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48. Disappearance of Anopheles minimus and Anopheles dirus from Certain Malaria Endemic Areas of Assam, India

Author

Yadav, Kavita, Dhiman, Sunil, Rabha, Bipul, Goswami, Diganta, Saikia, PK, and Veer, Vijay

Subjects
Mosquito vectors, Ecology, parasitic diseases, India, Original Article, Japanese encephalitis, Malaria
Abstract

Background: Orang Primary Health Centre (OPHC) and Balipara Primary Health Centre (BPHC) of Assam (India) report mosquito borne diseases annually. Current study was performed to ascertain the prevalence of known malaria and Japanese Encephalitis (JE) vectors and their possible role in disease transmission. Methods: Malaria epidemiological data for 2006–2010 and JE data for 2008–2013 of Assam, India were obtained from the health authority. Mosquitoes were collected using CDC light traps and identified morpho-taxonomically. Results: Plasmodium falciparum cases (81.5%, 95% CI= 72.0–91.1) were statistically higher in OPHC (P< 0.0001, t= 8.0) during the recent years. There was 4.4 folds rise in the confirmed acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) and 3.2 folds increase in the confirmed JE cases during 2013 as compared to 2008. Altogether 9,218 mosquito specimens (PTND= 153.6), comprising of 44.1% anophelines (PTND= 67.7), 42.3% culicines (PTND= 65.0) and 9.5% mansonia (PTND= 14.6) were recorded. In BPHC, Anopheles vagus was recorded in high density (P< 0.0001), whereas Culex quinquefasciatus was the predominant JE vector (P= 0.04). In OPHC, among the known malaria vectors, the density of Anopheles annularis was significantly high (P< 0.0001). However Culex bitaeniorhynchus was the predominant known JE vector (P< 0.0001) followed by Cx. quinquefasciatus. Conclusion: Even in the absence of known efficient vectors, many Anopheles species are still involved in malaria transmission. There was disappearance of Anopheles minimus and Anopheles dirus and establishment of An. annularis, An. vagus and An. philippinensis/nivipes mosquitoes in study area.

Published
2017

50. Detection of ‘ancestral’ western lineage of Citrus tristeza virusvirulent genotype in declining Arunachal Wakro orange

Author

Datta, Sibnarayan, Das, Bidisha, Gopalakrishnan, Reji, Muaka, Vanlalh, Meghvansi, Mukesh K., Vairale, Mohan G, Rahman, Safior, Dwivedi, Sanjai K, and Veer, Vijay

Abstract

Eastern Himalayan foothills are known to have optimal agro-climatic conditions for the production of quality citrus fruits including oranges. Among the citrus-growing regions of eastern Himalayas, Wakro in the far eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh is known for its superior quality oranges, popular as the Wakro orangeor the Arunachal orange, which has been included in the Geographical Indication Registry by the Government of India. However, during the last few years, Arunachal orange orchards have been severely affected by aphid infestation associated with rapid decline disease, causing catastrophe for the farmers as well as the state economy. Therefore, in 2015, an intensive survey of severely affected orange orchards was carried out to investigate the etiological factors of decline in citrus production. RNA samples extracted from leaf and aphid specimens collected from Wakro orchards were subjected to Citrus tristeza virus(CTV) detection through 3′-UTR specific RT-PCR. Subsequently, ORF1 and CP genetic regions were amplified and clonal-sequencing was performed. Although BLAST search showed close homology of the present sequences with other virulent genotype VT sequences, the detailed phylogenetic analysis demonstrated affinity and clustering of present sequences with VT sequences belonging to the ‘western’ lineage. This finding is considerably distinct from CTV sequences reported from citrus-growing orchards in India and other neighboring countries. Additionally, low diversity of CP gene sequences, recombination patterns, and presence of sequence segments identical to the present ones in other CTV genotypes was also revealed. Our findings suggest that the ancestral nature of present CTV sequences, corroborate well with the proposed origin of CTV in this part of the globe. We here report our finding of the western lineage of CTV virulent genotype VT, which is distinct from CTV molecular epidemiology in other parts of India, and discuss the implications of these findings.

Published
2021
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