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Abstract Background Millions of veterans are eligible to use the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and Medicare because of their military service and age. This article examines whether an indirect measure of dual use based on inpatient services is associated with increased mortality risk. Methods Data on 1,566 self-responding men (weighted N = 1,522) from the Survey of Assets and Health Dynamics among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) were linked to Medicare claims and the National Death Index. Dual use was indirectly indicated when the self-reported number of hospital episodes in the 12 months prior to baseline was greater than that observed in the Medicare claims. The independent association of dual use with mortality was estimated using proportional hazards regression. Results 96 (11%) of the veterans were classified as dual users. 766 men (50.3%) had died by December 31, 2002, including 64.9% of the dual users and 49.3% of all others, for an attributable mortality risk of 15.6% (p < .003). Adjusting for demographics, socioeconomics, comorbidity, hospitalization status, and selection bias at baseline, as well as subsequent hospitalization for ambulatory care sensitive conditions, the independent effect of dual use was a 56.1% increased relative risk of mortality (AHR = 1.561; p = .009). Conclusion An indirect measure of veterans' dual use of the VHA and Medicare systems, based on inpatient services, was associated with an increased risk of death. Further examination of dual use, especially in the outpatient setting, is needed, because dual inpatient and dual outpatient use may be different phenomena.

Purpose: To assess patient safety outcomes in small urban and small rural hospitals and to examine the relationship of hospital and patient factors to patient safety outcomes. Methods: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample and American Hospital Association annual survey data were used for analyses. To increase comparability, the study sample was restricted to hospitals with fewer than 100 beds. Out of 292 hospitals in the sample, 185 were rural hospitals and 107 were urban hospitals. AHRQ Patient Safety Indicators (PSI) were used to examine 9 common patient safety outcomes at these hospitals. The unit of analysis was the patient. Associations between hospital location and patient and hospital characteristics were determined using 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson chi-square test. Multivariable analysis using generalized estimating equation regression models assessed the relationship between hospital location and PSIs. Results: Most of the observed rates for the 9 PSIs were higher (indicating worse outcomes) for small urban hospitals than for small rural hospitals. In the multivariable analyses, after adjusting for important patient and hospital characteristics, many of these differences disappeared, except for decubitus ulcer. Small urban hospitals had significantly higher odds for decubitus ulcer than small rural hospitals. Conclusion: These results deviate from findings in the literature that urban-rural differences in patient safety rates exist. This study highlights the importance of understanding the factors that differ between small urban and small rural hospitals while developing hospital-relevant patient safety interventions at these hospitals.

A 1988 survey of 172 methadone maintenance treatment clinics in the US found large variations in treatment practices. Many clinics used methods that have been shown to be ineffective. Research has shown that the longer drug users remain in treatment, the less likely they are to return to drug use. And drug users have been shown to remain in treatment longer if they are given a relatively high dose of methadone and are encouraged to participate in their treatment. But 34% of the clinics tell their patients little or nothing about their treatment and 50% encourage their patients to finish treatment in six months or less. Twenty-five percent use methadone doses of 20 to 60 milligrams per day, a dose many experts consider too low to be effective. Clinics that reported they were influenced by government regulation were more likely to give higher doses. Methadone treatment clinics should be monitored to ensure that effective methods are used.

Objective: This multisite study compared the perceptions of three stakeholder groups regarding information technologies as barriers to and facilitators of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). Design: The study settings were 18 U.S. Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. A purposive sample of 322 individuals participated in 50 focus groups segmented by profession and included administrators, physicians, and nurses. Focus group participants were selected based on their knowledge of practice guidelines and involvement in facility-wide guideline implementation. Measurements: Descriptive content analysis of 1,500 pages of focus group transcripts. Results: Eighteen themes clustered into four domains. Stakeholders were similar in discussing themes in the computer function domain most frequently but divergent in other domains, with workplace factors more often discussed by administrators, system design issues discussed most by nurses, and personal concerns discussed by physicians and nurses. Physicians and nurses most often discussed barriers, whereas administrators focused most often on facilitation. Facilitators included guideline maintenance and charting formats. Barriers included resources, attitudes, time and workload, computer glitches, computer complaints, data retrieval, and order entry. Themes with dual designations included documentation, patient records, decision support, performance evaluation, CPG implementation, computer literacy, essential data, and computer accessibility. Conclusion: Stakeholders share many concerns regarding the relationships between information technologies and clinical guideline use. However, administrators, physicians, and nurses hold different opinions about specific facilitators and barriers. Health professionals' disparate perceptions could undermine guideline initiatives. Implementation plans should specifically incorporate actions to address these barriers and enhance the facilitative aspects of information technologies in clinical... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe VHA's information technology (IT) implementation from the providers' perspective, and identify factors influencing its effective implementation to improve care. We surveyed a stratified random national sample of 4227 clinicians from three VHA primary care provider groups: 1) physicians; 2) nurse practitioners, physician assistants; and 3) nurses. Facility-level IT support availability was rated across six dimensions: 1) access to literature/evidence, 2) computerized decision support, 3) computerized clinical data, 4) error reduction, 5) provider communication, and 6) patient communication. Factor analysis identified a 5-item scale (IT clinical support, á = 0.76). Generalized estimating equation models identified factors influencing IT clinical support. Complete data from 123 hospitals (1777 providers) were included. IT clinical support was higher in urban hospitals (p<0.05) and those with cooperative cultures (p<0.01). Opportunities exist to enhance effective use of IT to support clinical decision making, electronic communication with patients and access to recommendations while delivering care.