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Abstract: Desmodium styracifolium (Osbeck) Merr. is an important traditional medicinal herb documented in the indigenous medicinal systems and used in many folk medicines to treat various ailments. D. styracifolium belongs to the legume family Fabaceae (Leguminosae) and is preferably abundantly found worldwide. The plant possesses various phytochemical and pharmacological activities. Plant’s phytochemical accouter confers significant therapeutic properties and has been used traditionally for treating ailments like pyrexia, stranguria, renal calculi, dysuria, and oliguria. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of scientific findings of D. styracifolium phytoconstituents and their related anti-hypertensive, anti-oxidant, anti-urolithic and hepatoprotective activities in nonclinical in-vitro and in-vivo studies. More than 50 chemical compounds have been reported from D. styracifolium, including flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, phenols, and phytosterols. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and ethnomedicinal uses of D. styracifolium, providing scientific evidence for ethnomedicinal claims and opening perspectives for future research.

Medicinal plants are an excellent source of new therapeutic drugs because of their phytochemical constituents. Arctium lappa L. (common name-burdock) is a perennial medicinal herb commonly found in China, Japan, Korea traditionally used as promising health supplement. promising health supplement. Major active constituent of A. lappa L. seeds are arctigenin which exhibits pharmacological potential such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial and hepatoprotective properties. The purpose of this study is to provide an up-to-date evaluation of the literature on the pharmacological activities of Arctigenin from Articum lappa L. Literature is collected from Google scholar, Science Direct, Research Gate, PubMed, Google, and SciFinder databases published between 2012 and 2021 (Jan). Keywords used to retrieve the data are pharmacological profile, arctigenin, and Arctium lappa L. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, hepatoprotective, renoprotective, neuroprotective, and CNS depressant properties of arctigenin demonstrated its pharmacological significance among traditional science According to different research, arctigenin is effective in the treatment of a variety of chronic disorders, including cancer (stomach, lungs, liver, and colon) and inflammatory diseases (rashes, and other skin conditions.). Future experiments based on the mechanism pathway responsible for the protective role of arctigenin's will help the scientist to uncover its health benefits.

Quassia amara Linn., is a shrub and world widely known as ‘bitter-wood’ belongs to Simaroubaceae family. The plant grows in sandy soils of lowland & highland forests, wet forests along riverbanks and, is native to Central Mexico to Southern tropical America and Guadalupe. A Surinamese man named Quassia which gained attention for treating fevers with a secret remedy based on this herb in 18th century, which Rolande took to Sweden in 1756 and disseminated its medicinal reputation across Europe. This species consists of various constituents namely β-carbonite, indole alkaloids & primarily, the bitter compounds known as quassinoids. Various studies indicate that Q. amara possess different biological properties namely anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-leishmanial, antimalarial, anti-nociceptive, anti-ulcer, anti-fertility and sedative. Fresh bark, leaves or wood extracts are used to treat digestive problems, malaria and hepatic disorders. In-depth literature analysis revealed that the plant is least explored and possess immense medicinal values. These studies pass the new ways to explore biological potential of this plant.

Solar erythema is a kind of radiation burn that strikes living tissue, such as skin, that arises from overexposure to UV radiation often from the sun. Ordinary symptoms of solar erythema include reddish skin, specifically warm to touch, overall tiredness, hurting, and mild whirl. Sunscreen contains SPF value, which measures how much ultraviolet radiation is needed to cause sunburn on sunscreen-applied skin, which is proportional to the quantity of solar energy needed to cause sunburn on unprotected skin. Between 30 and 50 SPF value is sufficient to protect from sunburn, especially for the people who are more sensitive to sunburn. Sunscreen also protects from sun damage including dark spots and discoloration and helps to keep skin smooth, spotless, and more even. Chemical-based sunscreen is widely used because it effectively protects the skin from sun damage, but it clogs pores and can be problematic for sensitive skin as it can cause itching or stinging of the skin and pus in the hair follicles. On the other hand, herbal sunscreen absorbs light preferentially over the range of 280-320 mm without causing any harm to the skin and eyes. Ayurveda rejuvenates dull skin by regaining the skin's natural glow and radiance. This review concludes the damaging and harmful effects of UV rays, along with various traditional, ayurvedic, and herbal approaches to treat solar erythema naturally.

Background. Albizialebbeck is a deciduous tree having tremendous medicinal utilities, for example, respiratory, skin, gastrointestinal, oral disorders, eye, urinary, genital, anorectal, inflammatory, and neurological disorders, and venereal diseases. Several studies have been undertaken on the medicinal and traditional values of A. lebbeck. Objective. The detailed information about its medicinal uses and pharmacological implications is highly scattered and distributed in different data sources. Hence, the study was conducted to supply an inclusive review of its ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemicals, and the available pharmacological attributes supporting its efficiency in traditional medicine. Method. Literature surveys were conducted on this medicinal plant via search engines like Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct, and obtained information up to December 2020 has been assessed and analyzed for this study. Results. Systematic investigation revealed that A. lebbeck consists of various phytochemicals, including major alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids. Its crude extract, fraction, and bioactive compounds exhibited potent adulticidal, antiallergic, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antinociceptive, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antipyretic, antivenom, estrogenic, neuroprotective, nootropic, ovicidal, and wound healing activities. Conclusions. This study proposes that A. lebbeck remains a rich source of phytochemicals with various biological activities which possess outstanding therapeutic benefits to humanity across the world. However, studies are required to estimate the potential side effects. Moreover, mechanistic physiognomies of the isolated compounds with known bioactivities are quite limited; thus, forthcoming research needs to focus on the mechanisms of these active phytochemicals to facilitate their potential enrolling for drug discovery.

Abstract: Triple negative breast cancers are malignant, heterogeneous tumors with high histological grades, increased reoccurrence, and cancer-related death rates. TNBC metastasis to the brain, lungs, liver, and lymph nodes is a complex process regulated by epithelial to mesenchymal transition, intravasation, extravasation, stem cell niche, and migration. Aberrant expression of miRNAs, also known as a transcriptional regulators of genes, may function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. In this review, we systematically elucidated the biogenesis and tumor suppressor role of miRNA in targeting distant metastasis of TNBC cells and the above-mentioned underlying mechanisms involved in complicating the disease. Apart from their therapeutic implications, the emerging roles of miRNAs as prognostic markers have also been discussed. To overcome delivery bottlenecks, RNA nanoparticles, nano-diamonds, exosomes, and mesoporous silica nanoparticle-mediated delivery of miRNAs have been contemplated. Altogether, the present review article uncovers the potential role of miRNA in antagonizing distant metastasis of TNBC cells, and highlights their clinical significance as prognostic markers and possible drug delivery strategies to enhance the likely outcome of miRNA-based therapy against the disease.

Genetic, transcriptional, and clinical heterogeneity of disease has remained to be a prominent obstacle to the development of a targeted therapeutic approach against TNBC. So far, based on tumor size, lymph node status, and histologic features TNBC subtypes were stratified. Insights into inter and intratumoral heterogeneity of TNBC were gained by next-generation sequencing, genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and clinicopathological characterization. To depict tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, radiological characterization may also a play significant role. Biomarkers for subtyping TNBC were highly needed to depict the survival outcome. This chapter discussed the available and possible molecular and pathological diagnostic approaches to TNBC. Furthermore, the integration of morphological and genomic data may emerge as a promising approach for the identification of new therapeutic and prognostic markers to predict the likely outcome of the disease. This chapter aims to highlight the molecular and pathological diagnostic approaches to depict both metastatic and non-metastatic TNBC.&nbsp

Abstract: Allamanda cathartica L. belongs to the family Apocynaceae and is a traditionally valuable medicinal plant that has been commonly used in the traditional medicinal system and contributes to the native healthcare system in various parts of the world. This plant is renowned for its antibacterial and anticancer effects and its usage in the treatment of jaundice, diabetes, hypertension, and polio. All of the economically and medicinally essential plant parts of this species are used in the preparation of a potent cathartic. This review focused on and intended to highlight the most current knowledge about A. cathartica, including its important ethnomedicinal, modern medicinal, and phytochemical potential along with its green approaches. This plant has been extensively used in herbal medicine and has various important phytopharmacological properties. The modern green technological approaches of this plant enhance agricultural productivity when its various nanoparticles are applied in fields that perform antimicrobial, antipathogenic activities. Nanoparticles serve as carriers for the delivery of drugs and as disease targets in contemporary medicine. This plant has recently been involved in modern medicine as a threat to cancer, which is a significant accomplishment for modern medical science. Hence, A. cathartica is an important plant that can be useful to cure various ailments and could be useful in modern science with its green approaches. We must further investigate this plant's bioactivities to determine the mode of action.

Natural products exhibited a profound effect as a template or direct treatment strategy against TNBC. Implementation of natural products as a chemotherapeutic or chemo-preventive strategy faces diverse problems and challenges. Several constraints including selection, identification, and screening of bioactive components furthermore, preclinical and clinical evaluation, and approval from regulatory bodies are other hurdles to the application of phytochemicals in targeting TNBC. Although the natural metabolites possessed the substantial potential to target the disease along with reinvigorating the health of affected individuals. This chapter has highlighted the perspectives and controversies associated with herbal medicines such as consumer preferences, bio-pharmaceutics consideration, HM-HM & HM-CM interactions, and drug regulations, and discussed the need to introduce natural moieties as an alternative therapeutic approach against TNBC.&nbsp

95% of anti-cancer agents were associated with the worst pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties including poor targeted cellular uptake, shorter halflife, toxicity, and many more. In this regard, nanotechnology including nanomedicines, nano-carriers, and nanomaterials may emerge as a beneficial tool to facilitate an efficient delivery of therapeutic regimens by adapting active or passive targeting mechanisms. The nanotechnology-based delivery system of phytoconstituents can efficiently battle against recalcitrant TNBC. This chapter highlighted the nanotechnology-based therapeutic approach including smart nanoparticles, cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, and immunological cell-based nano-systems for the treatment of TNBC. Furthermore, the role of nano-soldiers in improving bioavailability and targeted drug delivery was highlighted. Nano conjugates of curcumin, anacardic acid, EGCG, betulinic acid, gambogic acid, and resveratrol were also evaluated to enhance the pharmacokinetic profile, distribution, and the release rate of respective compounds and ultimately their ability to target TNBC.&nbsp

Triple negative breast cancer represents multiple genomic and transcriptomic heterogeneities. Genetic and epigenetic changes emerging in TNBC help it in acquiring resistance against immunological response. Distant metastasis, lack of clinically targeted therapies and prognostic markers make it the most aggressive form of breast cancer. In this review, we showed that driver alterations in targeted genes AR, ERR, TIL, TAM, miRNA, mTOR and immunosuppressive cytokines are predominantly involved in complicating TNBC by inducing cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis, and by inhibiting apoptosis. The role of node status, cathepsin-D, Ki-67 index, CD3+TIL, BRCA1 promoter methylation value and p53 as an efficient prognostic factor have also been studied to predict the disease free and overall survival rate in TNBC patients. The present review article is an attempt to gain an insight with a new vision on the etiology of TNBC, its treatment strategies and prognostic marker to identify the outcome of standard therapies and to re-design future treatment strategies to provide maximum benefit to patients.

Nanotechnology is gaining significant attention, with numerous biomedical applications. Silver in wound dressings, copper oxide and silver in antibacterial preparations, and zinc oxide nanoparticles as a food and cosmetic ingredient are common examples. However, adverse effects of nanoparticles in humans and the environment from extended exposure at varied concentrations have yet to be established. One of the drawbacks of employing nanoparticles is their tendency to cause oxidative stress, a significant public health concern with life-threatening consequences. Cardiovascular, renal, and respiratory problems and diabetes are among the oxidative stress-related disorders. In this context, phytoantioxidant functionalized nanoparticles could be a novel and effective alternative. In addition to performing their intended function, they can protect against oxidative damage. This review was designed by searching through various websites, books, and articles found in PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. To begin with, oxidative stress, its related diseases, and the mechanistic basis of oxidative damage caused by nanoparticles are discussed. One of the main mechanisms of action of nanoparticles was unearthed to be oxidative stress, which limits their use in humans. Secondly, the role of phytoantioxidant functionalized nanoparticles in oxidative damage prevention is critically discussed. The parameters for the characterization of nanoparticles were also discussed. The majority of silver, gold, iron, zinc oxide, and copper nanoparticles produced utilizing various plant extracts were active free radical scavengers. This potential is linked to several surface fabricated phytoconstituents, such as flavonoids and phenols. These phytoantioxidant functionalized nanoparticles could be a better alternative to nanoparticles prepared by other existing approaches.

The Genus with its 1234 species has worldwide distribution and is native to almost all continents, except several parts of Canada, Arctic and Antarctica poles. The species are widely used for vegetable and medicines. Various species of Solanum are herbs, climbers, undershrubs, shrubs and trees. From India, 64 species have been reported inclusive of cultivars, out of which 16 species possess medicinal properties Species like Solanum lycopersicon, S. melongana, S. spirale, S. tuberosum are widely used as vegetable and other supplementary food recipes whereas in the traditional culture of Northeast India, S nigrum, S. torvum, S. tuberosum, S. violaceum are used as vegetable with the concept of digestion and worm infestation in different names and the natives adapted the cultivation of the concern species in their kitchen gardens for self and family use. To serve the purpose, shoots of S. nigrum and berries of other species are being used whereas in Ayurvedic system of medicine, S. nigrum is described for the preparation of liver related medicines like Kakamachi Ghrit.

Background: COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been declared as a global pandemic by WHO. Comprehensive analysis of this unprecedented outbreak may help to fight against the disease and may play a pivotal role in decreasing the mortality rate linked with it. Papain-like protease (PLpro), a multifunctional polyprotein, facilitates the replication of SARS-CoV-2 and evades it from the host immunological response by antagonizing cytokines, interferons and may be considered as a potential drug target to combat the current pandemic. Methods: Natural moieties obtained from medicinal plants were analysed for their potency to target PLpro of SARS-CoV-2 by molecular docking study and were compared with synthetic analogs named as remdesivir, chloroquine and favipiravir. The stability of complexes of top hits was analysed by MD Simulation, and interaction energy was calculated. Furthermore, average RMSD values were computed and deepsite ligand-binding pockets were predicted using Play Molecule. Drug-like-abilities of these moieties were determined using ADMET and bond distance between the ligand and active site was assessed to predict the strength of the interaction. Results: Nimbocinol (-7.6 Kcal/mol) and sage (-7.3 Kcal/mol) exhibited maximum BA against PLpro SARS-CoV-2 as evident from molecular docking study, which was found to be even better than remdesivir (-6.1 Kcal/mol), chloroquine (-5.3 Kcal/mol) and favipiravir (-5.7 Kcal/mol). Both nimbocinol- PLpro and sage-PLpro SARS-CoV-2 complex exhibited stable conformation during MD Simulation of 101ns at 310 K, and potential, kinetic and electrostatic interaction energies were computed, which was observed to be concordant with results of molecular docking study. RMSD average values were found to be 0.496 ± 0.015 Å and 0.598 ± 0.023 Å for nimbocinol and sage, respectively, thus revealing that both the deviation and fluctuations during MD Simulation were observed to be least. Deepsite prediction disclosed that both compounds occupied cryptic pockets in receptor and non-bond distance analysis revealed the formation of hydrogen bonds during ligand-receptor interaction. ADMET exploration further validated the drug-like properties of these compounds. Conclusion: Present study revealed that active constituents of Azadirachta indica and Salvia officinalis can be potentially used to target SARS-CoV-2 by hindering its replication process.

Nanotechnology is an emerging multidisciplinary field that has the potential to offer solutions to pharmaceutical challenges starting from drug delivery to therapeutic applications. The plant-mediated method is eco-friendly and the most inexpensive of the various techniques used to synthesize nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, silver (Ag) NPs have been successfully synthesized using leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus and Ocimum tenuiflorum. X-ray diffraction revealed an average crystalline size of 19.96 and 21.42 nm for C. roseus and O. tenuiflorum-mediated Ag NPs, respectively. Further, shape, size, and elemental composition were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectral technique. TEM study revealed spherical/spheroidal-shaped Ag NPs were formed between 10–48 nm with C. roseus and 17–55 nm with O. tenuiflorum. Both synthesized Ag NPs inhibited Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, where the effect was more prominent against E. coli (MIC 3.90 ± 0 µg/mL) with O. tenuiflorum Ag NPs. Mechanistic insights of antibacterial activity were also highlighted, and the activity might be attributed to the diverse mode of action of surface functionalized phytoconstituents and NPs.

Triple negative breast cancer is the highly aggressive form of breast cancer with high reoccurrence rate and is short of effective treatment strategy. The prognostic markers of it are also not well understood. miRNAs are the global regulators of various cancers on the virtue of its ability to post transcriptional regulation of genes involved in various pathways involved in complicating TNBC. In this review we studied the expression of miRNAs at different stages of TNBC and the role of miRNAs as a tumor suppressor to inhibit cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis and to induce apoptosis and thereby proposing these miRNAs as an effective treatment strategy against TNBC. miRNA also acts as chemosenstizer in enhancing chemosensitivity of conventional drugs against resistant TNBC cells. The present review emphasizes the importance of miRNAs as prognostic markers to determine the overall survival, disease free survival and distant metastasis free survival rate in TNBC patients. We speculate that miRNA can present themselves as an effective treatment strategy and prognostic marker against TNBC.

The present work stressed the negative prospects of the green revolution in India because of which despite having surplus productivity, there is a shortage of approximately 39% of food in comparison to demand. The present study investigated both qualitative and quantitative data regarding the input and output of agriculture to determine the currently existing gaps. Data from Government Organizations, Surveys, Audit reports were collected and evaluated. The analysis revealed that past policy interventions have collapsed in uplifting the farmer’s income which has caught farmers into financial crisis. Under these circumstances, the farmer’s growth is a matter of concern for policymakers. To overcome the present gap, the current Government has taken several new initiatives regarding organic agriculture and exemption of farmers from mandis to benefit the farmer which is expected to be proved as a milestone in uplifting the growth of Indian agriculture system. Present study aimed to propose a digitalized mechanistic approach to bring synchronization among Government, producer and consumer. Objective of the present study is to develop a mirrored view between Government initiatives and farmers for sustainable development of agriculture and people associated with them.

Abstract: Diabetes and its associated complications including diabetic neuropathy have become a menacing headache for health workers and scientists all over the world. The number of diabetic individuals has been growing exponentially every day while the entire medical fraternity feels crippled and unable to handle such an enormous and anarchical scenario. The disease also demonstrates itself in the patients in numerous ways ranging from a little discomfort to death. Diabetic neuropathy has a poor prognosis since it might go unnoticed for years after the onset of diabetes. The etiology of the disease has been linked to oxidative stress caused by increased free radical production. Hyperglycemia causes multiple metabolic pathways to be activated, as well as significant oxidative stress, which becomes the major cause of cell death, culminating in Diabetic Neuropathy. So, the hour of the need is to find out the permanent treatment for this life-threatening disease. The primary goal of this study is to emphasize the potential importance of numerous processes and pathways in the development of diabetic neuropathy as well as the possible role of plant metabolites to control the disease at a molecular level. A possible mechanism was also summarized in the study about scavenging the reactive oxygen species by a flavonoid component. The study also covered the in vivo data of various plants and some of the flavonoid compounds actively studied against Diabetic Neuropathy by inhibiting or reducing the contributing factors such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS, RNS inhibition, and upregulating the various cellular antioxidants such as GSH, SOD, and CAT.