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Background: Recent studies suggest that immune-mediated inflammation of perivascular adipose tissue of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) contributes to disease development and progression. Whether the perivascular adipose tissue of AAA is characterized by a specific adaptive immune signature remains unknown., Methods and Results: To investigate this hypothesis, we sequenced the T-cell receptor β-chain in the perivascular adipose tissue of patients with AAA and compared it with patients with aortic occlusive disease, who share the former anatomical site of the lesion and risk factors but differ in pathogenic mechanisms. Our results demonstrate that patients with AAA have a lower repertoire diversity than those with aortic occlusive disease and significant differences in variable/joining gene segment usage. Furthermore, we identified a set of 7 public T-cell receptor β-chain clonotypes that distinguished AAA and aortic occlusive disease with very high accuracy. We also found that the T-cell receptor β-chain repertoire differentially characterizes small and large AAAs (aortic diameter<55 mm and ≥55 mm, respectively)., Conclusions: This work supports the hypothesis that T cell-mediated immunity is fundamental in AAA pathogenesis and opens up new clinical perspectives.

Background: Aortic valve sclerosis (AVSc) presents similar pathogenetic mechanisms to coronary artery disease and is associated with short- and long-term mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. Evidence of AVSc-specific pathophysiological traits in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is currently lacking. Thus, we aimed to identify a blood-based transcriptional signature that could differentiate AVSc from no-AVSc patients during AMI., Methods: Whole-blood transcriptome of AVSc (n=44) and no-AVSc (n=66) patients with AMI was assessed by RNA sequencing on hospital admission. Feature selection, differential expression, and enrichment analyses were performed to identify gene expression patterns discriminating AVSc from no-AVSc and infer functional associations. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the hazard ratios of cardiovascular events in AVSc versus no-AVSc patients., Results: This cross-sectional study identified a panel of 100 informative genes capable of distinguishing AVSc from no-AVSc patients with 94% accuracy. Further analysis revealed significant mean differences in 143 genes, of which 30 genes withstood correction for age and previous AMI or coronary interventions. Functional inference unveiled a significant association between AVSc and key biological processes, including acute inflammatory responses, type I IFN (interferon) response, platelet activation, and hemostasis. Notably, patients with AMI with AVSc exhibited a significantly higher incidence of adverse cardiovascular events during a 10-year follow-up period, with a full adjusted hazard ratio of 2.4 (95% CI, 1.3-4.5)., Conclusions: Our findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying AVSc and provide potential prognostic insights for patients with AMI with AVSc. During AMI, patients with AVSc showed increased type I IFN (interferon) response and earlier adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Novel pharmacological therapies aiming at limiting type I IFN response during or immediately after AMI might improve poor cardiovascular outcomes of patients with AMI with AVSc., Competing Interests: Disclosures None.

Existing tools to estimate cardiovascular (CV) risk have sub-optimal predictive capacities. In this setting, non-invasive imaging techniques and omics biomarkers could improve risk-prediction models for CV events. This study aimed to identify gene expression patterns in whole blood that could differentiate patients with severe coronary atherosclerosis from subjects with a complete absence of detectable coronary artery disease and to assess associations of gene expression patterns with plaque features in coronary CT angiography (CCTA). Patients undergoing CCTA for suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) were enrolled. Coronary stenosis was quantified and CCTA plaque features were assessed. The whole-blood transcriptome was analyzed with RNA sequencing. We detected highly significant differences in the circulating transcriptome between patients with high-degree coronary stenosis (≥70%) in the CCTA and subjects with an absence of coronary plaque. Notably, regression analysis revealed expression signatures associated with the Leaman score, the segment involved score, the segment stenosis score, and plaque volume with density <150 HU at CCTA. This pilot study shows that patients with significant coronary stenosis are characterized by whole-blood transcriptome profiles that may discriminate them from patients without CAD. Furthermore, our results suggest that whole-blood transcriptional profiles may predict plaque characteristics.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a chronic, life-threatening vascular disease whose only therapeutic option is a surgical repair to prevent vessel rupture. The lack of medical therapy results from an inadequate understanding of the etiopathogenesis of AAA. Many studies in animal and human models indicate a 'short-circuiting' of the regulation of the inflammatory-immune response as a major player in the AAA chronic process. In this regard, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has received increasing interest because its dysfunction affects large arteries primarily through immune cell infiltration. Consistently, we have recently produced evidence that innate and adaptive immune cells present in the PVAT of AAAs contribute to sustaining a damaging inflammatory loop. However, it is still unclear how the complex crosstalk between adaptive and innate immunity can be self-sustaining. From our perspective, trained immunity may play a role in this crosstalk. Trained immunity is defined as a form of innate immune memory resulting in enhanced responsiveness to repeated triggers. Specific innate stimuli and epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming events induce and shape trained immunity in myeloid progenitor cells improving host defense, but also contributing to the progression of immune-mediated and chronic inflammatory diseases. Here we present this hypothesis with data from the literature and our observations to support it., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Piacentini, Vavassori and Colombo.)

Purpose: Catheter ablation (CA) procedures are characterized by exposure to ionizing radiations (IR). IR can cause DNA damage and may lead to carcinogenesis if not efficiently repaired. The primary endpoint of this study is to investigate whether intravenous administration of N-acetylcysteine prior to CA procedure may prevent systemic oxidative stress and genomic DNA damage induced by exposure to IR., Methods: The "Cardiac Arrhythmia catheter ablation procedures guided by x-Ray imaging: N-Acetylcysteine Protection Against radiation induced Cellular damagE" (CARAPACE) study is a prospective, randomized, single-blinded, parallel-arm monocenter study enrolling 550 consecutive patients undergoing CA at the Arrhythmology Unit of Centro Cardiologico Monzino (CCM). Inclusion criteria are age ≥ 18, indication for CA procedure guided by IR imaging, and written informed consent. IR levels will be measured via fluoroscopy time, effective dose, and dose area product. Glutathione and glutathione disulfide concentrations will be measured, and urinary levels of 8-iso-prostaglandin-F 2α and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine will be quantified. The enrolled patients will be randomized 1:1 to the N-acetylcysteine group or to the control group., Results: We expect that pre-operative administration of N-acetylcysteine will prevent IR-induced systemic oxidative stress. The study will provide data on oxidative DNA damage assessed by urinary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine levels and direct evidence of genomic DNA damage in blood cells by comet assay., Conclusion: Catheter ablation procedures can lead to IR exposure and subsequent DNA damage. N-acetylcysteine administration prior to the procedure may prevent them and therefore lead to less possible complications., Trial Registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04154982)., (© 2020. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Patients requiring diagnostic testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are routinely assessed by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) amplification of Sars-CoV-2 virus RNA extracted from oro/nasopharyngeal swabs. Despite the good specificity of the assays certified for SARS-CoV-2 molecular detection, and a theoretical sensitivity of few viral gene copies per reaction, a relatively high rate of false negatives continues to be reported. This is an important challenge in the management of patients on hospital admission and for correct monitoring of the infectivity after the acute phase. In the present report, we show that the use of digital PCR, a high sensitivity method to detect low amplicon numbers, allowed us to correctly detecting infection in swab material in a significant number of false negatives. We show that the implementation of digital PCR methods in the diagnostic assessment of COVID-19 could resolve, at least in part, this timely issue.

Background: Left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) are characterized by well-known physiological differences, mainly related to their different embryological origin, hemodynamic environment, function, structure, and cellular composition. Nevertheless, scarce information is available about cellular peculiarities between left and right ventricular chambers in physiological and pathological contexts. Cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells (C-MSC) are key cells affecting many functions of the heart. Differential features that distinguish LV from RV C-MSC are still underappreciated., Aim: To analyze the physiological differential amount, function, and transcriptome of human C-MSC in LV versus (vs.) RV., Methods: Human cardiac specimens of LV and RV from healthy donors were used for tissue analysis of C-MSC number, and for C-MSC isolation. Paired LV and RV C-MSC were compared as for surface marker expression, cell proliferation/death ratio, migration, differentiation capabilities, and transcriptome profile., Results: Histological analysis showed a greater percentage of C-MSC in RV vs. LV tissue. Moreover, a higher C-MSC amount was obtained from RV than from LV after isolation procedures. LV and RV C-MSC are characterized by a similar proportion of surface markers. Functional studies revealed comparable cell growth curves in cells from both ventricles. Conversely, LV C-MSC displayed a higher apoptosis rate and RV C-MSC were characterized by a higher migration speed and collagen deposition. Consistently, transcriptome analysis showed that genes related to apoptosis regulation or extracellular matrix organization and integrins were over-expressed in LV and RV, respectively. Besides, we revealed additional pathways specifically associated with LV or RV C-MSC, including energy metabolism, inflammatory response, cardiac conduction, and pluripotency., Conclusion: Taken together, these results contribute to the functional characterization of RV and LV C-MSC in physiological conditions. This information suggests a possible differential role of the stromal compartment in chamber-specific pathologic scenarios., (Copyright © 2020 Stadiotti, Piacentini, Vavassori, Chiesa, Scopece, Guarino, Micheli, Polvani, Colombo, Pompilio and Sommariva.)

Anthracyclines are anti-neoplastic drugs presenting cardiotoxicity as a side effect. Cardiac troponins (cTn) and echocardiography are currently used to assess cardiac damage and dysfunction, but early biomarkers identifying patients in need of preventive treatments remain a partially met need. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) represent good candidates, so we investigated their possible roles as predictors of troponin elevation upon anthracycline treatment. Eighty-eight female breast cancer patients administered with doxorubicin (DOX) or epirubicin (EPI) were divided into four groups basing on drug type and cTn positive (cTn+) or negative (cTn-) levels: DOX cTn-, DOX cTn+, EPI cTn- and EPI cTn+. Blood was collected at baseline, during treatment, and at follow-up. We identified plasma miRNAs of interest by OpenArray screening and single assay validation. Our results showed miR-122-5p, miR-499a-5p and miR-885-5p dysregulation in DOX patients at T0, identifying a signature separating, with good accuracy, DOX cTn- from DOX cTn+. No miRNAs showed differential expression in EPI subjects. Conversely, an anthracycline-mediated modulation (regardless of cTn) was observed for miR-34a-5p, -122-5p and -885-5p. Our study indicates specific circulating miRNAs as possible prediction markers for cardiac troponin perturbation upon anthracycline treatment. Indeed, our findings hint at the possible future use of plasma miRNAs to predict the cardiac responsiveness of patients to different anticancer agents.

Background: Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic drug limited in its usefulness by an adverse side effect, cardiotoxicity. The mechanisms leading to this detrimental occurrence are not completely clear, and lately many authors focused their attention on the possible role of microRNAs (miRNAs), small regulators of cardiovascular functions, in this phenomenon. Notably, these molecules recently emerged also as potential circulating biomarkers of several cardiac diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was the simultaneous investigation of circulating and cardiac tissue miRNAs expression upon DOX treatment in vivo., Methods: Twenty C57BL/6 female mice were administered with 24 mg/Kg cumulative dose of DOX or saline (CTRL) for 2 weeks. Echocardiography was performed at baseline and at the end of treatment (T1). Plasma and heart samples were collected at T1, separating atria from left (LV) and right (RV) ventricles, and miRNAs expression was tested by RT-qPCR-based arrays. All putatively DOX-regulated candidates were then validated by single assays in vivo and then evaluated also in murine immortalized cardiomyocytes (HL-1) treated with 1 μM DOX for 24 h. In the end, bioinformatics target prediction was performed for all DOX-miRNAs., Results: Cardiotoxicity onset was diagnosed upon impairment of six cardiac functional parameters in DOX-treated mice at T1. Samples collection, followed by screening and validation steps, identified eleven miRNAs dysregulated by the drug in plasma, while seven resulted as altered in separate heart chambers. Interestingly, miR-34a-5p and miR-451a showed a dysregulation in both plasma and tissue samples of DOX-administered animals, whereas five additional miRNAs presented chamber specific modulation. Of note, in vitro experiments showed a very modest overlap with in vivo results. Bioinformatics prediction analysis performed on miR-34a-5p and miR-451a identified several putative targets presenting no significant association with cardiotoxicity. Anyhow, the same analyses, conducted by combining all miRNAs regulated by DOX in each heart chamber, evidenced a possible dysregulation of the adherens junctions gene network, known to be involved in the onset and progression of dilated cardiomyopathy, an established detrimental side effect of the drug., Conclusions: This is the first work investigating miRNAs regulation by DOX both in plasma and heart districts of treated animals. Our results indicate a strong association of miR-34a-5p and miR-451a to DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. In addition, the observed altered expression of diverse miRNAs in separated cardiac chambers hints at a specific response to the drug, implying the existence of different players and pathways leading to dysfunction onset., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Natural killer (NK) cells are a subpopulation of large granular lymphocytes characterized by densely staining azurophilic granules. NK cells are able to recognize and lyse various virally infected or neoplastic target cells without previous sensitization or major histocompatibility complex restriction. A 60-kD disulfide-linked dimer, highly expressed on NK cells, was found capable of mediating transmembrane signaling. The gene encoding this signal transduction molecule was cloned and its nucleotide sequence determined. The encoded protein showed significant homology with a number of lectin-related membrane proteins that share receptor characteristics. This protein may function as a receptor able to selectively trigger NK cell activity.