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Coeliac disease is a common condition for which the only current treatment is a gluten-free diet. Adherence to this diet is not always easy and is associated with a reduction in quality of life for the patient and their family. Non-adherence is associated with complications of varying severity. The lack of control at the outpatient care level in a high percentage of these patients evinces the need to improve follow-up protocols and the approach to care delivery with coordination of paediatric gastroenterology units (PGU) and primary care paediatricians. With this aim in mind, the present document was developed by consensus to offer a set of recommendations adapted to our region, based on the recent recommendations published by the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN), and with participation of the pertinent scientific societies, including those concerning the adult population, for the management and follow-up of adolescents and the transition to adult care. Resumen: La enfermedad celíaca es una patología frecuente y cuyo único tratamiento en el momento actual es la dieta sin gluten. El seguimiento de esta dieta no siempre es fácil e implica limitaciones en la calidad de vida del paciente y su familia. La no adherencia se asociaría a complicaciones de distinta gravedad. La falta de control de estos pacientes en consultas en un alto porcentaje de casos plantea la necesidad de mejorar los protocolos de seguimiento y de abordarlos de forma coordinada entre las Unidades de Gastroenterología Pediátrica (UGP) y los pediatras de Atención Primaria. Con ese objetivo se han consensuado en este documento, basándose en las recomendaciones recientemente publicadas por la Sociedad Europea de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica (ESPGHAN), un conjunto de recomendaciones adaptadas a nuestro entorno y contando con la participación de las Sociedades Científicas implicadas, incluyendo a las Sociedades de adultos para el abordaje del seguimiento del adolescente y de la transición de cuidados a los profesionales de adultos.

Abstract Background Over the past three decades, there has been a significant increase in the prevalence and incidence of overweight and obesity worldwide. The obesogen hypothesis suggests that certain external agents may affect pathways related to fat accumulation and energy balance by stimulating fat cell differentiation and proliferation. Previous research has indicated that exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and some of its analogues may influence fat accumulation by promoting the transformation of preadipocytes into adipocytes. This study aimed to assess the possible contribution of dietary bisphenol exposure to the odds of developing overweight and obesity in a sample of Spanish children according to sex. Methods Dietary and anthropometric data were collected from 179 controls and 124 cases schoolchildren aged 3–12 years. Dietary exposure to BPA and bisphenol S (BPS) was assessed using a food consumption frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression models were used to assess the influence of dietary exposure to bisphenols on overweight and obesity stratified by sex. Results For females, cases had significantly higher exposure to BPA from meat and eggs compared to controls (median = 319.55, interquartile range (IQR) = 176.39–381.01 vs 231.79 (IQR) = 162.11–350.19, p-value = 0.046). Diet quality was higher for controls (6.21 (2.14) vs 4.80 (2.24) p

Gene-environment interaction studies are emerging as a promising tool to shed light on the reasons for the rapid increase in excess body weight (overweight and obesity). We aimed to investigate the influence of several polymorphisms on excess weight in Spanish children according to a short- and long-term exposure to bisphenols and parabens, combining individual approach with the joint effect of them. This case-control study included 144 controls and 98 cases children aged 3–12 years. Thirty SNPs in genes involved in obesity-related pathways, xenobiotic metabolism and hormone systems were genotyped using the GSA microchip technology and qPCRs with Taqman® probes. Levels of bisphenols and parabens in urine and hair were used to assess short- and long-term exposure, respectively, via UHPLC-MS/MS system. LEPR rs9436303 was identified as a relevant risk variant for excess weight (ORDom:AAvsAG+GG=2.65, p

IntroductionA growing number of studies link the increase in overweight/obesity worldwide to exposure to certain environmental chemical pollutants that display obesogenic activity (obesogens). Since exposure to obesogens during the first stages of life has been shown to have a more intense and pronounced effect at lower doses, it is imperative to study their possible effects in childhood. The objective here was to study the association of Bisphenol A (BPA) and 11 BPA analogs in children, using three biological matrices (nails, saliva and urine), and overweight and obesity (n = 160).MethodsIn this case–control study, 59 overweight/obese children and 101 controls were included. The measuring of Bisphenols in the matrices was carried out by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Logistic regression was used to study the association between overweight/obesity and Bisphenol exposure.ResultsThe results suggested that BPF in nails is associated with overweight/ obesity in children (OR:4.87; p = 0.020). In saliva, however, the highest detected concentrations of BPAF presented an inverse association (OR: 0.06; p = 0.010) with overweight/obesity. No associations of statistical significance were detected between exposure to BPA or its other analogs and overweight/obesity in any of the biological matrices.

This work uses the connection between hadronic stability and configurational entropy to explore hadronic structures written in terms of non-quadratic dilaton (κ z)2-α. These hadronic structures are described using the relation between the parameters κ and α with the constituent mass. We test Zc, Zb, and ψ as non-qq states defined as hybrid meson, hadroquarkonium, hadronic molecule, or diquark-antidiquark pair. We find that, holographically speaking, Zc and ZB are better described as a hybrid meson and ψ as hadrocharmonium.

Abstract During 2007–2009 and 2012–2014, avian influenza virus (AIV) was studied in a wild avian community of a northern Spanish wetland using non-invasive sampling methods and host identification by COI barcoding. The aim of this longitudinal study was to evaluate AIV dynamics in a natural wetland ecosystem, taking into account both virological aspects and ecological traits of hosts. Global AIV prevalence decreased significantly during the second sampling period (0.3%) compared to the first (6.6%). Circulating subtype distributions were also different between periods, with a noteworthy H5 and H7 subtype richness during the first sampling period. Mallard Anas platyrhynchos was identified as the main AIV host, although not all positive samples could be ascribed to the host. We modelled AIV prevalence with regard to the avian host community composition and meteorological data from the wetland. Statistical analysis revealed seasonal differences in AIV detection, with higher prevalence during the breeding season compared to other phenological events. The model also shows that the lower AIV prevalence during the second study period was associated with a significant reduction of breeding Anseriformes in the wetland, revealing a long-term fluctuation of AIV prevalence driven by the breeding Anseriformes community. This longitudinal study on AIV epidemiology in a natural ecosystem reveals that although prevalence follows seasonal and annual patterns, long-term prevalence fluctuation is linked to the breeding community composition and size. These results are relevant to understanding the influence of host ecology on pathogen transmission for preventing and managing influenza emergence.

The objective of research was aims to find, analyze and understand the policy implementation of the ban on construction of building in watershed (DAS Brantas Case Study on Region Soekarno-Hatta Malang). The legal analysis is focused in finding the limiting factors in the enforcement of the ban on construction of the building in the watershed, the legal consequences of the construction of the building in the watershed area and the efforts to enforce the provisions on the prohibition of building in the watershed. The journal is prepared by the method of empirical juridical approach sociological jurisdiction. Based on the survey results revealed that basically factors which hinder the enforcement of the ban on construction of the building in the watershed occurs because Due to the lack of public awareness regarding the building was required to have a permit, factors of weak local economy, the law enforcement officers who are not firmly against the demolition in the area of ​​watershed Brantas also because of the buildings that have stood prior to Regulation No. 1 Year 2012 Malang. The legal consequences of the construction of the building in the watershed area, namely a written warning and a call to the offenders concerned. While efforts to enforce the provisions of the ban on building in the watershed of them with socialization related rules and if there is a violation, the violator will be called to give advance warning letter, if it is still in violation will be given sanction by misdemeanor.

In Europe, badgers (Meles meles) are recognized as major tuberculosis (TB) reservoir hosts with the potential to transmit infection to associated cattle herds. Recent studies in Spain have demonstrated that vaccination with a heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis vaccine (HIMB) successfully protects captive wild boar and red deer against progressive disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two oral vaccines against TB in a badger model: the live-attenuated M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin BCG vaccine (Danish strain) and a HIMB vaccine. Twenty-four badgers were separated in three treatment groups: oral vaccinated with live BCG (108 CFU, n = 5), oral vaccinated with HIMB (107 CFU, n = 7), and unvaccinated controls (n = 12). All badgers were experimentally infected with M. bovis (103 CFU) by the endobronchial route targeting the right middle lung lobe. Throughout the study, clinical, immunological, pathological, and bacteriological parameters of infection were measured. Both vaccines conferred protection against experimental TB in badger, as measured by a reduction of the severity and lesion volumes. Based on these data, HIMB vaccination appears to be a promising TB oral vaccine candidate for badgers in endemic countries.

Animal tuberculosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused principally by Mycobacterium bovis, a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). In southern Iberian Peninsula, wild reservoirs such as the wild boar, among other factors, have prevented the eradication of bovine tuberculosis. However, most of the studies have been focused on south-central Spain, where the prevalence of tuberculosis is high among wild ungulates and cattle herds. In northern regions, where wild boar density and bovine tuberculosis prevalence are lower, fewer studies have been carried out and the role of this species is still under debate. The aim of this study was to describe the temporal and spatial distribution of antibodies against MTC in wild boar from the Basque Country, northern Spain. Sera from 1902 animals were collected between 2010 and 2016. The seroprevalence was determined with an in house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the search of risk factors was assessed by Generalized Linear Models. Overall, 17% of wild boars (326/1902; 95%CI, [15.5%-18.9%]) showed antibodies against MTC. Risk factors associated with seropositivity were the year and location of sampling, the number of MTC positive cattle, the distance to positive farms and the percentage of shrub cover. Younger age classes were associated with increased antibody titres among seropositive individuals. The seroprevalence detected was higher than those previously reported in neighbouring regions. Hence, further studies are needed to better understand the role of wild boar in the epidemiology of tuberculosis in low tuberculosis prevalence areas and consequently, its relevance when developing control strategies.

LALINET (Latin American Lidar Network) follows its goal to consolidation as a federative lidar network to provide regional coverage over Latin America in providing aerosol and greenhouse gas profiles following QA/QC protocols and promoting the development of researchers and students in atmopheric science field. We show recent results on different approaches for studying the optical properties of the atmosphere regarding aerosols at tropospheric and stratospheric level and greenhouse gas mixing ratio profiles followed by our recent support and validation efforts towards present and future satellite missions.

LALINET is expanding regionally to guarantee spatial coverage over South and Central Americas. One of the network goals is to obtain a set of regional representative aerosol optical properties such as particle backscatter, extinction and lidar ratio. Given the North-South extension and influence of distinct airmass circulation patterns it is paramount to distinguish these optical parameters in order to gain better perfomance in radiation transfer models. A set of lidar ratio data is presented.

Studies exploring the ecological interactions between avian influenza viruses (AIV), natural hosts and the environment are scarce. Most work has focused on viral survival and transmission under laboratory conditions and through mathematical modelling. However, more integrated studies performed under field conditions are required to validate these results. In this study, we combined information on bird community, environmental factors and viral epidemiology to assess the contribution of biotic and abiotic factors in the occurrence of low pathogenic AIV in Spanish wetlands. For that purpose, seven locations in five different wetlands were studied during two years (2007-2009), including seven sampling visits by location. In each survey, fresh faeces (n = 4578) of wild birds and water samples were collected for viral detection. Also, the vegetation structure, water physical properties of wetlands, climatic conditions and wild bird community composition were determined. An overall AIV prevalence of 1.7%±0.4 was detected in faecal samples with important fluctuations among seasons and locations. Twenty-six AIV were isolated from the 78 RRT-PCR positive samples and eight different haemagglutinines and five neuraminidases were identified, being the combination H3N8 the most frequent. Variation partitioning procedures identified the combination of space and time variables as the most important pure factor - independently to other factors - explaining the variation in AIV prevalence (36.8%), followed by meteorological factor (21.5%) and wild bird community composition/vegetation structure (21.1%). These results contribute to the understanding of AIV ecological drivers in Spanish ecosystems and provide useful guidelines for AIV risk assessment identifying potential hotspots of AIV activity.

The gut microbiota harbors diverse bacteria considered reservoirs for antimicrobial resistance genes. The global emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE) significantly contributes to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). We investigated the presence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-PEco) and ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-PKpn) in neonatal patients' guts. Furthermore, we identified the factors contributing to the transition towards ESBL-PEco and ESBL-PKpn-associated healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The study was conducted from August 2019 to February 2020, in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez. Rectal samples were obtained upon admission, on a weekly basis for a month, and then biweekly until discharge from the neonatology ward. Clinical data, culture results, and infection information were gathered. We conducted antimicrobial tests, multiplex PCR assay, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile and genetic relationships. A comparison between the group's controls and cases was performed using the Wilcoxon and Student t-tests. Of the 61 patients enrolled, 47 were included, and 203 rectal samples were collected, identifying 242 isolates. In 41/47 (87%) patients, colonization was due to ESBL-PEco or ESBL-PKpn. And nine of them developed HAIs (22%, 9/41). ESBL-PEco resistance to cephalosporins ranged from 25.4% to 100%, while ESBL-PKpn resistance varied from 3% to 99%, and both bacteria were susceptible to carbapenems, tigecillin, and colistin. The prevalent bla CTX-M-group-1 gene accounted for 77.2% in ESBL-PEco and 82.2% in ESBL-PKpn, followed by bla TEM 50% and bla OXA-1 43.8% in ESBL-PEco and bla TEM 80.2% and bla SHV 76.2% in ESBL-PKpn. Analysis of clonality revealed identical colonizing and infection isolates in only seven patients. Significant risk factors included hospital stay duration, duration of antibiotic treatment, and invasive device usage. Our findings suggest high ESBL-PEco and ESBL-PKpn rates of colonization often lead to infection in neonates. Attention should be paid to patients with ESBL-PE., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Jiménez-Rojas, Villanueva-García, Miranda-Vega, Aldana-Vergara, Aguilar-Rodea, López-Marceliano, Reyes-López and Alcántar-Curiel.)

Introduction: Acute respiratory syndrome secondary to SARS-CoV-2 virus infection has been declared a pandemic since December 2019. On neonates, severe presentations are infrequent but possible. Lung ultrasound (LUS) has been shown to be useful in diagnosing lung involvement and following up patients, giving more information, and reducing exposure compared to traditional examination., Methods: LUS was performed after the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection with respiratory Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction RT-PCR with portable equipment protected with a silicone sleeve. If hemodynamic or cardiology consultation was necessary, a prepared complete ultrasound machine was used. Ten regions were explored (anterior superior and inferior, lateral, and posterior superior and inferior, right and left), and a semiquantitative score (LUSS) was calculated. Disease severity was determined with a pediatric modified score., Results: Thirty-eight patients with positive RT-PCR were admitted, 32 (81%) of which underwent LUS. Included patients had heterogenous diagnosis and gestational ages as expected on a referral neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) (median, ICR: 36, 30-38). LUS abnormalities found were B-line interstitial pattern 90%, irregular/interrupted/thick pleural line 88%, compact B-lines 65%, small consolidations (≤5 mm) 34%, and extensive consolidations (≥5 mm) 37%. Consolidations showed posterior predominance (70%). LUSS showed a median difference between levels of disease severity and ventilatory support (Kruskal-Wallis, p = 0.001) and decreased with patient improvement (Wilcoxon signed-rank test p = 0.005). There was a positive correlation between LUSS and FiO 2 needed (Spearman r = 0.72, p = 0.01). The most common recommendation to the attending team was pronation (41%) and increase in positive end expiratory pressure (34%). Five patients with comorbidities died. A significant rank difference of LUSS and FiO 2 needed between survivors and non-survivors was found (Mann-Whitney U -test, p = 0.005)., Conclusion: LUS patterns found were like the ones described in other series (neonatal and pediatrics). Eighty-eight percent of the studies were performed with handheld affordable equipment. While there is no specific pattern, it varies according to gestational age and baseline diagnosis LUS, which were shown to be useful in assessing lung involvement that correlated with the degree of disease severity and respiratory support., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Ibarra-Ríos, Enríquez-Estrada, Serpa-Maldonado, Miranda-Vega, Villanueva-García, Vázquez-Solano and Márquez-González.)

Hypercalcemia is a common complication in cancer patients Mainly caused by Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) secretion and metastasis. Calcitriol secretion is a rare source of hypercalcemia in solid tumors, especially in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). We present a case report of a female patient with a 23 cm gastric GIST that expressed somatostatin-receptors and presented with severe hypercalcemia due to calcitriol secretion. Calcium control was achieved with medical treatment before the use of targeted-directed therapies. Surgery was performed and allowed complete tumor resection. Two years later, patient remains free of disease. Molecular analysis revealed the mRNA expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 -1-hydroxylase (1αOHase) and vitamin-D receptors in the tumor cells, confirming the calcitriol-mediated mechanism. Furthermore, the expression of the endotoxin recognition factors CD14 and TLR4 suggests an inflammatory mediated mechanism. Finally, the expression of somatostatin-receptors, especially SST2 might have been related with clinical evolution and prognosis in this patient., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Herrera-Martínez, Contreras González, Pedraza-Arévalo, Guerrero Martínez, Rodrigo Martínez, González Menchen, Blanco Molina, Gálvez-Moreno, Moreno-Vega, Luque and Herrera-Martínez.)

During the aging process several changes occur that may surprise unfavorably those who are more fragile. One of the most significant challenges that occur in the elderly is related with the lost of the previous identity which can lead to unforeseeable consequences, where the suicide attempt may seem to be the last and the most desperate way to regain control. Old age involves various changes and losses which will be experienced differently by every person according to their one personality and life story. To be able to fully comprehend this process will allow us to understand this stage of life in each singularity. In this article we will analyze two life stories illustrating people who lost the meaning of what defined them as human beings.

Pulmonary artery intimal sarcoma (PAIS) is a rare tumor with a very poor prognosis. Clinical and radiological findings usually mimic thromboembolic disease, leading to diagnostic delays. The treatment of choice is surgery, and adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy have limited results. We report the case of a 48-year-old male patient, initially suspected with pulmonary thromboembolism. The angio-CT revealed a filling defect in the pulmonary artery trunk. The patient underwent surgery, resulting in with complete resection of the mass with a diagnosis of PAIS. The tumor progressed rapidly in the lung, requiring surgery of multiple lung metastases. The patient was treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) on two occasions for new pulmonary lesions. In the last followup (4 years after initial diagnosis), the patient was disease-free. In conclusion, SBRT proved to be an alternative treatment to metastasectomy, allowing palliative chemotherapy to be delayed or omitted, which may result in improved quality of life., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Mutations in CAV3 cause LQT syndrome 9 (LQT9). A previously reported LQT9 patient had prominent U waves on ECG, a feature that has been correlated with Kir2.1 loss of function. Our objective was to determine whether caveolin 3 (Cav3) associates with Kir2.1 and whether LQT9-associated CAV3 mutations affect the biophysical properties of Kir2.1. Kir2.1 current (IK1) density was measured using the whole-cell voltage clamp technique. WT-Cav3 did not affect IK1. However, F97C-Cav3 and T78M-Cav3 decreased IK1 density significantly by ∼60%, and P104L-Cav3 decreased IK1 density significantly by ∼30% at -60 mV. Immunostained rat heart cryosections and HEK293 cells cotransfected with Kir2.1 and WT-Cav3 both demonstrated colocalization of Kir2.1 and WT-Cav3 by confocal imaging. Cav3 coimmunoprecipitated with Kir2.1 in human ventricular myocytes and in heterologous expression systems. Additionally, FRET efficiency was highly specific, with a molecular distance of 5.6 ± 0.4 nm, indicating close protein location. Colocalization experiments found that Cav3 and Kir2.1 accumulated in the Golgi compartment. On-cell Western blot analysis showed decreased Kir2.1 cell surface expression by 60% when expressed with F97C-Cav3 and by 20% when expressed with P104L-Cav3 compared with WT-Cav3. This is the first report of an association between Cav3 and Kir2.1. The Cav3 mutations F97C-Cav3, P104L-Cav3, and T78M-Cav3 decreased IK1 density significantly. This effect was related to a reduced cell surface expression of Kir2.1. Kir2.1 loss of function is additive to the increase described previously in late INa, prolonging repolarization and leading to arrhythmia generation in Cav3-mediated LQT9.

A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) tether the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) to intracellular sites where they preferentially phosphorylate target substrates. Most AKAPs exhibit nanomolar affinity for the regulatory (RII) subunit of the type II PKA holoenzyme, whereas dual-specificity anchoring proteins also bind the type I (RI) regulatory subunit of PKA with 10-100-fold lower affinity. A range of cellular, biochemical, biophysical, and genetic approaches comprehensively establish that sphingosine kinase interacting protein (SKIP) is a truly type I-specific AKAP. Mapping studies located anchoring sites between residues 925-949 and 1,140-1,175 of SKIP that bind RI with dissociation constants of 73 and 774 nM, respectively. Molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis approaches identify Phe 929 and Tyr 1,151 as RI-selective binding determinants in each anchoring site. SKIP complexes exist in different states of RI-occupancy as single-molecule pull-down photobleaching experiments show that 41 ± 10% of SKIP sequesters two YFP-RI dimers, whereas 59 ± 10% of the anchoring protein binds a single YFP-RI dimer. Imaging, proteomic analysis, and subcellular fractionation experiments reveal that SKIP is enriched at the inner mitochondrial membrane where it associates with a prominent PKA substrate, the coiled-coil helix protein ChChd3.

Iron acquisition by siderophores is crucial for survival and virulence of many microorganisms. Here, we investigated the binding of the exogenous siderophore ferric enterobactin and the synthetic siderophore mimic ferric mecam by the triscatecholate binding protein FeuA from Bacillus subtilis at the atomic level. The structural complexes provide molecular insights into the capture mechanism of FeuA for exogenous and synthetic siderophores. The protein-ligand complexes show an exclusive acceptance of Λ-stereoconfigured substrates. Ligand-induced cross-bridging of the complexes was not observed, revealing a different thermodynamic behavior especially of the ferric mecam substrate, which was previously shown to dimerize with the enterobactin binding protein CeuE. The nearly identical overall domain movement of FeuA upon binding of ferric enterobactin or ferric mecam compared with endogenously derived ferric bacillibactin implies the importance of the conserved domain rearrangement for recognition by the transmembrane permease FeuBC, for which the conserved FeuA residues E90 and E221 were proved to be essential., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The fidelity of excitation-contraction (EC) coupling in ventricular myocytes is remarkable, with each action potential evoking a [Ca²⁺](i) transient. The prevalent model is that the consistency in EC coupling in ventricular myocytes is due to the formation of fixed, tight junctions between the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and the sarcolemma where Ca²⁺ release is activated. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the SR is a structurally inert organelle in ventricular myocytes. Our data suggest that rather than being static, the SR undergoes frequent dynamic structural changes. SR boutons expressing functional ryanodine receptors moved throughout the cell, approaching or moving away from the sarcolemma of ventricular myocytes. These changes in SR structure occurred in the absence of changes in [Ca²⁺](i) during EC coupling. Microtubules and the molecular motors dynein and kinesin 1(Kif5b) were important regulators of SR motility. These findings support a model in which the SR is a motile organelle capable of molecular motor protein-driven structural changes.

Gregorio Marañón y Posadillo (1887-1960), played a leading role in the birth of endocrinology in Spain as is well known. However, his medical work included other important and significant fields. Thus, it was especially in the 1910s and 1920s, when Marañón dealt with the social-sanitary situation in madrid probably due to his professional attachment to the treatment of several infectious diseases and epidemic outbreaks. Actually, since 1911 onwards, he was in charge of the wards of infectious diseases in the Hospital General de Madrid where he had the opportunity of treating an important number of patients suffering from this type of pathology and, as a consequence, in the following years he published several articles in medical journals and presented in the Royal Academy of Medicine in Spain, some reports on infectious diseases and the Spanish health and social conditions at the time. This paper try to analyze this field of Marañón's social and scientific activity.

Acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) are required for the transfer of acyl intermediates during fatty acid and polyketide syntheses. In Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 there are five known ACPs: AcpP, NodF, AcpXL, the ACP domain in RkpA and SMb20651. The genome sequence of S. meliloti 1021 also reveals the ORF SMc01553, annotated as a putative ACP. smc01553 is part of a 6.6 kb DNA region that is duplicated in the chromosome and in the pSymb plasmid, the result of a recent duplication event. SMc01553 overexpressed in Escherichia coli was labelled in vivo with [(3)H]beta-alanine, a biosynthetic building block of the 4'-phosphopantetheine prosthetic group of ACPs. The purified SMc01553 was modified with 4'-phosphopantetheine in the presence of S. meliloti holo-ACP synthase, and this modification resulted in a major conformational change of the protein structure, since the holo-form runs faster in native PAGE than the apo-form. SMc01553 could not be loaded with a malonyl group by malonyl-CoA-ACP transacylase from S. meliloti. Using RT-PCR we could show the presence of mRNA for SMc01553 and of the duplicated ORF SMb22007 in cultures of S. meliloti. However, a mutant in which the two duplicated regions were deleted did not show any different phenotype with respect to the wild-type in the free-living or symbiotic lifestyle.

Background: KCNJ2 encodes Kir2.1, a pore-forming subunit of the cardiac inward rectifier current, I(K1). KCNJ2 mutations are associated with Andersen-Tawil syndrome and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. The aim of this study was to characterize the biophysical and cellular phenotype of a KCNJ2 missense mutation, V227F, found in a patient with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia., Methods and Results: Kir2.1-wild-type (WT) and V227F channels were expressed individually and together in Cos-1 cells to measure I(K1) by voltage clamp. Unlike typical Andersen-Tawil syndrome-associated KCNJ2 mutations, which show dominant negative loss of function, Kir2.1WT+V227F coexpression yielded I(K1) indistinguishable from Kir2.1-WT under basal conditions. To simulate catecholamine activity, a protein kinase A (PKA)-stimulating cocktail composed of forskolin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine was used to increase PKA activity. This PKA-simulated catecholaminergic stimulation caused marked reduction of outward I(K1) compared with Kir2.1-WT. PKA-induced reduction in I(K1) was eliminated by mutating the phosphorylation site at serine 425 (S425N)., Conclusions: Heteromeric Kir2.1-V227F and WT channels showed an unusual latent loss of function biophysical phenotype that depended on PKA-dependent Kir2.1 phosphorylation. This biophysical phenotype, distinct from typical Andersen-Tawil syndrome mutations, suggests a specific mechanism for PKA-dependent I(K1) dysfunction for this KCNJ2 mutation, which correlates with adrenergic conditions underlying the clinical arrhythmia.

Acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) are small acidic proteins that carry growing acyl chains during fatty acid or polyketide synthesis. In rhizobia, there are four different and well-characterized ACPs: AcpP, NodF, AcpXL and RkpF. The genome sequence of Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 reveals two additional ORFs that possibly encode additional ACPs. One of these, smb20651, is located on the plasmid pSymB as part of an operon. The genes of the operon encode a putative asparagine synthetase (AsnB), the predicted ACP (SMb20651), a putative long-chain fatty acyl-CoA ligase (SMb20650) and a putative ammonium-dependent NAD+ synthetase (NadE1). When SMb20651 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, [3H]beta-alanine, a biosynthetic building block of 4'-phosphopantetheine, was incorporated into the protein in vivo. The purified SMb20651 was modified with 4'-phosphopantetheine in the presence of S. meliloti holo-ACP synthase (AcpS). Also, holo-SMb20651 was modified in vitro with a malonyl group by malonyl CoA-ACP transacylase. In E. coli, coexpression of SMb20651 together with other proteins such as AcpS and SMb20650 led to the formation of additional forms of SMb20651. In this bacterium, acylation of SMb20651 with C12 : 0 or C18 : 0 fatty acids was detected, demonstrating that this protein is involved in fatty acid biosynthesis or transfer. Expression of SMb20651 was detected in S. meliloti as holo-SMb20651 and acyl-SMb20651.

Secondary cardiac tumours are rare. The new diagnostic technology and more effective chemotherapy schedules for primary tumours, leading to a longer survival, have increased the frequency of such tumors. Adenocarcinoma accounted for around 40% of all metastases to the heart; the most frequently involved sites are pericardium and epicardium. We present a patient with an unusual intraventricular metastases from adenocarcinoma of rectal-sigmoid origin.

The effect of tissue porosity on ion (sodium, potassium, and chloride) diffusivity in agarose gels and porcine intervertebral disc tissues was investigated using an electrical conductivity method. An empirical, constitutive model for diffusivity (D) of solutes in porous fibrous media was proposed: D/Do = exp[-alpha(r(s)/k(1/2))beta] where r(s) is the Stokes radius of a solute, kappa is the Darcy permeability of the porous medium, Do is the diffusivity in free solution, alpha and beta are two positive parameters whose values depend on material structure. It is found that alpha = 1.25 +/- 0.138, beta = 0.681 +/- 0.059 (95% confidence interval, R2 = 0.92, n = 72) for agarose gels and alpha = 1.29 +/- 0.171 and beta = 0.372 +/- 0.088 (95% confidence interval, R2 = 0.88, n = 86) for porcine annulus fibrosus. The functional relationship between solute diffusivity and tissue deformation was derived. Comparisons of our model prediction with experimental data on diffusion coefficients of macromolecules (proteins, dextrans, polymer beads) in agarose gels in the literature were made. Our results were also compared to the data on ion diffusivity in charged gels and in cartilaginous tissues reported in the literature. There was a good agreement between our model prediction and the data in the literature. The present study provides additional information on solute diffusivity in uncharged gels and charged tissues, and is important for understanding nutritional transport in avascular cartilaginous tissues under different mechanical loading conditions.

The permeability of the outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria to hydrophilic compounds is mostly due to the presence of porin channels. We tested the effects of four polyamines (putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, and spermine) on two processes known to depend on intact porin function: fluxes of beta-lactam antibiotics in live cells and chemotaxis. In both cases, inhibition was observed. Measurements of the rate of permeation of cephaloridine and of chemotaxis in swarm plates and capillary assays were used to determine the concentration dependence of this modulation. The effective concentration ranges depended on the nature of the polyamine and varied from submillimolar for spermine to tens of millimolar for cadaverine. Both OmpC and OmpF porins were inhibited, although the effects on OmpC appeared to be milder. These results are in agreement with our observations that polyamines inhibit porin-mediated ion fluxes in electrophysiological experiments, and they suggest that a low-affinity polyamine binding site might exist in these porins. These results reveal the potential use of porins as targets for blocking agents and suggest that polyamines may act as endogenous modulators of outer membrane permeability.

We have reviewed a 12-year experience with 295 patients treated for squamous carcinoma of the pharynx in order to focus on 78 patients whose lesions arose in the posterior wall. Surgery was the definitive therapy for the primary tumor in 57 (73%), including 3 treatment groups. Thirty-two patients had limited resections that preserved the larynx, involving local excision (7 patients), anterior pharyngotomy (7 patients), lateral pharyngotomy (6 patients), median labiomandibular glossotomy (6 patients), or median mandibulotomy with paralingual extension (6 patients). The second group consisted of 21 patients with more extensive tumors who required a laryngectomy and complex reconstruction, often with postoperative radiotherapy. Finally, there were four patients who developed metachronous second primaries in the pharynx subsequent to a laryngectomy. All required flap reconstruction. Of the 21 patients whose primary treatment was radiotherapy, 5 had lesions that were implanted after access was provided by a mandibulotomy. Cumulative 5-year survival was 32% and ranged from 44% in those with favorable lesions to 15% in those with extensive tumors. Our experience highlights the variety of treatment approaches available in patients with pharyngeal carcinomas confined to the posterior wall. Surgery in this setting carries acceptable morbidity and yields survival rates that compare favorably with those achieved by external radiation therapy alone. Results in patients with extensive lesions still leave much to be desired, despite radical surgery and aggressive radiotherapy. Innovative brachytherapy techniques using surgery for access deserve further investigation.