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This article explores the intricate anatomy of the thyroid gland, highlighting its structure, vascular supply, and lymphatic drainage. The thyroid gland, a crucial endocrine organ, is situated in the anterior neck and plays a vital role in regulating metabolism through hormone production. The anatomy is characterized by its relationship with surrounding structures, including major arteries such as the superior and inferior thyroid arteries, and important veins that drain into the internal jugular vein. Special attention is given to the recurrent laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal nerve, which are critical in surgical considerations. Additionally, the lymphatic drainage pathways are discussed, emphasizing their significance in the context of thyroid cancer metastasis. Understanding the detailed anatomy of the thyroid gland is essential for healthcare professionals, particularly in surgical and oncological practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developmental abnormalities and malformations of the breast are uncommon and include a range of genetic, acquired, and sporadic conditions. These abnormalities can lead to irregularities in the nipple-areolar complex and/or the underlying glandular tissue, resulting in either underdevelopment or overdevelopment of the breasts. The age at which these abnormalities present and their clinical severity depend on the underlying biological cause. Such abnormalities can affect either one or both breasts, particularly in conjunction with syndromic conditions or endocrine disorders. Disordered development may also be localized, giving rise to tumor-like lesions such as hamartomas, pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia, and gynecomastia. This review will explore the various disorders of breast development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: to realize a comparative analysis of demographic characteristics and outer diameters of the arteries of the circle of Willis (CW) according to the presence/absence of ischemic stroke. Material and methods: We performed a retrospective study on 166 adult patients, hospitalized in „Prof. dr. N. Oblu" Emergency Clinical Hospital from Iaşi, in the period of 12 years, who died during hospitalization and on whom an autopsy was performed in order to determine the cause of death. The subjects were divided into 2 groups: (1). 48 patients without stroke; (2) 118 patients with ischemic stroke. Demographic data, causes of death, and outer diameters of CW arteries were collected and compared between the two groups of patients. Results: Patients with ischemic stroke were older (67.49±12.96 years) compared to those without stroke (60.33±15.67 years). 61.8% of ischemic stroke patients were male, and non-stroke patients were predominantly female (60.4%). 58.5% of those with ischemic stroke and 64.6% of patients without stroke came from rural areas. The median diameter (mD) of the ACoA was statistically significantly lower in patients with ischemic stroke (1.10 mm) compared to the others (1.40 mm); mD of right ACA was lower in patients with ischemic stroke (1.70 mm) compared to patients without stroke (1.80 mm). mD of right and left PCoAs were statistically significantly smaller in patients with ischemic stroke (0.30 mm, each) compared to those without stroke (0.60 mm, each). mD of right and left PCoAs were similar in both groups of patients (1.90 mm). Conclusions: The present research found that ischemic stroke patients were elderly, predominantly of male gender, and expressed a reduction of the external diameters of the anterior communicating artery, right anterior cerebral artery, right and left posterior communicating arteries, while patients without stroke did not show such vascular morphological changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a concise overview of the history of hepatitis B, including who has been responsible for its diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Hepatitis B was first identified and diagnosed in the 1960s, marking an important moment in the history of medicine. The discovery of this disease provided essential information about it is transmission, symptomatology, and treatment. In 1992, the World Health Organization recommended the inclusion of the hepatitis B vaccine in national immunization programs by 1997. The diagnosis of hepatitis B is made through blood tests that detect specific antigens and antibodies of the virus. An important step in diagnosing hepatitis B was the introduction of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) test, which detects a protein on the surface of the virus. This test revolutionized the detection of HBV infection and became a standard tool in diagnosing the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a study that used cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to measure the dimensions of the orbits in patients from northeastern Romania. The study found that CBCT accurately measured these dimensions, but also noted variability between the right and left orbits. The study compared the findings to previous research and highlighted the potential implications for surgical procedures involving the orbit. The authors concluded that CBCT is a valuable tool for measuring orbital structures and can be used in various applications. [Extracted from the article]

Being familiar with the clinical evaluation of the breast, as well as being able to understand breast conditions, is important to many medical specialties. The most effective way to handle management is by employing a multidisciplinary team approach. Precisely timed surgical interventions play a crucial role in maximizing psychological, aesthetic, and functional results. Familiarity with the embryology and anatomy of the female breast is essential for a thorough clinical examination and the application of suitable surgical treatments. This article aims to explore the typical embryology and anatomy of the adolescent female breast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most therapeutic agents primarily target cells and tissues in an area of specific pathology. The key to therapeutic success is the targeted release of different drug species at the cellular and subcellular level. The most important obstacle to achieving drug efficacy is the nonspecific distribution of the biologically active substance after administration. By understanding the various factors that can affect oral absorption, there is an opportunity to develop safe and effective nanosystems to improve the oral delivery of therapeutics, alleviating many of the challenges of oral therapy and ultimately benefiting patients. Achieving comprehensive knowledge about the penetration mechanism and biological fate of ingested nanoparticles is very challenging due to intra- and inter-individual variations in gastric emptying time, pH, gastrointestinal flora GI tract composition and mucus layer thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because anxiety disorders are currently one of the most common psychiatric disorders in the general population, an investigation of the risk factors that can trigger them may be helpful in preventing this disease. Material and methods: We perform a non-systematic review of the literature, using PubMed and Google Scholar searching engines, based on the following words: "risk factor" and "anxiety disorder". We selected only articles written in English with relevance to the topic. We critically analyzed a total of 100 articles. Based on the relevance of their content, we finally selected for our review the 56 most significant contributions. Results: After searching literature, we are able to consider that risk factors for anxiety disorders development, irrespective of a certain group of population or of age, can be classified into four classes: 1) constitutional; 2) genetic; 3) environmental; and 4) individual-specific factors. Conclusion: The risk factors for anxiety disorders are numerous and as such this psychiatric condition is a complex one, even more complex than previously thought. In the same time, the risk factors for anxiety disorders are still largely unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that infects more than a third of the world's population. In recent years, some articles have been published showing association between infection with Toxoplasma gondii and brain tumors. We present the case of a male patient, aged 47 years, who was admitted in the Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency Clinical Hospital "Prof. dr. N. Oblu", presenting headache, confusion, blurred vision and loss of memory. His previous medical history revealed that the patient traveled to China, where he ate traditional food based on uncooked meat. During his two months stay in China he presented a status similar to a cold. Craniocerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) took into consideration a primary brain tumor, parasitosis or tuberculoma. Laboratory analysis showed leukocytosis, granulocytosis and thrombocytopenia. Toxoplasma gondii-IgG antibodies showed values of 617.6 U / ml. anti-HIV ELISA test was negative. a biopsy was done and small fragments of pathological tissue were removed. The initial microscopical exam took into consideration a differential diagnosis of atypical toxoplasmic encephalitis versus glioblastoma. Immunohistochemical investigations diagnosed a grade IV glioblastoma based on the following aspects: the tumor cells were positive for GFAP and ATRX, but negative for IDH1. In addition, very often the tumor cells were positive for p53 and proliferative index was greater than 12%. a new MRI exam performed 6 weeks later showed a rapid increase of the tumor, so that the patient was re-operated with total excision of the tumor mass. The final pathologic diagnosis was glioblastoma associated with toxoplasmosis in evolution. The presented case is customized by the difficulty of clinical, imaging and pathological diagnosis under significantly increased titers of Toxoplasma gondii- IgG antibodies. This case also reminds the fact that this parasite may be a potential risk factor for the development of a brain glioblastoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, many studies investigated cerebral circulation due to the clinical significance of circle of Willis (CW) anatomical abnormalities. Various techniques have been used to study the anatomical variants of CW, but non-autopsy investigations have some certain limitations in detecting anatomical variants. Studying morphology of CW constituent arteries on specimens taken during the autopsy allows a direct and wide view of the vessels at the base of the brain. The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical significance of anatomical abnormalities/variants of CW arteries in the population sample from the North-East region of Romania by assessing the causes of cerebral vascular mortality. This study included patients who died of various medical causes in the Emergency Clinical Hospital "Prof. dr. N. Oblu" Iaşi, in a period of 30 months (01.01.2014-30.06.2016), and who were subjects of a rutine autopsy. Out of the total of 96 available human brains, 28 cases (29.17%) were classified as "abnormal" or "anatomical variants" and these were the cases that were analysed in this research. In this group, 53.57% were males, and the mean age of the cases was 61.78 years. 60.71% of patients with anatomical variations of CW died of cerebrovascular diseases, and 39.29% died of other medical causes, on the first rank being acute myocardial infarction (17.85%). Knowing the frequency of anatomical variations of CW arteries in the population of Moldova can be useful in planning surgery for cerebral aneurysms, to avoid accidental vascular trauma during surgery and can be reported in current anatomy treatises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The craniopharyngeal canal, occupied by the hypophyseal diverticulum, passes through the pair of pituitary cartilages. The pituitary cartilages join on the anterior midline to form the presphenoid. Dorsally, the pituitary cartilages also join on the midline to form the basisphenoid that forms the sella turcica on the midline. In anatomical terms, the sella turcica lies posterior to the jugum sphenoidale. Basically, a chiasmatic groove is first noticed posterior to the jugum sphenoidale, because the optical chiasm is located at this level. Behind the chiasmatic groove there is a round or oval prominence called the tuberculum sellae. Posteriorly, the sella turcica is closed by a squareshaped plate of bone called the dorsum sellae which contains the posterior clinoid apophyses on its upper edge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]