-1) or 0.68% at the high level of N input. This suggests that modern cultivars are better adapted to high N input. Our results suggested that individual contribution of the most of analyzed traits may vary depending on the genotype as well as environmental conditions.