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The present investigation deals with the genetic divergence, correlation, and path coefficient study for the six characters among sixty-two accessions of Ammi visnaga L. grown during two consecutiv...

Productivity and essential oil composition of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) were evaluated under the subtropical region of north India. The crop was planted in mid-November and harvested at ...

The essential oils extracted from the leaves, inflorescence, whole aerial-parts and root of patchouli [Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.] were analyzed and compared using GC-FID and GC-MS. Altogeth...

The essential oil compositions of leaves and inflorescences of Elsholtzia densa Benth. from western Himalaya were studied and compared using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Altogether, forty constituents comprising 83.3–83.7% of essential oil composition were identified. The leaf essential oil of E. densa was characterized by citral (52.2%), geranyl acetate (3.3%) and geraniol (3.1%), whereas the inflorescence essential oil of E. densa was found to be dominated by pinocarvone (51.9%), cis-pinocamphone (5.2%) and citronellyl acetate (3.4%). The essential oil compositions were compared with earlier reports on Elsholtzia spp. from different geographic regions that revealed noteworthy compositional variability.

This study investigates the variations in the chemical, genetic, and biological activity (antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant) profiles of thirteen populations of Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke (OK1-OK13) from India. Correlations between chemical composition and the biological activities of O. kilimandscharicum were assessed. The essential oils (EOs) of different populations, extracted by hydrodistillation process were characterised by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The antimicrobial activities of the EOs were evaluated by disc diffusion and micro dilution broth assays. The antioxidant activity of the EOs was determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The essential oil (EO) content varied significantly among the studied populations (0.15–0.93%). The EO analysis, and subsequent cluster and principal component analyses classified the populations in three distinct chemotypes, namely camphor (52.0–57.2%), linalool (65.2–91.0%), and phenylpropanoid/sesquiterpene. Amplification of genomic DNA using 20 inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers yielded a total of 224 loci, out of which 210 loci were polymorphic in nature, representing 93.75% polymorphism. Pearson coefficient correlation (r = 0.32) suggesting low correlation between the distances obtained by molecular markers and EO compositions. The EO of population OK12 showed significant activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus. However, EOs of populations OK11 and OK13 showed significant activity against Candida albicans (clinical isolate) and Candida albicans (ATCC), respectively. The EO of OK13 exhibited significant antioxidant activity. In-vitro safety evaluation study revealed that the EOs of most of the populations showed no significant toxicity against peritoneal macrophages cells. It is concluded that chemical and genetic profiles of O. kilimandscharicum varied considerably and these variations determined changes in its biological activities. The observations of this study could pave the way to optimize the use of O. kilimandscharicum populations in relation with its biological properties.

The influences of cropping seasons, crop maturity stages and wilting period on essential oil composition of Ocimum africanum Lour. var. CIM-Jyoti, grown at foothills agroclimatic conditions of northern India, were studied and compared using gas chromatography–flame ionization detector and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Altogether, 28 constituents, forming 91.8–99.1% of the total oil composition, were identified by comparing their retention indices and mass spectral data. The essential oil content was found to vary from 0.38% to 0.66% during different maturity stages with maximal in full bloom stage. Citral (55.0–75.5%), (E)-γ-bisabolene (2.6–9.5%), nerol (1.7–8.9%), geraniol (1.5–6.5%), linalool (1.1–6.0%), β-caryophyllene (0.7–3.2%), α-humulene (0.4–2.7%) and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (≤0.03–2.1%) were identified as the characteristic constituents of the essential oil of O. africanum. Significant variations in the essential oil content and qualitative chemical composition were noticed in dif...

In this study, the essential oil composition and antibacterial activity of an underexplored population of Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) W. Watson was investigated using GC–FID, GC–MS, disc diffusion ...

Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. (Zingiberaceae), commonly known as bitter ginger, has long been used in traditional herbal medicine for the treatments of inflammations, rheumatism, sprains, colic pain, diarrhea, tonsillitis and various other ailments. The aim of the present study was to assess the chemical composition of the rhizome essential oil of Zingiber zerumbet grown in the foothills of northern India using GC-FID, GC–MS, IR and NMR, and to evaluate the antibacterial and antiproliferative potential of the rhizome essential oil and its major constituent. Altogether, thirty-four constituents were identified representing 98.0% of the essential oil composition. Zerumbone (72.86%), α-humulene (7.09%), camphene (5.04%), humulene oxide I (2.45%), humulene oxide II (1.8%), and camphor (1.41%) were the major constituents. The potential of the rhizome essential oil of Z. zerumbet and zerumbone was tested against nine pathogenic bacterial strains. The results showed that both essential oil and zerumbone, possessed significant antagonist activity against Staphylococcus aureus-96 (MIC: 52.0–166.6 μg/mL), Streptococcus mutans (MIC: 62.5–208.0 μg/mL), and Escherichia coli (MIC: 104.1–208.0 μg/mL). Zerumbone was found more active compared to the essential oil. Moreover, the antiproliferative potential of Z. zerumbet oil and zerumbone was evaluated against various human cancer and normal cell lines (A549, MDAMB-231, A431, K562, WRL-68, COLO-205, HaCaT, and HEK-293). Results showed that, both essential oil and zerumbone possessed antiproliferative activity against tested cell lines, where zerumbone was more competent then essential oil.

Objective: In this study, productivity and essential oil quality of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’ Herit. ex Aiton.) varieties, namely CIMAP Bio-G-171, CIM-Pawan and Bourbon were assessed and compared in two locations of north India. Methods: A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the productivity, while the chemical composition of the essential oils was assessed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Result: Yields of fresh leaves and essential oil from CIMAP Bio-G-171 were significantly higher (173.64–174.42 q h-1 and 69.93–79.06 l h-1) than those of CIM-Pawan (158.08–160.56 q h-1 and 55.57–64.46 l h-1) and Bourbon (133.34–139.33 q h-1 and 44.19–48.38 l h-1). Major constituents of the oils were citronellol (20.9–39.5%), geraniol (10.9–26.5%), linalool (2.9–14.2%), isomenthone (7.4–9.4%), citronellyl formate (5.5–9.1%) and 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (5.2–9.0%). Conclusion: The essential oil yields and chemical compositions were substantially influenced by variety and location of growing. The variety...

Cymbopogon distans (Nees. ex. Steud.) W. Watson (family: Poaceae) is a perennial aromatic grass widely distributed in tropical and subtropical zones of north-western Himalaya. The essential oil of ...

The present study was conducted to evaluate the variability in the essential oil yield and chemical composition of Achillea millefolium L. (whole aerial-parts, leaves and inflorescence) grown in the subtropical region of north India during annual growth. The allelopathic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of the oil were also examined. The essential oil yield varied due to harvesting stages and plant-parts processed (0.10–0.70%). The oils obtained from different stages and plant-parts were analysed using GC-FID and GC–MS. Altogether thirty-nine constituents, forming 93.0–97.8% of the total oil composition were identified. Major constituents of the oils were germacrene D (1.1–46.6%), sabinene (4.0–38.9%), borneol (4.7–24.9%), camphor (0.6–17.6%), α-pinene (0.8–11.7%), artemisia ketone (3.1–12.9%), chamazulene (0.8–9.6%), γ -cadinene (0.3–8.2%), and camphene (0.2–5.7%). Cluster analysis grouped overall compositions into six main groups based on their dominant components. It was observed that season of harvesting and plant-parts affect the essential oil yield and chemical composition of A. millefolium . The chemical composition of the examined essential oil was different from those described from other geographical origins. Moreover, this oil displayed a significant allelopathic activity.

Benzaldehyde is one of the most important molecules in the flavour industry. Presently, most of its industrial requirement is met through synthetic route. In this research, leaf essential oil of Pr...

In this study, successfully domesticated Himalayan thyme ( Thymus linearis Benth.) to the subtropical region of north India was evaluated for essential oil yield and chemical composition at different crop durations and harvests. The essential oil content, dry herb yield and essential oil yield varied from 1.64–2.79%, 44.11–52.40 q ha −1 , and 85.57–108.71 l ha −1 , respectively. The resulting essential oil was analysed using GC-FID and GC–MS. Altogether, forty-four constituents, representing 98.0–99.7% of the total oil composition were identified. Major constituents of the oil were thymol (34.3–67.3%), p -cymene (4.0–27.4%), γ-terpinene (4.9–24.4%), thymyl acetate (0.6–5.2%), β-bisabolene (0.8–5.1%), thymol methyl ether (2.4–3.7%), α-terpinene (0.7–3.6%), ( E )-caryophyllene (0.7–2.9%), 3-octanone (0.6–2.3%), α-thujene (0.3–2.3%), borneol (0.5–1.8%), carvacrol (0.9–1.5%), and cis -sabinene hydrate (0.4–1.3%). The essential oil of Himalayan thyme produced in this region fulfilled the criterion set by European Pharmacopeia for common thymes.

In this study, chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the primary essential oil (PEO) and secondary essential oil (SEO) derived from steam distillation (SD) and hydro distillation (HD) of Mentha citrata Ehrh. were investigated using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID), GC⿿mass spectrometry (GC⿿MS), disc diffusion assay and micro dilution broth assay. The oils isolated from herb and aqueous distillate using different methods showed substantial variations in their composition and antibacterial activity profile. Major constituents of the oils were linalool (33.9⿿77.1%), linalyl acetate (2.2⿿45.4%), α-terpineol (2.3⿿24.9%), β-caryophyllene (0.0⿿3.2%) and nerol (0.5⿿3.1%). The SEOs showed activity against all eight tested bacterial strains (MIC: 250⿿1000 μg/mL), while PEOs were active against seven strains (MIC: 250⿿ >1000 μg/mL).

The comminution and distillation time are two important factors, which affect the essential oil yield and/or composition of aromatic plants significantly. To find out the suitable comminution process and optimum distillation time for isolation of essential oil from Acorus calamus L., an experiment was conducted. The comminuted rhizomes (sliced and powdered) were hydrodistilled for different durations and their yields and compositions were compared. Distillation of uncomminuted rhizome for 8 hours gave 2.37% of essential oil. However, in comminuted rhizomes, yield varied from 2.27 to 6.60% under different distillation durations. The resulting essential oils were analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS. Twenty-seven constituents, representing 94.7–97.2% of the total oil compositions were identified. Major constituents of the oils were (Z)-asarone (84.8–91.2%), and (E)-asarone (2.5–5.2%). The comminution and distillation time showed noteworthy effect on the essential oil yield; however, they showed no major ...

An experiment was conducted at CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Pantnagar, Udhamsingh Nagar, Uttarakhand, India to develop low cost and novel agro-technology for quality planting material production of rose-scented geranium through sustainable utilization of available natural resources during summer season 2014–15. For this purpose, six methods of quality planting material production of nursery were evaluated as effective utilization of natural resources for sustainable development and their responses were ascertained with respect to survival and vitality of rose-scented geranium nursery. The results revealed that among the cost effective quality planting material production technology treatment T4 (raising of cutting in root trainer beneath Putranjiva roxburghii) and T3 (raising of cutting in root trainer beneath green net house) recorded significantly highest survival per cent (60%) and vitality of rose-scented geranium nursery as compared to other treatments and least were recorded in control (raising of cutting in open field).

Fish-mint (Houttuynia cordataThunb.), belonging to family Saururaceae, has long been used as food and traditional herbal medicine. The present study was framed to assess the changes occurring in the essential-oil composition of H. cordata during annual growth and to evaluate allelopathic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiacetylcholinesterase activities. The essential-oil content ranged from 0.06 - 0.14% and 0.08 - 0.16% in aerial parts and underground stem, respectively. The essential oils were analysed by GC-FID, GC/MS, and NMR (1 H and 13 C). Major constituents of aerial-parts oil was 2-undecanone (19.4 - 56.3%), myrcene (2.6 - 44.3%), ethyl decanoate (0.0 - 10.6%), ethyl dodecanoate (1.1 - 8.6%), 2-tridecanone (0.5 - 8.3%), and decanal (1.1 - 6.9%). However, major constituents of underground-stem oil were 2-undecanone (29.5 - 42.3%), myrcene (14.4 - 20.8%), sabinene (6.0 - 11.1%), 2-tridecanone (1.8 - 10.5%), β-pinene (5.3 - 10.0%), and ethyl dodecanoate (0.8 - 7.3%). Cluster analysis revealed that essential-oil composition varied substantially due to the plant parts and season of collection. The oils exhibited significant allelopathic (inhibition: 77.8 - 88.8%; LD50 : 2.45 - 3.05 μl/plate), antibacterial (MIC: 0.52 - 2.08 μl/ml; MBC: bacteriostatic) and antifungal (MIC: 2.08 - 33.33 μl/ml; MFC: 4.16 - 33.33 μl/ml) activities. The results indicate that the essential oil from H. cordata has a significant potential to allow future exploration and exploitation as a natural antimicrobial and allelopathic agent.

Zingiber montanum (J.Koenig) Link ex A.Dietr. (Zingiberaceae), commonly known as cassumunar-ginger, is a folk remedy for the treatment of inflammations, sprains, rheumatism and asthma. The aim of the present study was to assess the chemical composition, and antibacterial, antifungal, allelopathic and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of the essential oil of Z. montanum originating from India.The hydrodistilled essential oil of Z. montanum rhizome was analyzed using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 49 constituents, forming 98.7-99.9% of the total oil compositions, was identified. The essential oil was characterized by higher amount of monoterpene hydrocarbons (32.6-43.5%), phenylbutanoids (27.5-41.2%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (11.4-34.1%). Major constituents of the oil were sabinene (13.5-38.0%), (E)-1-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)buta-1,3-diene (DMPBD) (20.6-35.3%), terpinen-4-ol (9.0-31.3%), γ-terpinene (1.1-4.8%) and β-phellandrene (1.0-4.4%). The oil was evaluated against eight pathogenic bacteria and two fungal strains. It exhibited low to good antibacterial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration: 125-500 µg mLThe essential oil of Z. montanum can be used as a potential source of DMPBD, terpinen-4-ol and sabinene for pharmaceutical products. The results of the present study add significant information to the pharmacological activity of Z. montanum native to India. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

The leaf essential oil composition of Annona squamosa L., collected from the lower region of Himalaya was investigated using gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of forty-three constituents, representing 88.6% of the total oil composition were identified. The essential oil was primarily composed of sesquiterpenoids (sesquiterpene hydrocarbons: 63.4% and oxygenated sesquiterpenes: 21.8%). Major constituents of the oil were (E)-caryophyllene (15.9%), γ-cadinene (11.2%), epi-α-cadinol (9.4%), (Z)- caryophyllene (7.3%), γ-muurolene (5.4%), α-humulene (5.2%), viridiflorene (5.0%), α-cadinol (3.9%), aromadendrene (2.9%), δ-cadinene (2.9%), α-cadinene (2.9%), (2Z,6Z)-farnesal (2.2%) and caryophyllene oxide (2.1%).