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The environmental concerns associated with mineral oil lubricants have led to the exploration of vegetable oil‐based lubricants as a more sustainable and benign alternative. Nanolubricants have emerged as one of the innovative solution for producing improved friction reduction as well as better thermal and tribological performances. This research investigates the potential of karanja oil as a base lubricant, improved with copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles as additives. Different amounts of CuO (ranging from 0.01% to 0.1% w/w) were introduced to karanja oil to form nanobiolubricants. These formulations were subsequently evaluated for their physiochemical and tribological properties, such as thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, pour point, and anti‐wear characteristics following ASTM standards. Remarkably, even at low nanoparticle loadings, significant improvements in anti‐wear performance were observed. The study aims to elucidate the lubricating behavior of karanja oil when combined with CuO nanoparticles, revealing that these nanobiolubricants exhibit enhanced physicochemical and tribological properties, as well as improved thermal stability. These results emphasize the key role of nanoparticle concentration in optimizing the effectiveness of formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research is focused on elucidating the effect of the catalyst particle size during the hydro-co-processing of a mixture of Jatropha oil and fossil crude oil at initial pressure of 60 bar, 4 h of reaction time, stirring at 700 rpm; catalyst-to-feedstock ratio of 1:20 (wt:wt); and reaction temperatures from 360 to 390 °C. Hydrodesulfurization extent was determined by using ASTM D4294; hydrodeoxygenation was accounted for using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and H-nuclear magnetic resonance; while hydrocracking was evaluated by availing simulated distillation (ASTM D2887), and also electrospray ionization mass spectrometry followed by liquid bulk density (ASTM D4052). ASPEN HYSYS was employed to account for the distillable cuts. The powder sized catalyst exhibited the highest hydrodesulfurization activity at all temperatures showing the maximum conversion of 62.6% at 390 °C. Hydrodeoxygenation conversion was almost of 100% for reaction products as evidenced by disappearance of the FTIR bands at 1168 cm−1, 1710 cm−1, and 1743 cm−1 and further confirmed by HRMN, independently of reaction temperature and particle size. Regarding hydrocracking, the light gas oil yield was about 40% for both sizes of the catalyst particles at the four reaction temperatures, and naphtha and kerosene increased as the temperature did, disregarding particle size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The baru almond stands out as almond rich in proteins, lipids, fibers, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant potential. This study aimed to optimize the extraction of fixed oil from baru seed (Dipteryx alata), performed by the hydraulic press and Soxhlet using eco-friendly solvents (ethanol, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran (2-METHF), and d-limonene), using preliminary treatment with ultrasound and microwaves, as well as carrying out the chemical and functional oil and evaluate its stability during 60 days of storage at 25 °C. Evaluating the combinations of extraction methods and solvents, ethanol was the solvent that presented the best results. The ultrasound method as a pretreatment in 30 min, followed by hydraulic pressing, was the one that presented the best results in oil yield and quality. Therefore, this method was adopted for the other stages of this study. Regarding the chemical composition of the oil, it was rich in unsaturated fatty acids, the main fatty acid being oleic acid at 45.90%, followed by linoleic acid at 25.96%. Regarding oxidative stability, the oil remained stable during 30 days of storage at 25 °C. During the days of storage, there were changes in the peroxide index (of 0.15 for 4.32 meq Kg−1), in the composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (of 26.04 for 25.03%), and a reduction in the total tocopherols (of 10.94 for 7.43 mg 100 g−1) present in the oil. Finally, ultrasound has shown promise in extracting baru oil. Still, special methods are needed to protect the extracted oils from pro-oxidative factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of diets with various dietary MUFA content and n-6/n-3 ratios, diets 1 (55.33, 1.00), 2 (25.30, 1.00), 3 (55.13, 2.05), 4 (24.92, 2.03), 5 (54.94, 8.06) and 6 (24.91, 8.06) and a control diet with fish oil (FO), diet 7 (33.60, 5.97), was studied on growth and digestive physiology of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Juveniles, 14.65 g ± 0.17, were fed the experimental diets for eight weeks. Those fish fed diet 1 (55.33, 1.00) had the lowest growth and nutritional indices, while fish fed diet 6 (24.91, 8.06) possessed the highest indices. However, fish fed D7 (33.60, 5.97) was intermediate in this regard. Proximate body composition results revealed no significant differences among various experimental groups (P > 0.05). Fish fed on diet 1 possessed the highest alkaline protease activity, while fish raised on diet 2 showed the lowest enzyme activity (P < 0.05). Fish fed on diets 1, 3 and 4 had the highest lipase activity (P > 0.05). Amylase activity and intestinal parameters did not differ among groups (P > 0.05). MUFA contents of liver and muscle reflected the MUFA contents of the diets; however, liver PUFA contents was not affected by dietary PUFA contents (P < 0.05). However, 18:3n-3 contents of liver decreased as dietary n-6/n-3 ratio increased (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the liver 20:4n-6 contents considerably increased as dietary n-6/n-3 increased to 8.06 (P < 0.05). Muscle 22:6n-3 content of groups 1 to 6 was lower than group 7 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, rainbow trout was considerably capable of de novo synthesis of 22:6n-3. Meanwhile, increasing dietary n-6/n-3 ratio to 8.06 decreased the muscle 22:6n-3 content which requires further considerations regarding fish immune competence and nutritional quality for human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Rosemary extract (RE) is a natural antioxidant, which has been widely used for preservation of oils. The main lipophilic components of RE are carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CN). However, the reports on the method for determining CA and CN in vegetable oils are really rare. Herein, a highly efficient method for quantitative analysis of CA and CN in vegetable oils was developed. The vegetable oil samples were dissolved in n‐hexane saturated using acetonitrile and extracted with acetonitrile saturated using n‐hexane, followed by HPLC analysis using UV detector. Qualitative and quantitative determinations were performed by external standard method. Under the optimised conditions, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of CA were 0.11 μg mL−1 and 0.55 μg mL−1, respectively; LOD and LOQ of CN were 0.05 μg mL−1 and 0.20 μg mL−1, respectively. When the method was applied to determine CA and CN in vegetable oils spiked with standards, good recoveries (83.98% ~ 102.80% for CA and 98.29% ~ 114.74% for CN) and RSDs (0.61% ~ 7.36% for CA and 0.40% ~ 2.88% for CN, n = 2) were achieved. Accordingly, this work would efficiently identify and monitor lipophilic RE in vegetable oils, as this advanced method showed sensitive, quantitative, and reliable results suited for vegetable oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable fats and oils are prone to contamination by mineral oil hydrocarbons due to the lipophilic and ubiquitous character of the latter. As the aromatic fraction of these hydrocarbons, MOAH, is associated with carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and detrimental effects on foetal development, finding strategies to limit or reduce their contamination is highly relevant. Deodorisation (i.e. a refining step) has shown the ability to remove MOAH < C25 in vegetable fats and oils, but there is little information about the structures removed. Therefore, the present study investigated the impact of deodorisation conditions on the removal of different structures of MOAH in spiked coconut oil. An inscribed central composite design was built with time and temperature as variables (0.5-4h, 150-240 °C), while pressure (3 mbar) and steam flow (1 g water/g oil per hour) were kept constant. The analysis of MOAH in the oil was performed using a fully automated liquid chromatography coupled with two parallel comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography systems with flame ionisation and time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection. Response surfaces plotting the MOAH loss according to time and temperature were built for different MOAH fractions. The latter were defined based on the number of aromatic rings (>3 or ≤3) and the number of carbon atoms present (C16-C20, C20-C24, C24-C35, C35-C40). It was found that at 200 °C, compounds < C24, including weakly alkylated triaromatics, could be reduced to below the limit of quantification, while at 230 °C, it was possible to remove >60% of the C24-C35 fraction, including pentaromatics of low alkylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study presents an analytical and biological evaluation of selected vegetable oils and their unsaponifiable compounds, which are of crucial importance for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, with the aim of ensuring their targeted use in dermal products. Methods: Vegetable oils were selected based on their dominant fatty acid composition: pomegranate seed oil (punicic acid), linseed oil (α-linolenic acid), coconut oil (lauric acid), olive oil (oleic acid), poppy seed oil (linoleic acid), linden seed oil (linoleic acid), and marigold seed oil (α-calendic acid). Pharmacopoeial chemical values, fatty acid profiles, and unsaponifiable compounds were analysed. Antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH assay. Results: Chemical values indicated good oxidative status and minimal hydrolysis. Fatty acid analysis revealed expected compositions, with rare linden and marigold seed oils exhibiting distinctive fatty acid composition, featuring sterculic and α-calendic acids. Marigold seed oil showed the richest profile of unsaponifiable compounds. Antioxidant activity was highest in olive oil and lowest in coconut oil. No significant correlation was found between the fatty acid composition, unsaponifiable matter, and antioxidant activity suggesting the synergistic or antagonistic interactions of oil components. Conclusion: The study highlights the complex interactions among oil components that influence antioxidant activity. These findings deepen the understanding of the complex mechanisms determining the antioxidant properties of vegetable oils, crucial for informed decisions in dermal product formulation as demand for natural, effective cosmetic and pharmaceutical ingredients rises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coral reefs are threatened by climate change and the effects of human activity on the marine environment. Researchers are attempting to rescue this fragile ecosystem through coral restoration actions, and a common step in these procedures is transplanting the new coral colonies into coral reefs. To do that, commercial concrete or epoxy resins, also called putty, are utilized, highlighting different concerns about their mechanical and hardening performances and their impact and fate once released into the environment. Hence, this study presents a new biodegradable epoxidized soybean oil acrylate (ESOA)/zein‐based coral putty capable of quick hardening underwater as an ecofriendly alternative for transplantation of new coral colonies in the reef. Coral putty is composed of two components, containing one a radical initiator and the other a radical accelerator. Once the two components are mixed, coral putty becomes hard underwater in 20–25 min, showing a hardening timescale much faster than other commercial products. The coral putty is biocompatible when applied to the coral Stylophora pistillata in aquaria and Acropora tenuis corals are out‐planted on the reef in the Maldives, demonstrating how this new class of vegetable‐oil‐based materials can be a more sustainable alternative to epoxy resins commonly used in coral restoration procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, poses a significant threat to global agricultural products. Although pheromone-based technologies show promise for P. interpunctella management, limitations such as single-sex targeting necessitate exploring complementary strategies. Vegetable-based oils represent a potential alternative but their efficacy, sex-specificity, and interaction with sex pheromones remain unclear. To address these questions, we first examined the attraction of P. interpunctella female and male adults to 10 commercially available vegetable oils in semi-field conditions. Sesame, olive, and blended oils were the most attractive, capturing significantly more adults compared to other oils. We then evaluated the effectiveness of these three attractive oils and their combinations with P. interpunctella sex pheromones in a grain warehouse. Traps baited with these oils captured significantly more females and males compared to control traps without attractants; however, the addition of sex pheromones did not improve male capture and significantly reduced female capture, suggesting an inhibitory effect. Finally, we demonstrated that female mating status (mated vs. virgin) did not influence the attractiveness of traps baited with these effective oils. Our findings highlight the potential of standalone traps baited with blended, olive, or sesame oil as a practical, economic, and effective management strategy for P. interpunctella in storage facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable-oil-based polyurethane has become a promising sustainable candidate for controlled-release fertilizer based on green chemistry. The purpose of this study was to prepare a series of coatings from selective feedstocks including five vegetable oils with a high saturation degree, mono-unsaturation degree, or poly-unsaturation degree, considering that vegetable oil fatty acids played a key role in the synthesis of polyol and polyurethane. The effect of the type and proportion of fatty acids on the physicochemical properties, microstructure, and macro-properties of vegetable-oil-derived polyols and their resulting coatings was characterized and discussed. The position and number of the hydroxy groups were determined by the type and proportion of fatty acid, and polyol from linseed oil with a high poly-unsaturation degree and three carbon–carbon double bonds had a high hydroxyl value and functionality, whereas polyol from palm oil with a high saturation degree possessed the lowest hydroxyl value and functionality. The resultant coating from linseed-oil-based polyol had a good cross-linking density, and the nitrogen release longevity of coated urea was 56 days at a coating percentage of 3%, and its nitrogen use efficiency was increased by 27.15% compared with conventional urea. Although the palm-oil-based coating had good hydrophobicity, its coated urea was not ideal. Overall, this study has enriched theories of bio-based polyurethane coatings for controlled-release fertilizers; using vegetable oil with a poly-unsaturation degree, it is easy to obtain an excellent coating for controlled-release fertilizer, and this will help provide economic and environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is devoted to studying changes in the physicochemical and colloid–sorption properties of bleaching clay thermotreated after its use in the process of refining vegetable oil. Bleaching clay thermotreated at different temperatures has been used for comparison. The colloid–sorption properties have been studied by measuring adsorption of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions. It has been shown that clay annealed at 350°C adsorbs methylene blue most efficiently. In the saturation region, the adsorption by clay thermotreated at 350°C has amounted to 0.28 mmol/g or 89.6 mg/g, while the adsorption by clay annealed at 250°C has appeared to be 0.24 mmol/g or 76.8 mg/g. When the annealing temperature is elevated above 500°C, the adsorption properties of the bleaching clay waste decrease, probably, due to the combustion of the carbon layer. Using bleaching clay waste from the Alekseevsky oil extraction plant as an example, it has been revealed that, during the thermal treatment of the material, various types of water (free, interpackage, and chemically bound one) are removed, thus leading to changes in the colloid–sorption properties, such as particle surface relief, specific surface area, sorption capacity, and ζ potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different chromatographic column absorbents (activated clay, silica gel, and activated aluminum oxide) on the adsorption and removal of minor components (sterols, tocopherols, β‐carotene, free fatty acids (FFAs), secondary oxidation products, and peroxides) in vegetable oils. For single absorbents, activated aluminum oxide was the most effective material for removing tocopherols and FFAs from oil. All the adsorbents used have the capacity to remove β‐carotene from edible oils, and activated clay has the strongest ability, with removal rates reaching 99.8%. The brassicasterol, campesterol, β‐sitosterol, γ‐tocopherol, and δ‐tocopherol in vegetable oil can be completely removed by silica gel. Using a combination of these absorbents, a multistage optimized method was developed to maximize the removal of various minor components from vegetable oils. After multistage purification, free sterols, tocopherols, FFAs, β‐carotene, and secondary oxidation products were completely removed, whereas peroxides were also removed at concentrations less than 0.71 mmol/kg. The purified oils could be used as standard samples for in‐depth study of the effects of minor components on formation of association colloids and their influence on oil oxidation, as well as for evaluating the antioxidant potential of novel antioxidants or extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adulteration of expensive vegetable oils with other cheaper vegetable oils is increasing within the oil traders all across the world. Therefore, developing a method for detection of adulteration in expensive vegetable oil like VCO would be useful. In this study, an android mobile application which can generate signature and barcodes has been developed based on the response (p < 0.05) coupled with the optimized condition of LSPR system for different adulterations in VCO with coconut oil (CO) and mustard oil (MO). The discriminant analysis with samples showed a gradual shift to right with the adulteration, demonstrating the independency of the prediction. The correct % of validated samples was observed to be 81.67% and 80% for adulterated sample of VCO with MO and CO respectively with a cumulative variance of 100%. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.23 and 0.77 and 0.21 and 0.72 for adulterated samples of VCO with CO and MO respectively with a linearity range of 10 to 90%. The results showed that the technique has a faster response and lower cost than other conventional methods like FT-R or GC–MS/MS for the detection of adulteration in VCO. However, further research is needed for the advancement of android mobile application and to make the system compatible to detect adulteration with other cheap oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

为了调查市售植物油中氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯污染情况并为市场监管和行业质量提升提供技术依据，采用13C同位素稀释-气相色谱-串联质谱法，对市售13种共48批次植物油样品中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇（3-MCPD）酯、2-氯-1,3-丙二醇（2-MCPD）酯和缩水甘油酯含量进行检测，采用气相色谱-质谱法对植物油中豆甾二烯含量进行检测，分析氯丙醇酯、缩水甘油酯和豆甾二烯含量之间的相关性，并考察精炼工序（脱色、脱臭）对植物油中氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量的影响。结果表明：所采用的氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯检测方法平均回收率为102.0%~110.4%，相对标准偏差小于或等于11.10%，且该方法测试结果均为满意；39批次样品中3-MCPD酯含量超过100 μg/kg，范围为126~4 252 μg/kg，超过欧盟限量的有1批次，超标率为2.1%；32批次样品中2-MCPD酯含量超过100 μg/kg，范围为101~2 192 μg/kg；34批次样品中缩水甘油酯含量超过100 μg/kg，范围为109~4 593 μg/kg，超过欧盟限量的有6批次，超标率为12.5%；未精炼油脂（豆甾二烯含量小于01 mg/kg）中氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量均在定量限（100 μg/kg）以下；3-MCPD酯含量与2-MCPD酯含量之间具有明显的相关性，而与缩水甘油酯、豆甾二烯含量之间不具有相关性，缩水甘油酯含量与豆甾二烯含量之间同样不具有相关性；精炼过程，特别是脱臭过程会导致氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯的产生。综上，市售植物油中缩水甘油酯污染情况相对较为严重，其污染原因与植物油精炼过程有关，需要引起重视。In order to investigate the pollution of chloropropanol esters and glycidyl esters in commercially available vegetable oils and to provide technical basis for market regulation and quality improvement of the industry, 13C isotope dilution-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method was used to analyse the contents of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) esters, 2-chloro-1,3-propanediol (2-MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters in a total of 48 batches of 13 types of vegetable oils available in the market, stigmastadiene content was measured by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the correlation between chloropropanol esters, glycidyl esters and stigmastadiene contents, and the effects of refining processes (bleaching and deodorization) on the contents of chloropropanol esters and glycidyl esters were investigated. The results showed that the average recoveries of chloropropanol esters and glycidyl esters were 102.0%-110.4% with the relative standard deviations (RSD) less than or equal to 11.10%, and the results of this method were satisfactory. The content of 3-MCPD esters in 39 batches exceeded 100 μg/kg, ranging from 126 μg/kg to 4 252 μg/kg and one batch exceeded the EU limit, with an exceeding rate of 2.1%. The content of 2-MCPD esters in 32 batches exceeded 100 μg/kg, ranging from 101 μg/kg to 2 192 μg/kg. The content of glycidyl esters in 34 batches exceeded 100 μg/kg, ranging from 109 μg/kg to 4 593 μg/kg, and 6 batches exceeded the EU limit, with an exceeding rate of 12.5%. The contents of chloropropanol esters and glycidyl esters in unrefined oils (with a content of stigmastadiene less than 0.1 mg/kg) were both below the limit of quantification (100 μg/kg). There was a significant correlation between 3-MCPD esters content and 2-MCPD esters content while there was no correlation between 3-MCPD esters content, glycidyl esters content and stigmastadiene content, and no correlation between glycidyl esters content and stigmastadiene content. The refining process, especially the deodorization process, led to the production of chloropropanol esters and glycidyl esters. In conclusion, the pollution of glycidyl esters in vegetable oils on the market is relatively serious, and the cause of pollution is related to the refining process of vegetable oils, which needs to be paid attention to.

In light of current high and volatile energy and food prices, we examine the daily dynamics of the conditional variance-covariance matrix and price discovery in European vegetable oils. We find that energy prices chiefly influence vegetable oil trends, while stock-to-use ratios significantly impact variance-covariance dynamics when considering their specific cold filter plugging point (CFPP). This technical detail robustly demonstrates interplays among vegetable oils based on economic principles of complementarity and substitutability, even amid the pandemic and the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Moreover, both marginal distributions and volatility dependence structures relate to distinct economic fundamentals, enhancing our understanding of the market's complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract:: Oil blending is the method of choice used worldwide to improve oxidative stability and nutritional value. There is no such edible oil/fat that meets all the recommendations from the health point of view. The fatty acid composition of vegetable oils decides the fate of the oil. Pure single oil is unable to provide a balanced amount of fatty acids (FAs) required/recommended on a daily intake basis. Blending oils/fats is an appropriate procedure of physically mixing multiple oils in suitable proportions which may provide functional lipids with improved antioxidant potential and desirable physical and chemical properties. This review piled up the accessible data on the blending of diverse oils/fats in the combination of binary, ternary, quaternary, or other types of oils into a single blended oil. Blending can be found very convincing towards appropriate FA profile, enhancement in physicochemical characteristics, and augmented stability for the period of storage or when used as cooking/frying processes which could ultimately serve as an effectual dietary intervention towards the health protectiveness.

Various studies and research have been conducted to find alternatives to liquid insulation. One that is considered the most potential is vegetable oil since it has various advantages, including non-toxic, biodegradable, renewable waste products due to reactions in the form of CO2 and water, high flash points, and better thermal characteristics. In this study, Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) was used as the raw material for insulation oil with the addition of an additive in the form of nano-silica, which improves the quality of the insulation oil. As for determining the feasibility of insulation oil, characteristic tests were carried out in the form of density, viscosity, moisture content, acid number, pour point, flash point, and breakdown voltage. Based on the results of the tests, it was obtained that the lowest density in pure oil was 0.8757 g / cm³, the lowest viscosity in oil with the addition of 0.13 wt% nano-silica was 4.0248 cSt, and the lowest acid number in pure oil was 0.5797 mgKOH / g. It was also discovered that the pour point value is the same for each sample, the moisture content is 0.05%, the flashpoint is > 104 °C, and the breakdown voltage is ≥ 60 kV for each sample. The data show that the insulation oil made from POME has the potential to be used as an alternative to insulation oil.

Abstract Background Studies examining the potential association between cooking oil and frailty risk in older adults have produced conflicting outcomes. Therefore, our objective was to explore the relationship between cooking oil (vegetable and animal fat oils), changes in oil usage, and the risk of frailty in older adults. Methods We included 4,838 participants aged ≥ 65 years without frailty (frailty index

近年来，全球生物柴油产业快速发展，用于生产生物柴油的植物油消费量持续增加，对我国植物油供给稳定造成影响。对全球生物柴油整体发展情况、生物柴油产业发展影响因素、主要生产国生物柴油政策、生物柴油产业发展前景等进行研究，分析了全球生物柴油产业发展对我国植物油安全的影响，并提出相关建议。生物柴油产业发展改变了全球植物油消费结构、贸易流向，对我国油脂油料进口构成威胁，影响我国植物油供给安全。建议发展中国特色的生物柴油产业，提高我国油脂油料自给率，推动植物油多元化进口，确保我国植物油供给安全，同时呼吁生物柴油生产国优先保障食用消费，合理发展生物柴油。In recent years, the global biodiesel industry has developed rapidly, and the consumption of vegetable oil used for producing biodiesel has continued to increase, which has had an impact on the stable supply of vegetable oil in China. The overall development of global biodiesel, factors influencing industrial development, policies of major producing countries, and development prospects of biodiesel industry were studied. The impact of the development of global biodiesel industry on vegetable oil safety in China were analyzed, and relevant suggestions were put forward. It is found that the development of the biodiesel industry has changed the global consumption structure and trade flow of vegetable oil, posing a threat to China′s oil and oilseed imports, and affecting the security of China′s vegetable oil supply. It is recommended to develop biodiesel industry with Chinese characteristics, increase China′s self-sufficiency rate of oil and oilseed, promote diversified imports of vegetable oil, to ensure the safety of China′s vegetable oil supply, and call on major biodiesel production countries to prioritize ensuring edible consumption and develop biodiesel reasonably.

Abstract A fast, simple, and sensitive analytic method was proposed for the simultaneous quantification of aflatoxins (AFTs) and capsaicinoids in vegetable oils by immunomagnetic sorbent coupled with ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The immunomagnetic solid phase extraction (IMSPE) sorbents were synthesized with the monoclonal antibodies via cyanogen bromide magnetic sorbents, which could modify the surface magnetic sorbents under mild synthetic condition. The IMSPE procedure had the following aspects such as ease manipulation, easy disperse, quick isolation, eco‐friendly, and cost‐effective. The major conditions of IMSPE procedure were systemically studied, and the optimized pretreatment was accomplished in 15 min avoding complicated condition or sophisticated equipment. Excellent linearities were achieved by the correlation (R2) more than 0.9983. The limits of quantifications of all analytes ranged from 0.03 to 0.20 µg kg−1, and the recoveries were satisfactory ranging from 75.7% to 124.0% with the intra‐day and inter‐day precisions less than 10.1%. Additionally, the proposed method was used to analyze AFTs and capsaicinoids in retail oil samples. Overall, 25% of soybean and peanut oils and 12.5% of corn and blended oil were detected with AFTs, and no capsaicinoid was found. The content of AFTs was under the MRLs set by EU and China regulation for food quality and safety. The validated results indicated that this method could be utilized for a rapid, efficient, and accurate quantification of AFTs and capsaicinoids in complex lipid‐based matrix.

Simple Summary: Simple Summary: Due to limited availability, fluctuating prices, and sustainability concerns, the aquaculture sector is increasingly replacing fish oil with vegetable oil in aquafeeds. To comprehensively explore the dependence of growth performance and omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC-PUFA) composition on dietary n-3 LC-PUFA levels in cultured fish with varying feeding habits (herbivorous, omnivorous, and carnivorous) and habitats (marine and freshwater), we employed a Bayesian meta-analysis to quantitatively analyze data from 81 selected studies. This novel approach allowed us to show to what extent the growth performance and n-3 LC-PUFA tissue levels of freshwater and herbivorous fish exhibit higher tolerance than marine and carnivorous fish to reduced amounts of dietary n-3 LC-PUFA levels. The results of this study can help optimize the use of fish oil in aquafeeds and contribute to the development of more sustainable aquaculture practices. Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) offer protective benefits against various pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis, obesity, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. Marine fish and seafood are the primary sources of n-3 LC-PUFAs in the human diet. However, the inclusion of fish oil in aquafeeds is declining due to limited availability, fluctuating prices, sustainability concerns, and replacement with vegetable oils. While comprehensive narrative reviews on the impact of substituting fish oil with vegetable oil in aquafeeds exist, quantitative studies are relatively scarce and mainly focused on comparing the source of vegetable oils. Herein, we employed, for the first time, a Bayesian meta-analysis approach, collecting research data from 81 articles to quantitatively analyze the effects of dietary n-3 LC-PUFA levels on the n-3 LC-PUFA composition and growth performance in cultured fish. Our findings indicate that with the exception of herbivorous fish, dietary n-3 LC-PUFA levels significantly affect the EPA and DHA levels in the livers and muscles of carnivorous, omnivorous, freshwater, and marine fish. Additionally, the growths of freshwater and herbivorous fish were less affected by changes in dietary n-3 LC-PUFA levels compared to that of carnivorous and marine fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research addresses the pressing need for advancements in dielectric liquid insulation, recognizing the challenges associated with conventional liquid insulation. Motivated by the imperative to enhance dielectric performance, the study focuses on vegetable oil nanofluids, specifically sunflower oil (SFO), soybean oil (SBO), and rice bran oil (RBO), blended with conductive calamine (ZnO+Fe2O3), insulative alumina (Al2O3), and semiconductive tenorite (CuO) nanoparticles at 0.025% and 0.1% volume particle concentrations. The existing challenges in traditional liquid insulation include issues related to sustainability, efficiency, and the demand for improved dielectric properties in contemporary electrical systems. This research aims to address these challenges through a systematic investigation into the physicochemical properties of nanofluids and a statistical study on partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) using normal and Weibull distributions. The outcomes of the study reveal that higher nanoparticle concentrations in nanofluids exhibit superior dielectric performance, with sunflower oil–based nanofluids enriched with calamine and tenorite nanoparticles surpassing those based on alumina. These findings not only contribute to a deeper understanding of the intricate relationships between nanoparticle characteristics and vegetable oil properties but also offer practical insights into overcoming challenges associated with conventional liquid insulation. This research is essential in paving the way for sustainable advancements in electrical insulation technology, providing a foundation for the development of efficient and environmentally friendly dielectric liquid insulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a technology for producing base oil by oxidizing organosulfur compounds, contained in petroleum distillates and deasphaltisates, with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of vegetable (rapeseed and castor) oils, followed by extraction of oxidates and dewaxing of raffinates. Extraction of the resulting oxidized mixture (oxidate) was carried out with N-methylpyrrolidone. The content of rapeseed oil contained in the raffinate and extract was determined. The extract solution from a medium-viscosity oil distillate was cooled to obtain a secondary raffinate represented by a sulfoxide concentrate. The secondary raffinate was used as a base oil for producing a lubricant with high tribological properties for use in heavily loaded friction units. The rapeseed oil remained in the raffinate improves its viscosity index and lubricating properties. The raw materials and obtained raffinates were analyzed to assess their physicochemical and tribological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil plants play an important role in human or animal nutrition and are also an valuable source of raw material for industrial sector. They are also functional with the rich nutritional contents. Vegetable oil production in the world is covered from mainly palm oil and then soybean, rapeseed and sunflower. In Turkey, the majority of oilseed and vegetable oil production are obtained from sunflower. Besides cottonseed, soybean, rapeseed, safflower, olive and corn plants are used for producing vegetable oils. But the most cultivated and produced one is sunflower. The high edible oil quality of sunflower ensure more consumption. In Turkey, only sunflower meets 69% of production of vegetable oil, 84% of total oil consumption, 32% of total oil usage. Since the sunflower oil production does not meet the consumption, a large part of the sunflower oil demands are imported. The purpose of this review is to reveal the importance sunflower oil within oilseed plants and its role in overcoming oil deficiency in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Dalian Polytechnic University is the property of Journal of Dalian Polytechnic University Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Improving the machining efficiency in form of better surface quality and improved tool life is always challenging. This is due to the high amount of heat produced during machining. Hence effective measures are required to control the heat generated. In this response, conventional coolants are applied to achieve cooling and lubricating effect in machining. However, these cutting fluids affect the operator's health and environmental resources. Considering this, the aim of the work is to assess the role of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) compared to dry and flood cooling. The turning tests are performed under the defined machining environments to find the most suitable combination of parameters to minimize the tool wear and surface roughness. The Taguchi orthogonal arrays are incorporated to evaluate the 27 different combinations of variable working parameters and assess them. The lubricating conditions are varied as per the experimental design. Three different lubricating conditions are used: dry lubrication, flood lubrication and MQL. A statistical analysis of obtained results is performed to understand the effect of machining variables on output responses. A multi-response optimization is conducted to minimize surface roughness and tool wear by utilizing Grey relational analysis. Finally, the most suitable combination of parameters is suggested based on the obtained grey relational grade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review offers a chemical analysis of cutting fluids, delving into both their formulation and deformulation processes. The study covers a wide spectrum of cutting fluid formulations, ranging from simple compositions predominantly comprising oils, whether mineral or vegetable, to emulsions. The latter involves the integration of surfactants, encompassing both nonionic and anionic types, along with a diverse array of additives. Concerning oils, the current trend leans towards the use of vegetable oils instead of mineral oils for environmental reasons. As vegetable oils are more prone to oxidation, chemical alterations, the addition of antioxidant may be necessary. The chemical aspects of the different compounds are scrutinized, in order to understand the role of each component and its impact on the fluid’s lubricating, cooling, anti-wear, and anti-corrosion properties. Furthermore, the review explores the deformulation methodologies employed to dissect cutting fluids. This process involves a two-step approach: separating the aqueous and organic phases of the emulsions by physical or chemical treatments, and subsequently conducting a detailed analysis of each to identify the compounds. Several analytical techniques, including spectrometric or chromatographic, can be employed simultaneously to reveal the chemical structures of samples. This review aims to contribute to the improvement of waste treatment stemming from cutting fluids. By gathering extensive information about the formulation, deformulation, and chemistry of the ingredients, there is a potential to enhance the waste management and disposal effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epoxies derived from natural sources as an alternative to conventional petroleum-based epoxy resins have been used in sustainable coating applications. This study aims to create corrosion-resistant bio-based epoxy nanocoatings in the context of sustainable development. For this purpose, vegetable oil-based epoxy resins from cardanol and soybean oil were prepared. The structure of bio-based epoxies was confirmed by FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy techniques. The epoxy functional silane precursor is synthesized from tetraethyl orthosilicate and (3-Glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane by means of the sol–gel method. Amine curing agent and inorganic silica skeletons as polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes and sol–gel precursor were added to the epoxy adduct and then cured. The curing kinetics of the formulations was followed by a differential scanning calorimeter. The chemical, mechanical, thermal, and anti-corrosive properties of the prepared coatings were investigated using various tests. The sustainable epoxy-based nanocoatings exhibited higher mechanical and thermal stability. In addition, the nanocoatings showed excellent corrosion resistance without the use of any anti-corrosive agent. The prepared green sustainable coatings will provide a more sustainable way to prepare bio-based coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization represents a promising coating technology, addressing drawbacks of traditional processes (solvent use, multistep procedures, etc.) while enabling deposition of thin cross‐linked polymer layers with high contour fidelity. We address technological challenges with a novel plasma device that integrates multiple plasma source benefits and investigate the suitability of two plant‐based precursors, chia and tung oil, for plasma polymerization to hydrophobize glass and paper. Chia oil enables the deposition of thin, covalently bonded hydrophobic polymer layers. Such coatings have diverse applications especially inside the paper industry, where water repellents in the form of internal and surface sizing have always been an essential functionalization step. Using bio‐based precursors and reducing extra chemicals contributes to substituting fossil‐based or harmful substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable oils, which are considered potential lubricants, are composed of different types and proportions of fatty acids. Because of their diverse types and varying compositions, they exhibit different lubrication performances. The genetic function approximation algorithm was used to model the quantitative structure–property relationship between fatty acid structure and the wear scar diameter and friction coefficients measured by four-ball friction and wear tests. Based on the models with adjusted R2 greater than 0.9 and fatty acid compositions of vegetable oils, the wear scar diameter and friction coefficients of Xanthoceras sorbifolia bunge oil and Soybean oil as validation oil samples were predicted. The difference between the predicted and experimental values was small, indicating that the models could accurately predict the lubrication performances of vegetable oils. The lubrication performances of 14 kinds of vegetable oils were predicted by GFA-QSPR models, and the primary factors influencing their lubrication properties were studied by cluster analysis. The results show that the content of C18:1 has a positive effect on the lubrication performances of vegetable oils, while the content of C18:3 has a negative effect, and the length of the carbon chain of fatty acids significantly affects their lubrication properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors study the effect of the tungsten oxide in the supports of 0.5% Pt/WOx-Al2O3 catalysts on their acidity, deposited platinum dispersity, and catalytic properties in the hydrodeoxygenation of sunflower oil. It is shown that the of Brønsted acid sites on its surface grows, and the dispersity of deposited platinum in the ready catalyst is reduced when the content of the modifier is increased. The studied samples ensure complete sunflower oil conversion in a hydrogen atmosphere at a liquid weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 1 h−1, a temperature of 380°C, and a total pressure of 4 MPa the composition of the support. A nearly stoichiometric yield of C5+ products at a level of 82–86 wt % is attained. The acidic properties of the 0.5% Pt/WOx-Al2O3 system determine the possibility for synthesizing the components of diesels with high contents of iso-alkanes as a result of sunflower oil hydrodeoxygenation. Using a catalyst with a nominal tungsten content of 15 wt % WO3 brings the content of iso-paraffins up to 74% with complete conversion of the initial feedstock for no less than 24 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Studies examining the potential association between cooking oil and frailty risk in older adults have produced conflicting outcomes. Therefore, our objective was to explore the relationship between cooking oil (vegetable and animal fat oils), changes in oil usage, and the risk of frailty in older adults. Methods: We included 4,838 participants aged ≥ 65 years without frailty (frailty index < 0.25) from the 2011 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Follow-up occurred in the 2014 and 2018 waves. Cox proportional hazard models were utilized to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to examine the association between cooking oil and frailty. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of switching cooking oil on frailty during the follow-up period. Results: During a median follow-up of 3.0 (2.8–6.9) years, 1,348 individuals (27.9%) developed frailty. Compared to those using vegetable oil, users of animal fat oil had a lower risk of frailty (HR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.61–0.85). Participants who switched from vegetable oil to animal fat oil, as well as those consistently using animal fat oil, had lower risks of frailty with HRs of 0.70 (0.52–0.95) and 0.63 (0.51–0.77) respectively, compared to those who consistently used vegetable oil. Conversely, individuals who switched from animal fat oil to vegetable oil experienced an increased risk of frailty (HR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.01–1.97). Conclusions: The utilization of animal fat oil in cooking exhibited a reduced frailty risk among older adults. Conversely, transitioning from animal fat oil to vegetable oil may elevate the risk. These findings propose that substituting vegetable oil with animal fat oil in the diet may safeguard against frailty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Aerated emulsions formulated with vegetable oils have been widely consumed with health demands of tea‐based drinks and coffee. In comparison with its traditional counterparts consisting of 30%–40% of fats, that is, whipping creams, the aerated emulsions containing less than 20% vegetable oils are classified as low fat‐cream‐like products and popular with consumers preferring fat‐reduced foods. However, unstable whipping capabilities are the typical quality defects of these low fat‐emulsions, which is highly related with partial coalescence of fat globules. In the present study, effects of unsaturation degree and fatty acid species of fat matrix on whipping capabilities of the aerated emulsions were evaluated by analysing crystal networks, partial coalescence behaviours, whipping performance, and foam structure and stabilities. Increase of fat unsaturation from 10% to 30% improved fat crystal structure and partial coalescence significantly. In particular, 10%–15% of medium chain‐fatty acids present in the emulsions with 30% unsaturated fats tended to crystallise into well‐packed thicker crystals, and to exhibit the highest partial coalescence rate with nearly 60% of solid fat content at whipping temperature. Both the fat species and unsaturation contributed to forming smooth appearance and desirable foam networks after whipping. In contrast, further increase in unsaturation resulted in significant reduction of adsorbed proteins, contributing to excessive aggregation of fat globules. Therefore, it presented negative effects on partial coalescence as well as foam firmness and stabilities. The results figured out characteristics of fat matrix for the manufacture of low fat‐aerated creams with improved whipping capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black cumin (Nigella sativa) seed (BS) oil has received much interest in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its valuable nutritional properties, but this oil has low oxidative stability. The effect of microwave pre‐treatment at 0 to 2.5 min and conditioning with different buffers at pH 3 to 9 of BS, before oil extraction by cold press, were investigated. The oil extraction yield was higher; acid value (AV) and peroxide value (PV) were lower in the oil extracted from seeds, which were first microwaved and then moisturized and vice versa. BS with pH 3, microwave time of 1.25 min, and moisturizing level of 5%, which gave oil extraction yield of 27.2%, AV of (2.9 mg NaOH/g oil), and PV of (8.3 meq O2/kg oil), was selected as an optimum sample and its quality changes were investigated during storage compared with the oil extracted from the control sample (without any pre‐treatment). In conclusion, the oil extracted from the pre‐treated BS had higher bioactive components and lower AV and PV during the storage; therefore, microwave radiation and pH adjustment before oil extraction from BS by cold press are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to cope with the shortage of non-renewable energy and the increasingly environmental pollution, sustainable vegetable oils, as competitive alternatives, have widely been held in the good graces of the researchers. Vegetable oils are suitable for a wide range of applications such as biofuels and biodiesel. However, the development of vegetable oils is limited due to the characteristics of unsatisfactory oxidation stability and poor cold-flow properties. Chemical modification is considered as an effective solution to enhance the performance. The research progress of the chemical modification methods and applications of vegetable oils in recent years are summarized in this review. Reducing the content of carbon–carbon double bonds and increasing the degree of saturation are the keys to improve the physicochemical properties of vegetable oils. The prospects for the development direction and challenges of vegetable oils are proposed. Future research may focus on the use of multifunctional catalysts to optimize reaction conditions or to introduce active groups with lubricating properties in epoxidation reactions and explore the combination of chemical and auxiliary methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

为解决现有检测方法存在前处理净化不完全、不彻底的情况，建立了超高效液相色谱（UPLC）测定食用油中香兰素、甲基香兰素和乙基香兰素含量的分析方法。用乙腈提取食用油中目标物，以乙腈饱和的正己烷萃取净化，冷冻分层后，再经Oasis PRiME HLB固相萃取柱净化，采用C18色谱柱分离，以0.5%甲酸水溶液-乙腈为流动相进行UPLC测定，外标法定量。结果表明：3种香兰素类物质在0.1~100.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好，相关系数大于0.999，检出限均为0.03 mg/kg，定量限均为0.1 mg/kg；在 0.1、0.2、1.0 mg/kg 3个添加水平的平均回收率为86.6%~108.1%，相对标准偏差（RSD）为2.0%～8.8%。同时，采用本方法与BJS 201705中方法对食用油中的3种香兰素类物质进行测定，两种方法结果间无显著性差异。综上，建立的方法采用两步净化，减少了杂质对香兰素类物质的干扰，适用于食用油中香兰素类物质含量的测定。In order to solve the problem of incomplete purification in the pretreatment of the existing testing methods,a method for the determination of vanillin, methyl vanillin, and ethyl vanillin in edible oil by ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was established. The target compounds in edible oil sample were extracted with acetonitrile, purified by n-hexane saturated by acetonitrile, frozen and stratified, then extracted and purified by Oasis PRiME HLB column, separated by C18 chromatographic column, and eluted with 0.5% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile as the mobile phase gradient for the UPLC analysis. The external standard method was used for quantification. The results showed that the linearity of the three vanillins was good in the range of 0.1-100.0 mg/L, with correlation coefficient higher than 0.999, the detection limit was 0.03 mg/kg, and the quantitation limit was 0.1 mg/kg.The average recoveries at three additive concentrations of 0.1, 0.2 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kgwere 86.6%- 108.1%, and the RSD was 2.0%-8.8%. There was no significant difference between the results of the established method and BJS 201705.The established method uses a two-step purification to reduce the interference of impurities to vanillin compounds, and is suitable for the determination of vanillins in edible oil.

This work presents the novel application of green oils to extract arsenic ions from petroleum produced water via liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). In the experiment, the removal of arsenic ions from synthetic petroleum produced water is investigated, using five green oils: canola oil, corn oil, linseed oil, rice bran oil, and sunflower oil, in place of petroleum-based solvents: toluene and kerosene. Both extraction and stripping optimizations are examined. For extractants, Aliquat 336 and Cyanex 921 are implemented. The initial arsenic concentration (3.984 mg L−1) of petroleum produced water is examined. Results demonstrate that Aliquat 336 in corn oil proved to be most effective for arsenic removal. At optimal conditions via response surface methodology (RSM), the highest extraction and stripping percentages reached 99.95 % and 100.00 %, respectively. In accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) levels of ≤0.01 mg L−1, arsenic concentration remaining in the extracted water (0.002 mg L−1), is seen to fulfill the requirement needed. The extraction and stripping kinetics are of first and second-order. Mechanisms of arsenic removal are evaluated via density functional theory (DFT). Further, selectivity, recycling of the organic phase, and the number of stages via McCabe-Thiele theory are determined under optimal conditions.

The article presents the research on the adaptation and implementation of a method for determining mono- and diacylglycerols in vegetable oils. The relevance of the research is determined by the introduction of standardization of monochloropropanediols and glycidol in vegetable oils and some types of fat and oil products since 2025. According to the scientific literature, mono- and diacylglycerols, formed during the ripening of oil seeds under the influence of the enzyme lipase, are precursors of monochloropropanediols and glycidol, which, in turn, according to the World Health Organization, are carcinogenic substances. Some of the most probable mechanisms for the formation of contaminants from mono- and diacylglycerols have been considered; according to them diacylglycerols are considered to be the main source of glycidyl ethers, and monoacylglycerols are that of monochloropropanediols. An important factor influencing the speed and completeness of the described reactions is the presence in the system of water molecules, chlorine ions, hydrogen protons, as well as high temperatures. Catalysts for such side reactions are heavy metals, including their salts. Thus, in order to implement effective measures to control the formation of contaminants in oil, it is important to have a complete picture of the quality indicators of the feedstock and, above all, data on the content of mono- and diacylglycerols, methods for determining which are not available in laboratory practice in the Russian Federation.The goal of the research is to develop a method for the quantitative determination of mono- and diacylglycerols in vegetable oils.As a result of the research, the sample preparation method has been improved, calibration dependencies have been determined using an internal standard, and an identification and quantitative analysis technique has been proposed, on the basis of gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector and the use of a high-temperature capillary column. Verification work has been carried out and the metrological characteristics of the proposed method have been determined. The method has been tested on real objects – various types of vegetable oils.

Vegetable oils as bio-lubricants have poor oxidation stability due to the unsaturated fatty acids in their composition. The oxidation in bio-lubricants can occur because they are exposed to heat, light, and oxygen. In this research, clove oil was used to reduce oxidation in vegetable oils. The effects of blending clove oil (0, 5, and 10% wt) with virgin coconut oil (VCO), hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO), and palm oil that have been exposed to oxygen for 30 days have been investigated. Viscometer and pin-on-disk tests were used to determine the physical and tribological properties of the bio-lubricants. The results show that the addition of clove oil to these oils could reduce the oxidation process. It was indicated by the reduced percentage increase in the dynamic viscosity of 10% wt clove oil in VCO of around 5.41% for 30 days. Results of wear rate indicated that the effect of adding clove oil to VCO and HCO was better than that of palm oil, where the wear rate of VCO and HCO decreased with an increasing clove oil composition. Meanwhile, their coefficients of friction were only affected at low speeds (500 rpm).

Despite numerous attempts to remove tariff and non-tariff barriers, the average number of barriers in the agricultural sector, particularly in the palm oil sector, is rising. Non-tariff effects are subjective, which makes them challenging to quantify. A new palm oil trade restrictiveness index that considers each trade barrier imposed on palm oil exports, such as tariff and non-tariff measures, is necessary to facilitate the sector's exports. Hence, this study aims to calculate the trade restrictiveness index (TRI) of palm oil and analyse its impact on Malaysia's and Indonesia's palm oil exports. This study uses a gravity model with Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) estimation to analyse the impact of trade barriers on world palm oil export for a sample of 59 major palm oil importing countries from 2009 to 2019. The study revealed that each importing country imposes different restrictions on Malaysia and Indonesia. The TRI showed a negative and significant relationship influencing palm oil exports in the case of Malaysia, while a positive and significant relationship for Indonesia. The policy implications of this study suggest that policymakers in both Malaysia and Indonesia should take proactive steps to comply with every criterion demanded by the importing country.

The article presents the results of tribological and rheological research of lubricating composition modified of various content of titanium dioxide. The analysis of anti-wear properties during the test for the tested lubricating composition indicates a significant change in this parameters for lubricants modified of titanium dioxide. A change of the value of evaluated tribological parameters leads to change in the structure of the composition carried out tests and a change in the effectiveness of the tribological protection of the tribosystem. The content of the thickener, base of oil and additive in the lubricant structure affects the level of the anti-wear properties, as evidenced by the results obtained during the tribological tests presented in this article. Also, the tribological tests were carried out with the T-02 four-ball machine for the base grease, i.e. without a modifying additive, and compared with the results obtained for lubricating greases modified with various amounts of titanium dioxide. The results of welding load, limiting pressure of seizure, scuffing load, limiting load of scuffing and limiting load of wear were used to evaluate the tribological properties. Based on the results of tribological tests of vegetable lubricating compositions, it was found, that the addition of titanium dioxide changed the anti-wear and anti-seizure properties of the vegetable lubricating compositions under study. The introduction of various amount of titanium dioxide caused an increase of dynamic viscosity at lower shear rates and significant changes of viscosity in the low temperatures. The introduction of modifier led to the decrease of yield point value from content value of used additive of tested lubricating compositions.