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4. Spent NCM Lithium-Ion Batteries: Potential Evaluation of Mechanical Pretreatment for Recycling.

Author

Camargo, Priscila Silva Silveira, Cardoso, Maryanne Hoffmann, Costantin, Roberta dos Reis, Cenci, Marcelo Pilotto, Sánchez, Felipe Antonio Lucca, Kasper, Angela Cristina, and Veit, Hugo Marcelo

Subjects
LITHIUM-ion batteries, VALUE (Economics), RAW materials, NICKEL, COBALT
Abstract

Recent increases in the demand for automotive lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have led to higher needs for critical materials like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and graphite. Consequently, recovering materials from spent batteries has gained importance. This study aimed to (1) develop a mechanical pretreatment method for separating and concentrating materials from spent NCM811 cells and (2) evaluate the economic, environmental, and shortage potentials of these fractions. The pretreatment involved grinding and granulometric separation, producing six particle-size fractions. The main novelty of the study was the assessment to identify the particle size fractions which are priorities for recycling for decision-making by recycling companies, optimizing their resources and efforts. Analysis showed that the finest fraction (n < 0.5 mm) had 85% of lithium, 77.4% of cobalt, 75.1% of manganese, and 68.5% of nickel. This fraction represented 40.4% of the processed mass and had the highest economic value (USD 3669/ton NCM cell). This fraction was also prioritized for recycling due to its superior environmental impact (103,788 kg CO2-eq/ton NCM cell) and scarcity considerations. Furthermore, the black mass of NCM was the priority for recycling and had greater economic, environmental, and supply risk potential than the black mass of LFP cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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13. Investigation of the X‐ray fluorescence technique in the characterization of Ni coatings applied to historical heritage studies.

Author

Silveira, Paula, Veit, Hugo Marcelo, Dias, Johnny, and Falcade, Tiago

Abstract

Historical heritage pieces allow a better comprehension of the characteristics of different civilizations over time. The characterization of such pieces is of paramount importance for their preservation. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) is recommended for this application, mostly because it is non‐destructive and the equipment is portable. However, one of its limitations is the difficulty in separating the signal from the substrate and the coating of multilayered samples, as it does not provide depth resolution. This project investigates the application of EDXRF in the characterization of metallic coatings, in the context of historical heritage. The elemental concentration of electrodeposited Ni coatings onto carbon steel substrates was obtained from EDXRF analyses. The relationship between the layer thickness and the variation of the Kα/Kβ intensity ratio of nickel peaks was exploited and the thicknesses of the coatings were estimated through EDXRF measurements. For comparison, particle‐induced x‐ray emission spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy of the cross‐section were employed, providing a depth profile of the coatings. The estimated thicknesses from EDXRF analysis were comparable to those observed in the microscopy images for thinner films (up to 8 μm). On the other hand, for thicker films, the thicknesses were underestimated, due to the technique's depth limit and matrix effects, as secondary absorption. Despite these limitations, EDXRF remains valuable for evaluating cultural heritage pieces, often providing sufficient information to address authenticity concerns or to guide restoration processes. A case study was also performed to apply the methodology discussed on historical metallic pieces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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15. Electronic Waste Recycling

Author

Kasper, Angela Cristina, Gabriel, Adjanara Preis, de Oliveira, Erich Lopes Braitback, de Freitas Juchneski, Nichele Cristina, Veit, Hugo Marcelo, Bergmann, Carlos P., Series editor, Veit, Hugo Marcelo, editor, and Moura Bernardes, Andréa, editor

Published
2015
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16. Hydrometallurgical Processing

Author

Bertuol, Daniel Assumpção, Tanabe, Eduardo Hiromitsu, Meili, Lucas, Veit, Hugo Marcelo, Bergmann, Carlos P., Series editor, Veit, Hugo Marcelo, editor, and Moura Bernardes, Andréa, editor

Published
2015
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17. Mechanical Processing

Author

Kasper, Angela Cristina, Juchneski, Nichele Cristina de Freitas, Veit, Hugo Marcelo, Bergmann, Carlos P., Series editor, Veit, Hugo Marcelo, editor, and Moura Bernardes, Andréa, editor

Published
2015
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18. Processing Techniques

Author

Veit, Hugo Marcelo, Bergmann, Carlos P., Series editor, Veit, Hugo Marcelo, editor, and Moura Bernardes, Andréa, editor

Published
2015
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22. c-Si PV module recycling: Analysis of the use of a mechanical pre-treatment to reduce the environmental impact of thermal treatment and enhance materials recovery.

Author

Camargo, Priscila Silva Silveira, Domingues, Andrey da Silva, Palomero, João Pedro Guê, Cenci, Marcelo Pilotto, Kasper, Angela Cristina, Dias, Pablo Ribeiro, and Veit, Hugo Marcelo

Subjects
ENERGY consumption, HEAT treatment, CIRCULAR economy, POLYMERS, FURNACES
Abstract

The current increase in the use of photovoltaic (PV) energy demands the search for solutions to recycle end-of-life modules. This study evaluated the use of a mechanical pre-treatment in the thermal recycling of c-Si crystalline PV modules, which were submitted to recycling routes to separate and concentrate the materials of interest. The first route was constituted by only thermal treatment, and the second route was constituted by a mechanical pre-treatment to remove the polymers from the backsheet, and subsequent thermal treatment. The exclusively thermal route was performed at 500°C, varying dwell times between 30 and 120 minutes in the furnace. In this route, the best results were obtained in 90 minutes, with a maximum degradation of 68% of the polymeric mass. In route 2, a micro-grinder rotary tool was used to remove the polymers from the backsheet and, subsequently, thermal treatment performed at 500°C, with dwell times in the furnace ranging between 5 and 30 minutes. The mechanical pre-treatment removed about 10.32 ± 0.92% of the mass of the laminate PV module. By this route, only 20 minutes of thermal treatment were needed for the total decomposition of the polymers, that is, a reduction of 78% in the oven time. With route 2, it was possible to obtain a concentrate with 30 times more silver than the PV laminate and 40 times more than a high-concentration ore. Furthermore, with route 2 it was possible to reduce the environmental impact of heat treatment and energy consumption. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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24. sj-docx-1-wmr-10.1177_0734242X231166308 – Supplemental material for c-Si PV module recycling: Analysis of the use of a mechanical pre-treatment to reduce the environmental impact of thermal treatment and enhance materials recovery

Author

Camargo, Priscila Silva Silveira, Domingues, Andrey da Silva, Palomero, João Pedro Guê, Cenci, Marcelo Pilotto, Kasper, Angela Cristina, Dias, Pablo Ribeiro, and Veit, Hugo Marcelo

Subjects
FOS: Other engineering and technologies, 111799 Public Health and Health Services not elsewhere classified, FOS: Health sciences, 99999 Engineering not elsewhere classified
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-wmr-10.1177_0734242X231166308 for c-Si PV module recycling: Analysis of the use of a mechanical pre-treatment to reduce the environmental impact of thermal treatment and enhance materials recovery by Priscila Silva Silveira Camargo, Andrey da Silva Domingues, João Pedro Guê Palomero, Marcelo Pilotto Cenci, Angela Cristina Kasper, Pablo Ribeiro Dias and Hugo Marcelo Veit in Waste Management & Research

Published
2023
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25. Introduction

Author

Veit, Hugo Marcelo, Bernardes, Andréa Moura, Bergmann, Carlos P., Series editor, Veit, Hugo Marcelo, editor, and Moura Bernardes, Andréa, editor

Published
2015
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29. Mechanical Processing

Author

Kasper, Angela Cristina, primary, Juchneski, Nichele Cristina de Freitas, additional, and Veit, Hugo Marcelo, additional

Published
2015
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31. Electronic Waste Recycling

Author

Kasper, Angela Cristina, primary, Gabriel, Adjanara Preis, additional, de Oliveira, Erich Lopes Braitback, additional, de Freitas Juchneski, Nichele Cristina, additional, and Veit, Hugo Marcelo, additional

Published
2015
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35. Eco‐Friendly Electronics—A Comprehensive Review

Author

Cenci, Marcelo Pilotto, primary, Scarazzato, Tatiana, additional, Munchen, Daniel Dotto, additional, Dartora, Paula Cristina, additional, Veit, Hugo Marcelo, additional, Bernardes, Andrea Moura, additional, and Dias, Pablo R., additional

Published
2021
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36. Precious and critical metals from wasted LED lamps: characterization and evaluation.

Author

Cenci, Marcelo Pilotto, Dal Berto, Frederico Christ, Castillo, Bianca Wurlitzer, and Veit, Hugo Marcelo

Subjects
PRECIOUS metals, LED lamps, ARSENIC, ELECTRONIC waste, GALLIUM, CERIUM
Abstract

LED lamps already conquered the market of general lighting and are expected to generate a substantial stream of e-waste in the coming years. The challenge of recycling LED lamps have emerged, and it is essential to address both environmental and economic aspects to achieve a circular economy. LED lamps contain precious and critical metals, which can be found in electrical components and in the LED itself, making them a prospective waste for recycling initiatives. However, data about the concentration and distribution of these metals in the LED lamp's components are still scarce and uncertain. This work aims to characterise the various components of different brands of LED lamps to provide novel data on the precious and critical metals' amounts. Gold and silver were found in all brands of lamp, and we highlight the occurrence of gold in all analysed components, in concentrations between 0.01% and 0.07%, which is relevant to the economic viability of future recycling routes (gold and silver can contribute with USD 4340.00 per ton of LED lamps). The critical metals gallium, yttrium, and cerium were found in LEDs, while cobalt, barium, gallium, antimony, and manganese were found in printed circuit boards (PCBs). Additionally, the elements lead, cadmium, and arsenic were characterised due to their association with environmental and human toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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39. Eco‐Friendly Electronics—A Comprehensive Review.

Author

Cenci, Marcelo Pilotto, Scarazzato, Tatiana, Munchen, Daniel Dotto, Dartora, Paula Cristina, Veit, Hugo Marcelo, Bernardes, Andrea Moura, and Dias, Pablo R.

Subjects
PRODUCT obsolescence, ELECTRONIC equipment, PRODUCT attributes, POLYSEMY, ENVIRONMENTAL risk, POWER electronics
Abstract

Eco‐friendliness is becoming an indispensable feature for electrical and electronic equipment to thrive in the competitive market. This comprehensive review is the first to define eco‐friendly electronics in its multiple meanings: power saving devices, end‐of‐life impact attenuators, equipment whose manufacturing uses green processing, electronics that use materials that minimize environmental and health risks, designs that improve lifespan, reparability, etc. More specifically, this review discusses eco‐friendly technologies and materials that are being introduced to replace the well‐established ones. This is done for all material classes (metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites). Manufacturing, recycling, and final product characteristics are discussed in their various interconnected aspects. Additionally, the concept of consciously planned obsolescence is introduced to address the paradoxical relationship between durability and efficiency. The overall conclusions are that there is an important global trend to make electronics more eco‐friendly. However, matching the performance and stability of well‐established materials and technologies seems to be the main barrier to achieve it. These new implementations can have detrimental or beneficial net impacts on the environment. Assessing their net outcome is challenging because their impacts are frequently unknown and the current evaluation methods (and tools) are incapable of comprehensively quantifying these impacts and generating reliable verdicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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41. Evaluation of Mass Loss in Different Stages of Printed Circuit Boards Recycling Employed in Temperature Controllers

Author

Schneider, Eduardo Luis, primary, Hamerski, Fernando, additional, Veit, Hugo Marcelo, additional, Krummenauer, Alex, additional, Cenci, Marcelo Pilotto, additional, Chaves, Rodrigo de Andrade, additional, Hartmann, Wagner Luiz, additional, Dias, Moisés de Mattos, additional, Robinson, Luiz Carlos, additional, and Vargas, Alexandre Silva de, additional

Published
2019
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44. Electrochemical study of gold recovery from ammoniacal thiosulfate, simulating the PCBs leaching of mobile phones

Author

Universitat Politècnica de València. Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Nuclear - Departament d'Enginyeria Química i Nuclear, Coordenaçao de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brasil, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brasil, Kasper, Angela Cristina, Veit, Hugo Marcelo, García Gabaldón, Montserrat, Pérez-Herranz, Valentín, Universitat Politècnica de València. Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Nuclear - Departament d'Enginyeria Química i Nuclear, Coordenaçao de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brasil, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brasil, Kasper, Angela Cristina, Veit, Hugo Marcelo, García Gabaldón, Montserrat, and Pérez-Herranz, Valentín

Abstract

[EN] The high volume of sales and the high degree of obsolescence of mobile phones, together with the reduction of the natural reserves of the metals used in the composition of their printed circuit boards (PCBs), makes the recycling of these devices economically and environmentally attractive. Moreover, the search for the reduction of toxicity levels inherent to the gold leaching processes with alternatives to cyanide, such as thiosulfate is a priority. Thus, it is necessary to search for efficient alternatives for the recovery of gold from solutions containing thiosulfate, in the presence of copper, used in the leaching of PCBs of mobile phones. One of these alternatives could be the electrochemical recovery of the metals present in solution. Thus, this study aimed to verify some variables involved in the process of recovery of gold and copper and to determine the electrochemical yield obtained for these solutions. Initially, cyclic scanning voltammetry with a rotating disk electrode (RDE) was performed to verify the electrochemical behavior of gold and copper in solution. Then, electrowinning tests were used to determine the recovery rates of these metals and to calculate the yield obtained in the process. The results showed that this electrochemical reaction is mass transport controlled, which allowed the calculation of the diffusion coefficients of the metal in solution. In real solutions, the gold fraction recovered reached a 94%, and the copper fraction recovered was 95%, applying electrode potential values of -500 mV(Ag/AgCl) and -700 mV(Ag/AgCl), respectively. The current efficiency for the gold electrowinning achieved in the experiments was lower than 3%. (c) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2018

46. Leaching of gold and silver from printed circuit board of mobile phones

Author

Petter, Patrícia Melo Halmenschlager, Veit, Hugo Marcelo, and Bernardes, Andréa Moura

Subjects
leaching, placas de circuito impresso, thiosulfate solutions, printed circuit boards, soluções de tiosulfato, lixiviação
Abstract

Nowadays there is a wide variety of models, sizes and configurations of mobile phones available for consumption. After the life cycle of this equipment, the recycling and reuse of the precious metals found in the printed circuit boards (PCB) of the mobile phones are principal objectives. Thus, the objective of this work was to characterize the gold and silver present in a PCB and develop a recycling route using alternative reagents for cyanide, such as sodium and ammonium thiosulfate. These reagents are less harmful to the environment and worker health. The first characterization of gold and silver was performed with aqua regia. The results show 86.26g Au/ton of PCBs and 123.85g Ag/ton of PCBs. The second characterization was performed with a commercial cyanide-based reagent and 112.02g Au/ton of PCBs and 26.13g Ag/ ton of PCBs were obtained. A leaching study with solutions based on thiosulfate was performed and an extraction of 9.02g Au/ton of PCBs and 33.88g Ag/ton of PCBs was obtained, compared to characterization results using a cyanide-based reagent. Nos dias atuais, há uma infinidade de modelos, tamanhos e configurações de equipamentos eletro-eletrônicos disponíveis para o consumo. Visando a realizar a reciclagem e o reaproveitamento dos metais preciosos encontrados nas placas de circuito impresso (PCI) dos celulares, esse trabalho tem o objetivo de caracterizar o ouro presente nas PCI dos aparelhos celulares e desenvolver uma rota de reciclagem para o ouro e a prata, utilizando reagentes alternativos ao cianeto, como o tiossulfato de sódio e tiossulfato de amônio. Esses reagentes agridem, numa menor intensidade, o meio ambiente e a saúde do trabalhador. Primeiramente realizou-se uma caracterização com água-régia. Os resultados mostraram 86.26g Au/tonPCI e 123.85g Ag/tonPCI. Na segunda caracterização, foi utilizado o reagente comercial a base de cianeto e o resultado foi de 112.02g Au/tonPCI e 26.13gAg/tonPCI. Para a lixiviação com tiossulfato de sódio, chegou-se ao resultado de 9.02g Au/tonPCI, na lixiviação do ouro, e de 33.88g Ag/tonPCI, na lixiviação da prata, comparando com os resultados da caracterização usando reagentes a base de cianeto.

Published
2015

47. UTILIZAÇÃO DE TÉCNICAS HIDROMETALÚRGICAS E ELETROMETALÚRGICAS NA RECUPERAÇÃO DE OURO PROVENIENTE DE SUCATAS DE TELEFONES CELULARES

Author

Pérez Herranz, Valentín, Veit, Hugo Marcelo, Universitat Politècnica de València. Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y de Materiales - Departament d'Enginyeria Mecànica i de Materials, Kasper, Angela Cristina, Pérez Herranz, Valentín, Veit, Hugo Marcelo, Universitat Politècnica de València. Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y de Materiales - Departament d'Enginyeria Mecànica i de Materials, and Kasper, Angela Cristina

Abstract

[EN] The precious metals natural sources, including gold, have decreased around the world each year. At the same time, the demand for these metals have increased, especially for the use in the electrical and electronics products industry. The recovery of metals from these scraps could be one way to mitigate this problem, since consumption and disposal have considerably increased every year. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate alternative leaching agents for the gold extraction present in the printed circuit boards (PCB's) of cell phones, and subsequent recovery by electrometallurgical process. Entire PCB's obtained from obsolete or defective cell phones were used. Thus, a commercial stripping (cyanide-based) and alternative leaching agents (sodium and ammonium thiosulfate) were tested under different conditions of concentration, time, pH and temperature. The solutions were analyzed by atomic absorption. The amount of gold contained in the PCB's was measured, by a preliminary test, in which, samples were leached with aqua regia for a complete extraction of the metal and further comparison with the commercial stripping and alternative leaching agents. The electrometallurgical stage began with the cyclic voltammetry experiments to determine the gold and copper electrowinning potential. After that, electrowinning tests using different electrode potentials to determine the recovery rates of these metals were performed. The results obtained in the leaching tests show that with the commercial stripping, it was possible to extract 88% of the gold present in the PCB of cell phones. With sodium thiosulfate, it was possible to extract 70% of the gold contained in the PCB, using 0.12M of sodium thiosulfate, 0.2M of ammonium and 20mM of copper sulphate. With ammonium thiosulfate, it was possible to extract 75% of the gold, using 0.12M of ammonium thiosulfate, 0.2M of ammonium and 20mM of copper sulfate. Regarding the recovery of metals in solution, the results of cyclic volta, [ES] Cada año las reservas naturales de metales preciosos, entre ellos el oro, van disminuyendo en todo el mundo. Paralelamente, la demanda de estos metales va en aumento, especialmente para su utilización en la industria de productos eléctricos y electrónicos. Una forma de atenuar este problema podría ser la recuperación de los metales contenidos en las chatarras de estos productos, cuyo consumo y desechos aumentan considerablemente cada año. Por tanto, este trabajo tiene por objetivo evaluar agentes lixiviantes alternativos para la extracción del oro contenido en las placas de circuito impreso (PCI) de teléfonos móviles y su posterior recuperación por vía electrometalúrgica. Se utilizaron PCI's enteras obtenidas de aparatos de teléfonos móviles obsoletos o defectuosos. En los ensayos de lixiviación se probaron, además de un agente extractor comercial (a base de cianuro), los agentes lixiviantes alternativos tiosulfato sódico y tiosulfato amónico en medio amoniacal, a distintas concentraciones, pH, tiempos y temperaturas. Las disoluciones obtenidas se analizaron por absorción atómica. La cantidad de oro contenido en las placas se midió a través de un ensayo previo donde las muestras fueron lixiviadas con agua regia para una extracción completa del metal y la posterior comparación con el agente extractor comercial y los lixiviantes alternativos. La etapa electrometalúrgica se inició con los ensayos de voltametría cíclica para determinar los potenciales de electrodeposición de oro y de cobre y a continuación se realizaron ensayos de eletrodeposición utilizando diferentes potenciales de electrodo para determinar las velocidades de recuperación de estos metales. Los resultados obtenidos en los ensayos de lixiviación muestran que el agente extractor comercial fue capaz de extraer el 88% del oro contenido en las PCI de los teléfonos móviles. Con la utilización de tiosulfato sódico fue posible extraer el 70% del oro contenido en las PCI's, utilizando disoluciones de compo, [CA] Cada any les reserves naturals de metalls preciosos, entre ells l'or, van disminuint en tot el món. Paral¿lelament, la demanda d'estos metalls va en augment, especialment per a la seua utilització en la indústria de productes elèctrics i electrònics. Una forma d'atenuar aquest problema podria ser la recuperació dels metalls continguts en les ferralles d'aquestos productes, el consum i rebutjos dels quals augmenten considerablement cada any. Per tant, aquest treball té per objectiu avaluar agents lixiviants alternatius per a l'extracció de l'or contingut en les plaques de circuit imprés (PCI) de telèfons mòbils i la seua posterior recuperació per via electrometal¿lúrgica. Es van utilitzar PCI's senceres obtingudes d'aparells de telèfons mòbils obsolets o defectuosos. En els assajos de lixiviació es van provar, a més d'un agent extractor comercial (a base de cianur) , els agents lixiviants alternatius tiosulfat sòdic i tiosulfat d'amoni al medi amoniacal, a distintes concentracions, pH, temps i temperatures. Les dissolucions obtingudes es van analitzar per absorció atòmica. La quantitat d'or contingut en les plaques es va mesurar a través d'un assaig previ on les mostres van ser lixiviades amb aigua règia per a una extracció completa del metall i la posterior comparació amb l'agent extractor comercial i els lixiviants alternatius. L'etapa electrometal¿lúrgica es va iniciar amb els assajos de voltametria cíclica per a determinar els potencials d'electrodeposició d'or i de coure i a continuació es van realitzar assajos d'eletrodeposició utilitzant diferents potencials d'elèctrode per a determinar les velocitats de recuperació d'aquests metalls. Els resultats obtinguts en els assajos de lixiviació mostren que l'agent extractor comercial va ser capaç d'extraure el 88% de l'or contingut en les PCI dels telèfons mòbils. Amb la utilització de tiosulfat sòdic va ser possible extraure el 70% de l'or contingut en les PCI's, utilitzant dissolucions de composició 0,12M de ti

Published
2016

48. Uso de separação gravimétrica na concentração de metais provenientes de sucatas de placas de circuito impresso

Author

Veit, Hugo Marcelo, Juchneski, Nichele de Freitas, and Scherer, Janine Gandini

Subjects
Lixo eletrônico, Printed circuit boards scrap, Metals, Gravity separation, Placa de circuito impresso, Reciclagem, Electronic scrap
Abstract

A quantidade de resíduos sólidos gerados por todos os segmentos da sociedade tem aumentado nas últimas décadas. Anualmente, no Brasil, são gerados 96 mil toneladas de sucata eletrônica proveniente de computadores. O descarte incorreto desses resíduos gera danos ao meio ambiente, bem como perda de materiais que poderiam ser reaproveitados e/ou reciclados, diminuindo, assim a extração de matérias-primas para a produção de novos materiais. As placas de circuito impresso (PCI) correspondem a, aproximadamente, 30% da sucata eletrônica gerada. Cabe ressaltar que realizar a reciclagem dessa sucata é um processo complexo, porém de extrema importância para a recuperação de metais de grande valor econômico. Os processos industriais, para a recuperação de metais provenientes de PCI, são baseados, em pirometalurgia e hidrometalugia. Em ambos os processos, é possível fazer um pré-tratamento, que consiste no uso de processos mecânicos. Desta forma, nesse trabalho, foi realizada a concentração da fração metálica das PCI através do uso de um concentrador Mozley. Os resultados mostram que é possível obter quantidades significativas de metais como cobre (concentração de 85%), estanho (95%) e prata (98%) nas frações de interesse. The amount of solid waste generated by all segments of society has increased in past decades. Annually, in Brazil, 96,000 tonnes of electronic scrap are generated from computers. The incorrect disposal of this waste creates environmental damage, generating loss of materials that could be reused and / or recycled, reducing the extraction of recyclable materials to produce new materials. The printed circuit boards (PCB) represent approximately 30% of the electronic waste generated and its recycling is a complex process, but very important for the recovery of metals of high economic value. Industrial processes for the recovery of metals from PCB are based on pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. In both cases, it is possible to carry out a pretreatment that involves the use of mechanical processes. Therefore, for this paper, the concentration of the metallic fraction of PCB through the use of a Mozley concentrator was enabled. The results show that it is possible to obtain significant quantities of metals such as copper (concentration 85%), tin (95%), and silver (98%) in the fractions of interest.

Published
2014

50. Electronic Waste : Recycling Techniques / edited by Hugo Marcelo Veit, Andr a Moura Bernardes.

Author

Veit, Hugo Marcelo. editor., Moura Bernardes, Andr a. editor., SpringerLink (Online service), Veit, Hugo Marcelo. editor., Moura Bernardes, Andr a. editor., and SpringerLink (Online service)

Abstract

This book presents an overview of the characterization of electronic waste. In addition, processing techniques for the recovery of metals, polymers and ceramics are described. This book serves as a source of information and as an educational technical reference for practicing scientists and engineers, as well as for students.

Published
2015

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