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13. Prenatal Exposure to PFAS, Associations with Preterm Birth and Modification by Maternal Estrogen Levels: The Maoming Birth Study

Author

Qin, Xiao-Di, Zhou, Yang, Bloom, Michael S., Qian, Zhengmin "Min", Geiger, Sarah Dee, Vaughn, Michael G., Chu, Chu, Li, Qing-Qing, Yang, Bo-Yi, Hu, Li-Wen, Yu, Yunjiang, Zeng, Xiao-Wen, and Dong, Guang- Hui

Subjects
STATA Corp., Estradiol -- Analysis, Ammonium perfluorooctanoate -- Analysis, Computer software industry -- Analysis, Phenols -- Analysis, Mediation -- Analysis, Pregnant women -- Analysis, Infants (Premature) -- Analysis, Environmental issues, Health
Abstract

Background: Estrogens play a critical role in parturition, and poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which have estrogenic effects, have been associated with preterm birth. However, the impact of estrogens on the association between PFAS and preterm birth is unknown. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate if estrogens modified the association between PFAS and preterm birth, using a nested case-control study design. Methods: A total of 371 preterm births and 508 controls were selected from a birth cohort study in China between 2016 and 2018. Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) and its branched isomer, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and its branched isomer, and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were quantified in maternal serum (mean gestational age of 32 wk). Estradiol and estriol were quantified in cord serum. Preterm birth was defined as live delivery at Results: Overall, higher odds ratios (ORs) of preterm birth were associated with each 1 ln-unit PFAS increase: PFBA [1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14, 1.26], PFNA (1.30, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.39), PFOA (1.98, 95% CI: 1.54, 2.55), and PFOS (1.91, 95% CI: 1.76, 2.07) and its branched isomer (1.91, 95% CI: 1.90, 1.92). We detected statistically significant interactions between cord estradiol and PFAS on preterm birth, while no mediation effects of cord estrogen were observed. The ORs of PFOS (4.29, 95% CI: 1.31, 8.25), its branched isomer (6.71, 95% CI: 1.06, 11.91), and preterm birth were greater for participants with high cord estrogen levels than for participants with low cord estrogen levels. Discussion: Our findings suggest that estrogen modified the association between maternal PFAS exposure and preterm birth. Further studies on maternal PFAS exposure and preterm birth, taking interaction effects of cord estrogens into account, are warranted. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11377, Introduction Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) comprise more than 4,000 unique chemicals, some of which are ubiquitous in the environment. (1) Exposure to PFAS is a growing public health concern. [...]

Published
2023
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16. Coding of Sexual Assault by Emergency Physicians: A Nationally Representative Study

Author

Murugan, Vithya, Holzer, Katherine J., Vaughn, Michael G., Carbone, Jason T., Jackson, Dylan B., and Bitter, Cindy C.

Subjects
sexual assault, ICD-10, coding
Abstract

Introduction: Sexual assault is a public health problem that affects many Americans and has multiple long-lasting effects on victims. Medical evaluation after sexual assault frequently occurs in the emergency department, and documentation of the visit plays a significant role in decisions regarding prosecution and outcomes of legal cases against perpetrators. The American College of Emergency Physicians recommends coding such visits as sexual assault rather than adding modifiers such as “alleged.”Methods: This study reviews factors associated with coding of visits as sexual assault compared to suspected sexual assault using the 2016 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample.Results: Younger age, female gender, a larger number of procedure codes, urban hospital location, and lack of concurrent alcohol use are associated with coding for confirmed sexual assault.Conclusion: Implications of this coding are discussed.

Published
2021

20. Juvenile Offenders

Author

Vaughn, Michael G., Sattler, Leslie J., Holzer, Katherine J., Garofalo, Carlo, editor, and Sijtsema, Jelle J., editor

Published
2022
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23. Physiological Arousal and Juvenile Psychopathy: Is Low Resting Heart Rate Associated with Affective Dimensions?

Author

Kavish, Nicholas, Vaughn, Michael G., Cho, Eunsoo, Barth, Amy, Boutwell, Brian, Vaughn, Sharon, Capin, Philip, Stillman, Stephanie, and Martinez, Leticia

Abstract

A wealth of past research has examined the relationship between low physiological arousal and violence or antisocial behavior. Relatively little research; however, has examined the relationship between low physiological arousal and psychopathic traits, with even less having been conducted with juveniles. The current study attempts to fill this gap by evaluating juveniles' physiological arousal using resting heart rate and their levels of psychopathic traits. Results suggest that there is indeed an inverse relationship between resting heart rate and the affective traits of psychopathy (Uncaring, Callousness, and Unemotionality) as well as Thrill or Sensation Seeking in males. No significant relationship was found in females. Implications of the findings as well as study limitations and future directions are discussed.

Published
2017
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38. Social Protections and Climate Migration: Service Navigation among Puerto Ricans Displaced by Hurricane Maria.

Author

Hodges, James C, García, Maria F, Schwartz, Seth J, Vaughn, Michael G, Maldonado-Molina, Mildred M, Bates, Melissa, Calderón, Ivonne, Brown, Eric C, Rodríguez, José, and Salas-Wright, Christopher P

Subjects
QUALITATIVE research, GOVERNMENT policy, CLIMATE change, INTERVIEWING, CONTENT analysis, COMMUNITIES, JUDGMENT sampling, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, LONGITUDINAL method, MIGRANT labor, RESEARCH methodology, PUBLIC welfare, PUERTO Ricans, SOCIAL support, NATURAL disasters, PSYCHOSOCIAL factors
Abstract

As climate change continues to displace greater numbers of people, transnational ties are important sources of social protection for climate migrants. Migrants assemble unique configurations of formal and informal social protections depending on the resources available within their sending and receiving communities. However, the specific constellations of social protections that climate migrants use following disaster and displacement remain underexamined. Authors conducted semistructured interviews with Puerto Ricans who migrated in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria (N = 41) and used qualitative content analysis to trace the assemblages of formal and informal social protections used to navigate the resettlement process. Results suggest that informal support from migrants' transnational ties was instrumental in successfully making use of formal sources of support, including federal emergency relief programs, to leave the island and resettle on the U.S. mainland. This reliance on informal social protections often strained participants' informal networks and raised questions of equity for people internally displaced by climate change. These findings highlight the need for a more equitable and effective linkage of climate migrants with public resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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47. Effects of After-School Programs on Attendance and Externalizing Behaviors with Primary and Secondary School Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Author

Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness (SREE), Maynard, Brandy R., Kremer, Kristen P., Polanin, Joshua R., Vaughn, Michael G., and Sarteschi, Christine M.

Abstract

Over the past two decades, the number and types of after-school programs (ASPs) have increased substantially as a result of increased federal and private spending and because ASPs are perceived to provide wide-ranging and far-reaching benefits to students, families, schools and the public. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to synthesize the available evidence on the effects of after-school programs with at-risk primary and secondary students on school attendance and externalizing behavior outcomes. The specific questions guiding this review were: (1) What are the effects of ASPs on school attendance with at-risk students who attend an ASP compared to at-risk students who do not attend an ASP?; (2) What are the effects of ASPs on externalizing behavioral outcomes with at-risk students who attend an ASP compared to at-risk students who do not attend an ASP?; and (3) Are there study, participant or program characteristics that moderate effects of ASPs? Studies included in this review were conducted in any setting that housed an ASP (e.g., school, community organization, church). Due to significant differences in educational systems around the world, this review was limited to studies conducted in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, and Australia. Systematic review methodology, following the Campbell Collaboration procedures and guidelines (Campbell Collaboration, 2014), was used for all aspects of the search, retrieval, selection, and coding of published and unpublished studies meeting study inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was used to quantitatively synthesize results across studies. Twenty-four studies reported in 31 reports were included in the review. ASPs receive overwhelming positive support and significant resources; however, the overall lack of rigorous studies assessing effects of ASPs and the lack of significant effects of ASPs on attendance and externalizing behaviors found in this review, along with discrepant findings of prior reviews, provide some impetus for us to reconsider the purpose of ASPs and the way ASPs are designed and implemented. For school attendance, the evidence from this review converges with prior quantitative and narrative reviews. Simply, ASPs have not demonstrated significant effects on school attendance. Tables and figures are appended.

Published
2015

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