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The primary goal of this study is to convert waste cooking oil into biodiesel using immobilized lipase enzyme from Bacillus halotolerans. The used cooking oil acid quantity is 3.95 mg KOH/g. In the optimal settings of enzymatic transesterification, methanol:oil ratio 6:1, reaction time 120 min, lipase enzyme concentration 0.6 mg/ml, and temperature 32 °C, the biodiesel yield was 29.64 mg/kg. ANOVA analysis revealed that enzyme concentration and methanol:oil ratios are the two most dominating factors affecting biodiesel yield. The high R2 99.87 and R2 adj 99.56 values indicate that the fitted model agrees with the predicted biodiesel and actual experimental values. Bio-supported beads could preserve up to 76.62 percent of original activity after six cycles of immobilized lipase enzyme reusability testing. Furthermore, the characteristics of biodiesel were assessed and confirmed using the glycerol assay method and FTIR analysis. The proposed technique has the potential to reduce biodiesel production costs and make waste cooking oil disposal easier. Additionally, this study found that the optimization process improves and enhances the process of converting waste cooking oil to biodiesel.

Cellulase was produced by Cellulomonas uda utilizing banana stem waste by solid state fermentation (SSF). The different parameters effects considered like particle size of substrate, pH(incubation and extraction), incubation period, temperature (incubation and extraction), media components (yeast extract and peptone) and moisture of substrate on the production of cellulase was investigated. The optimum activity of cellulase produced by Cellulomonas uda on banana waste for particle size (6.97 IU/min for 1mm), extraction pH (7.13 IU/min for pH 7), incubation pH(6.97 IU/min for pH 7), extraction temperature (7.10 IU/min for 500C), incubation temperature (7.20 IU/min for 450C), incubation period (7.20 IU/min on 3rd day), moisture content (7.12 IU/min for 100% ), peptone content ( 7.23 IU/min for 0.5 gm) and yeast extract content (7.18 IU/min for 0.30gm) was recorded. The cellulase produced by Cellulomonas uda by using banana stem waste indicates the socio-econic utilization of agricultural waste. After purification and characterization; cellulase enzyme can be used in industrial processes.

Xylanases are enzymes that convert xylan into xylose, xylobiose, and xylotriose. The present study deals with the production and optimization of xylanase through Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) using different agricultural wastes by Aspergillus spp. The Plackett Burman (PB) design was used to screen significant media components affecting the xylanase production. The carbon sources screened were wheat bran, rice bran, sugarcane bagasse, corn cob, and orange peel. The nitrogen sources screened were yeast extract, peptone, (NH4)2SO4, Na2NO3, and urea. Also, nine different salts such as KCl, MgSO4, Na2HPO4, CaCl2, FeSO4, ZnSO4, Na2CO3, KH2PO4, and NaH2PO4 which act as trace elements were screened. The results showed that wheat bran, yeast extract, Na2NO3 and KCl are the significant factors that affect xylanase production. A 33 Full Factorial Design (FFD) was performed to optimize the significant media components (wheat bran, KCl, yeast extract) obtained from PB design using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Statistical analysis of results showed that wheat bran, KCl, yeast extract, and interaction between wheat bran and yeast extract were found to be significant. The optimum concentration of wheat bran, KCl, yeast extract was 8 g/L, 0.1 g/L and 3 g/L. The Partial purification of xylanase was carried out using ammonium salt precipitation and dialysis. Gel filtration chromatography was performed to optimize the elution time, which was found to be 6 minutes. Application of xylanase in orange juice clarification was studied at 40 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C. The optimum temperature obtained was 60 ºC.

Xylanase is an enzyme that acts on xylan and degrades it into xylose. Xylanase may be produced by several different microbes such as bacteria and fungi. Xylanase has significant applications in food industries for improving dough handling and improving the quality of baked products in the extraction of starch, coffee, and plant oils. Xylanase, along with pectinase and cellulose, has enormous application in the clarification of fruit juices. In the present study, xylanase was produced by solid-state fermentation using lemon peel as substrates. Aspergillus Niger was induced to produce xylanase by frequent sub-culturing on a medium containing 2% xylan. OFAT was analyzed by using several fermentation parameters such as moisture content, particle size, incubation period, incubation temperature, peptone concentration, and pH of the extraction buffer. Under optimized conditions, the maximum xylanase activity was found for particle size of 1.7mm, moisture content of 80%, peptone concentration in nutrient solution at 0.3%, and extraction pH of 7.0. Hence, xylanase can be further subjected to down streaming processes and therefore for various applications.

Microbial lipases are the biocatalyst of choice for the present and future because of their characteristics, including their ability to remain active as an enzyme throughout a broad pH, temperature, and substrate range. The goal of the current investigation was to find novel sources of substrates and isolates from soil contaminated by oil for the synthesis of lipase. On tributyrin media, 10 lipolytic bacterial strains that were isolated from oil-contaminated soil were grown. Using the zone of clearance, it was possible to identify the isolates with the highest activity. Following phylogenetic tree analysis, molecular characterization of the 16S rRNA sequence of the bacterial isolates revealed that it was Bacillus halotolerans (VSH 09). The enzyme was purified to near homogeneity. The enzyme activity was found to be optimum at a pH of 7.0 and a temperature of 35 °C. While Ni2+ and Cu2+ had no effect, the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+ exhibited the highest levels of enzyme activity. At 1%, tributyrin as a substrate exhibited its highest level of activity. The molecular weight, as determined by SDS-PAGE, was found to be 38 kDa. The kinetics of the enzyme were found to be 41.66 and 9.37 mg/mL for Vmax and Km, respectively. The high yield of lipase produced by this method suggests that it holds potential for production on a large scale and could be used for various biotechnological applications.

The present research work emphasis on immobilization of lipase on PVA-alginate beads, which are used for biodiesel production via transesterification. The optimization of temperature, pH, and reusability of was performed on PVA-Alginate beads. The highest enzyme activity was found at a temperature of 40°C and pH 4.00. After six consecutive cycles of using the immobilized enzyme, the residual activity was 60% of the initial activity. The immobilized beads were stored at 4°C without buffer after 6 weeks, the immobilized enzyme retained 76.62% of initial activity.. The second-order mathematical model was developed using RSM. Transesterification process parameters were optimized by using ‘Full Factorial Design’ (FFD) with free lipase and immobilized lipase. The different factors considered for optimization were methanol/oil (M/O) ratio, reaction time, the weight of the catalyst with constant temperature and agitation speed. FFD was performed for free lipase, obtained the highest yield with optimum conditions; M/O ratio 9:1, reaction time 90 minutes, and weight of the catalyst was 0.3gm. Similarly, FFD was performed with immobilized lipase with the highest yield at 6:1 M/O ratio, 3 hours reaction time, the weight of the catalyst 3gm. FTIR was performed for the PVA-Alginate beads and lipase immobilized PVA-Alginate beads From FTIR spectra, the peaks shift from 1746 cm -1 to 1742 cm -1 signified the formation of biodiesel.

Integration in teaching and learning approach is required due to increasing use of emergent technologies in research and industry. Integration learning helps students to visualize exact picture of industry. In case of Bachelor of Engineering in Biotechnology, integration of subjects and labs increases their knowledge and get the whole process of bio production. The present work synthesizes the outcomes of integrated learning in Downstream Process Technology lab (DSPT lab) and Bioprocess Engineering lab. Openended experiment was given to seventh semester students and anticipated to use the knowledge of bioprocess engineering lab and DSPT lab to complete the task. Openended experiment illustrates the flow of processes in Bioprocess industry which involves production of proteins and metabolites. As a result students could relate and use the knowledge learnt in each other lab to complete the task. Performance of the students was assessed as per Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology's (ABET) 3b&3g criteria. 3b- Design and conduct experiment 3g- Communicate effectively.

A clinical and investigational study of 25 cases of Donovanosis was undertaken. The incidence was found to be 1.53% of all STD cases and 2.9% of GUD. M:F ratio was 2.12:1. Incidence was more in unmarried people. Fleshy exuberant type was seen in 88% of cases. Two patients (8%) had extragenital ulcers. Donovan bodies were found in 88%. Pseudo elephantiasis was seen in 8 patients. Biopsy was done in 8 cases and showed ocanthosis, plasma cell infiltration and pseudo epitheliomatous hyperplasia. One patient developed squamous cell carcinoma of vulva.