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Kaempferol and its derivatives are naturally occurring phytochemicals with promising bioactivities. This flavonol can reduce the lipid oxidation in the human body, prevent the organs and cell structure from deterioration and protect their functional integrity. This review has extensively highlighted the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activity of kaempferol. However, poor water solubility and low bioavailability of kaempferol greatly limit its applications. The utilization of advanced delivery systems can improve its stability, efficacy, and bioavailability. This is the first review that aimed to comprehensively collate some of the vital information published on biosynthesis, mechanism of action, bioactivities, bioavailability, and toxicological potential of kaempferol. Besides, it provides insights into the future direction on the improvement of bioavailability of kaempferol for wide applications.

Millets exist in a variety of colours, and their kernel colour is a key criterion for determining market value and nutritional quality. Carotenoids and polyphenols are naturally occurring pigments distributed in varied quantities in different species of pigmented millets. These compounds not only provide health benefits, but also help in the prevention of chronic disorders related to oxidative stress. Because of their high concentrations of minerals, polyphenols, vitamins, and a range of biologically active chemicals, pigmented wheat and rice have recently garnered considerable attention. However, minor cereals with great local significance, like pigmented millets, are yet to be explored. This chapter comprehensively describes colour-imparting compounds in millets, i.e. carotenoids and anthocyanins, their nutritional characteristics, and potential health implications.

This research focuses on the development of paper from lignocellulosic agricultural wastes, viz., corn husk (CH), which is an underexplored material and sugarcane baggase (SB), in varying proportions, through soda pulping and enhancement of their functionalities through chitosan and chitosan-beeswax emulsion coatings. Fiber digestion conditions were as follows: 100°C (30 min); 100–162°C (90 min) and 162°C (90 min); followed by blowing, quenching and then refining of both treated CH and SB pulp to a Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) of 400–450 mL. The handsheets of 80 GSM (grammage) were prepared as per the standard ISO-5269/1 and were tested for their mechanical and barrier properties as per standard methods of ISO. Handsheets developed from the blend of SB and CH (50:50) and SB fibers (100%) were found to have better mechanical strength (in terms of burst, tensile and tear strength) in comparison to CH fibers (100%). The effect of coatings on mechanical, water resistance, micro-structural, and biodegradable properties of the cellulose papers were also assessed. The chitosan coating significantly improved (p

The aim of this article was to generate a framework of bio-based economy by an effective utilization of biomass from the perspectives of agriculture for developing potential end bio-based products (e.g. pharmaceuticals, active pharmaceutical ingredients). Our discussion is also extended to the conservatory ways of bioenergy along with development of bio-based products and biofuels. This review article further showcased the fundamental principles for producing these by-products. Thereby, the necessity of creating these products is to be efficaciously utilization by small-scale farmers that can aid the local needs for bio-based materials and energy. Concurrently, the building up of small markets will open up the avenues and linkages for bigger markets. In nutshell, the aim of the review is to explore the pathway of the biotechnological approaches so that less chosen producers and underdeveloped areas can be allied so that pressure on the systems of biomass production can be relaxed.

Electronic cigarettes (ECs) have recently become very popular among the population due to the various flavors available for vaping products. Consequently, manufacturers are trying to attract more users through the addition of various additives including nicotine, new flavors, and aromas. However, the inhalation of unknown and untested chemicals may cause health problems. Therefore, more clinical reports need to be collected for standardization of ECs for their effective regulation. However, detailed compositional information for EC additives is not commonly available. The aim of this review is, therefore, to study the state-of-the-art methods that can be employed for the quantitative analysis of the composition of electronic cigarettes with respect to these additives and flavors along with the basic cigarette ingredient like nicotine (both before and after consumption). In addition, efforts have also been made to address the clinical impacts of vaping EC and its additives on both the organ and cellular level. It was found that the effect of flavorings in EC is clearly associated with pathogenicity at the molecular level and need of standardization of the usage of EC and its flavorings is urgently needed.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) treatment on the microbial inactivation, physicochemical properties, and shelf-life of strawberry fruit with its extended in-package storage at room (25 °C) and refrigerated (4 °C) temperature. ACP treatment of 10, 15 and 30 min was studied on strawberry fruit using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) at 60 kV with an input voltage of 260 V at 50 Hz. The shelf-life of ACP treated strawberry was extended to 5 days at 25 °C and 9 days at 4 °C in sealed ACP package. However, non-treated packaged strawberry was degraded in 2 days. ACP treatment of 15 min resulted in 2 log reduction of microbial load and enhanced the concentration of chlorogenic acid, hyprin, phloretin, vanillin, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and rutin during in-package storage of 5 day (~ 120 h) at 25 °C with respect to control (p 0.05). Therefore, ACP treatment of 15 min with in-package storage of 5 days (~ 120 h) was found to be advantageous for increasing the shelf-life and functional quality of strawberry fruit.

The aim of the study was to develop a tomato-based beverage and to investigate the effect of thermal (pasteurization) and non-thermal (ultrasonication, ultra-violet (UV), atmospheric cold plasma (ACP)) processing on the quality of a tomato-based beverage. The ultrasonication and ACP processing for 10 min put significant effect on L* and a* color values of the tomato beverage. All the processing techniques applied degraded ascorbic acid but maximum retention (95%) of ascorbic acid was found in ACP processed beverage. Furthermore, ACP processing of 10 min also had significant (p ≥ 0.05) effect on bioactive compounds like chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid and gallic acid in comparison to thermal and other non-thermal processing. Moreover, ACP for 10 min and ultrasonication for 15 min was found equivalent to thermal processing in microbial reduction and ACP processing for 10 min was found equivalent to pasteurization in reduction of yeast and mold count. Both thermal and non-thermal processing had insignificant (p ≥ 0.05) effects on pH, TSS and sugars of developed beverage. In summary, ACP processing for 10 min has emerged as the best processing method for retaining as well as improving the quality of the developed beverage.

In the present investigation, several residues from agro-forestry industries such as rice straw acid hydrolysate, corn cob acid hydrolysate, tomato juice, cane molasses and orange pulp were evaluated as the economical source for the production of bacterial cellulose. The bacterial cellulose attained the significant yield of 7.8 g/L using tomato juice, followed by 3.6 g/L using cane molasses and 2.8 g/L using orange pulp after 7 days of incubation. Furthermore, the optimum pH and temperature of fermentation for maximum production of bacterial cellulose was 4.5 and 30 ± 1 °C. The identified bacterium Acetobacter pasteurianus RSV-4 has been deposited at repository under the accession number MTCC 25117. The produced bacterial cellulose was characterized through FTIR, SEM, TGA and DSC and found to be of very good quality. The bacterial cellulose produced by identified strain on these various agro-waste residues could be a cost effective technology for commercial its production.

Background: Plant-based quercetin is usually produced using fruit and vegetable wastes and is sold in the market in powdered form. Since it is already used as a supplement in various foods, therefore, a study was conducted to develop calorie rich nutrition bars using plant-based quercetin, that may serve as a promising functional snack with high antioxidant property for general consumption by teenagers, adults, athletes and sports persons. To surmise, this study deals with the development of a novel nutrition bar by utilizing a plant byproduct.Methods: Plant based pure quercetin extract powder (98% Premium grade) was procured from HerbaDiet, Arkure Health Care, Rohtak, Haryana (India). Other materials used were: quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) (Pro nature Organic Foods Pvt. Ltd.); instant white oats (Kellogg’s India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi); canola oil (Jivo Wellness Pvt. Ltd.); jaggery (Village product industries); nuts- comprising almond, cashew, walnut, roasted & salted pistachios (Happilo International Pvt. Ltd.).Objective: The study was carried out in order to formulate calorie and nutrient rich bars for all the age-groups with a prime focus on antioxidant-quercetin. Results: Quercetin-based nutrition bar was developed with different levels of quercetin (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 mg 100g-1), in addition to other ingredients including oats, quinoa, nuts, canola oil and jaggery. Addition of quercetin showed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) change on its water activity, color and textural attributes. With the increase in the quercetin content, a significant decrease in the water activity and increase in the lightness (L*) and hardness values of nutrition bar samples was observed. The quercetin enriched nutrition bars also showed an increase in total phenolic content as well as antioxidant capacity, as assessed by DPPH radical scavenging activity. Evaluation of overall acceptability and sensory profiling was done for all samples and the one with 60 mg 100g-1 quercetinqualified as the best in sensorial attributes.The main finding: The results revealed that quercetin-based nutrition bar can be a palatable and promising functional food with high antioxidant property.

The effects of high pressure processing (HPP) applying 500 MPa for 10 min at 25 °C on microbial inactivation and stability of quality parameters [bioactive compounds, phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, color, NEBI (non-enzymatic browning index), and sensory analysis] were studied. It was found that HPP treated whey-lime beverage achieved the maximum shelf-life of 120 days by keeping the microbial populations below the detection limit throughout the storage period (p

To date, the utilization of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is found from numerous fields of applications including separation, storage, sensing, and many other miscellaneous ones. Their feasibility toward wastewater treatment (WWT) for several pollutants (e.g., heavy metal ions, pesticides, volatile organic pollutants (VOCs), and other hazardous chemicals) has not yet been thoroughly evaluated. Here, we attempted to provide the current technical advances associated with MOF-based WWT in reference to conventional materials. Our review emphasized current perspectives on contamination processes in water systems and performance of MOF in diverse WWT applications.

The study investigated the efficacy of atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) treatment on inactivation of E. coli load during extended storage period of 48 h at both the temperatures of refrigeration (4 °C) as well as room (25 °C). The tomato samples were spot inoculated with E. coli and exposed to ACP at 15 and 60 kV for 5, 10, 15, and 30 min followed by their storage at 4 °C and 25 °C. The highest log reduction of 6 log CFU mL− 1 was achieved in population of E. coli after 15 min of ACP treatment at 60 kV, which was sustained up to storage duration of 48 h at both the temperatures. Furthermore, significant reduction in E. coli was found at plasma treatment of 60 kV in comparison to 15 kV. The inactivation of E. coli was significantly (p

Solar drying increases the quality and shelf life of the food product. In this study, three drying methods (solar, hot air, and sun drying) were used to evaluate the physicochemical properties of dried green colored vegetables (bitter-gourd and capsicum). In addition, drying treatment was coupled with blanching (hot water and steam) as pre-treatment. It was found that the maximum functional compounds (flavonoid and polyphenol) were retained in solar dried bitter gourd (0.43 ± 0.02 RE mg/g; 0.12 ± 0.01 GAE mg/100 g) and capsicum (1.15 ± 0.11 RE mg/g; 1.29 ± 0.01 GAE mg/100 g), respectively. Moreover, nutritional quality (vitamin A & C) was higher in solar dried (1.50 ± 0.10 I.U., 3.95 ± 0.01 I.U.; 33.2 ± 0.3 mg/100 g, 49.8 ± 0.1 mg/100 g) in comparison to hot air and open sun dried vegetables. However, hot water blanched vegetables showed significant less degradation of polyphenols, flavonoids, and chlorophyll ( p > 0.05) in relation to steam blanched vegetables in combination with solar drying. Also, solar dried vegetables attained the highest score of sensory acceptability. Therefore, it can be concluded that solar drying could be an effective technique over hot air and open sun drying for retaining better quality of dried vegetables.

The widespread pollution of toxic metals has drawn much attention due to its potential to harm both human health and the environment. Recently, a large volume of scientific literature has identified a potent role for nanomaterials in capturing, separating, and probing for such hazardous pollutants. This review discusses the opportunities and challenges in applying nanomaterials to sense hazardous metals in relation to their general working principles. This review evaluates their performance and advantages about conventional analytical methods. Our review also describes the basic features of this developing field to help establish a plan to counteract heavy metal ions contamination.

There is a growing need for accurate detection of trace-level PAHs in food products due to the numerous detrimental effects caused by their contamination (e.g., toxicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity). This review aims to discuss the up-to-date knowledge on the measurement techniques available for PAHs contained in food or its related products. This article aims to provide a comprehensive outline on the measurement techniques of PAHs in food to help reduce their deleterious impacts on human health based on the accurate quantification. The main part of this review is dedicated to the opportunities and practical options for the treatment of various food samples and for accurate quantification of PAHs contained in those samples. Basic information regarding all available analytical measurement techniques for PAHs in food samples is also evaluated with respect to their performance in terms of quality assurance.

Exposure to common ionic pollutants, such as heavy metal ions and toxic anions, is a major concern throughout the world due to their potential impacts on human health and the environment. Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with ion-exchange properties have attracted great interest with respect to the capture of diverse hazardous cationic and anionic species. In fact, according to the investigations on these ion exchangers, their sorption capacities are recognized to be considerably superior to conventional materials. This review focused on metal-organic materials as sorbents for ions by surveying MOFs with respect to their exchange/sorption capacities in association with their synthesis and structural characteristics. We also described the recent development in MOF composites and their practical applications toward wastewater treatment. The sorption characteristics were also evaluated among the reported MOFs and then between MOFs and other sorbents. Finally, we described the future prospects for the research and development in materials for ion-exchange based on MOF technology.

Progress in the domain of nanoscience has contributed to the expansion of countless fields of research. The selection of nanomaterials and associated signal modes as nanocarriers (NCs) has thus become more favorable in various probe applications. This review focuses on diverse NCs in order to pursue revolutionized practice for probe applications in relation to synthesis and characterization. The feasibility of NCs with essential features (such as surface modification, porosity, loading capacity (with a non-toxic nature), biodegradability, dual signal mode, device fabrication compatibility, and self-direction (in terms of specificity and selectivity)) has also been increasingly researched. In light of the potent role of NCs, this review highlights challenges and optimization strategies for rapidly emerging fields of their applications and future research directions.

The feasibility of the nanocrystal metal organic framework [Cd(atc)(H2O)2]n (NMOF1) as a biosensor is explored for the specific recognition of parathion. The luminescence properties of the NMOF1/antiparathion complex were tested for the detection of parathion. Because of the fluorescent properties, the anti-parathion antibody interacted with parathion in order to facilitate its detection at a dynamic concentration range from 1 ppb to 1 ppm. The assay was validated against some environmental samples by gas chromatography with solid phase extraction (SPE). Accordingly, the NMOF biosensor tested in this work is demonstrated as parathion-specific with high surface loading and high sensitivity.

Due to the growing popularity of e-cigarettes (ECs), the number of young EC smokers has increased since their introduction less than a decade ago. This development has alarmed public health experts, prompting researchers to identify potential hazards of EC use and to help establish guidelines or regulations for the pollutants contained in EC solutions and released in their smoke (such as particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nicotine, polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs), carbonyls, and metals). This review was written to cover the techniques currently available for the collection and analysis of EC-related pollutants. To this end, this review emphasizes the compositional diversity of the various components present in EC solutions and their smoke. The methods used to analyze different types of EC samples are also evaluated to help establish a standardized protocol for their accurate quantitation.

a b s t r a c t The effects of pulsed electric field (PEF) applying 26 kV cm −1 with 1 s monopolar pulses (for 500 s) on inactivation of Zygosaccharomyces bailii and the stability for the key quality characteristics (vitamin C, phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, nonenzymatic index, 5hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF), ◦brix, and pH) in Emblica officinalis juice were studied. These results were then compared to those of heat treatment (90

The unique and tunable properties of metal organic framework (MOF) provide a new technological opportunity to challenge various issues in energy sectors. This review critically assesses the unique features regarding the synthesis methods of MOFs and discusses their vigorous role in light emitting device and photovoltaic devices. This review article also aims to help upgrade the feasibility of MOFs for the future applications towards energy systems and to provide an outline for the future opportunities in this field.

In this chapter, we thoroughly explore core–shell nanostructures as a platform for various sensing applications. We cover both fundamental science and the current progress achieved in this field. The first part of the paper focuses on the types, properties, and applications of diverse core–shell-nanostructure-(CSN)-based materials (nanoparticles, quantum dots (QDs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, nano porous materials, and nanocomposites/hybrid materials). Then, sensor design (electrochemical, colorimetric, fluorescent) and the fabrication of CSN materials are explained based on their working principles as they apply to photo electrochemical, electromechanical, electromagnetic, and other sensor applications.

The work proposes a simple method for simultaneous detection and quantification of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), phenolic acids (gallic acid and ellagic acid), hydroxycinnamic acid (chlorogenic acid), and flavonoids (myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol) in seasonal samples of emblica juice. The compounds were separated by an intangible curved gradient of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid in water (v/v) and acetonitrile as mobile phase A and B using Zorbax SB RP C-18 column at a wavelength of 254 nm in 18 min. The assay was optimized by varying the mobile phase, gradient type, and detection wavelength. The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, detection limits, and quantification limits. Good linear response was observed over the range specified for all the analytes, as confirmed by the correlation coefficient which ranged from 0.991 and 0.995. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be in the range of 0.129–0.685 µg mL−1 and 0.43–2.883 µg mL−1, respectively. Complete resolu...

A novel study has been optimized for the application of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment (varying from 18 to 24 kV cm−1 for the duration 300–1,000 µs) on fresh emblica juice for extracting quercetin & ellagic acid which are considered as the major secondary metabolites in plant based foods. HPLC–PDA studies showed substantial increase (p < 0.05) in the PEF extracted levels of above metabolites in herb juice. It can be attributed to PEF induced vibrational disruption which increases the metabolic stress leading to emergence of these compounds. Both Raman and FTIR characterization, confirmed the presence of these in emblica juice. Electric field strength of 22 kV cm−1 was found to be optimum, where maximum cell disintegration index (0.79) was achieved during treatment time of 500 µs, which enhanced the amount of quercetin to about ninefolds and ellagic acid to about twofolds respectively, in comparison to untreated and thermally treated juice sample. However, a reverse trend was observed in thermally treated juice where degradation of the compounds (p < 0.05) was detected. Thus, PEF can be considered as a viable medium for extracting intracellular metabolites, thereby incrementing the functional potential of emblica juice.

A simple and new method for the simultaneous detection and quantification of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), phenolic acids (gallic acid and ellagic acid), hydroxycinnamic acid (chlorogenic acid) and flavonoids (myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol) in Emblica juice is developed. The compounds are separated in 18 minutes by an intangible curved gradient of 0.1% ortho-phosphoric acid in water (v/v) and acetonitrile, as mobile phase A and B, respectively, using Zorbax SB RP C-18 column at a wavelength of 254 nm. The assay was optimized by varying the mobile phase, gradient type, pretreatment method (thermal and non-thermal) and detection wavelength. The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, detection limits and quantification limits. Good linear response was observed over the range specified for all the analytes, as confirmed by the correlation coefficient which ranged from 0.991 and 0.995. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be in the range of 0.129–0.685 μg ml−1 and 0.43–2.883 μg ml−1 respectively. Pulsed electric field (PEF) was used as the non-thermal pretreatment sample technique. HPLC-PDA showed increased levels of phenolic acids, as gallic and ellagic acid, and flavonoid, as quercetin, in PEF treated Emblica juice with respect to the untreated and thermally treated juice samples (p < 0.05). The overall precision values obtained for standards and samples were within the range 0.01–0.2 and 0.15–0.23 respectively. Further, total polyphenolic content and free radical scavenging capacity of the untreated, thermally and PEF treated Emblica juice were corroborated by HPLC.

Public concern over the deleterious effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has grown rapidly due to recognition of their toxicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity. The aim of this review is to describe the status of PAH pollution among different food types, the route of dietary intake, measures for its reduction, and legislative approaches to control PAH. To this end, a comprehensive review is outlined to evaluate the status of PAH contamination in many important food categories along with dietary recommendations. Our discussion is also extended to describe preventive measures to reduce PAH in food products to help reduce the risks associated with human intake. Keywords: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Food products, Toxic effects, Legislative and preventive measures

Over the past decades, consumers want fresh like foods with their natural nutritive values and sensory attributes, such as flavor, odor, texture and taste (Huxley et al. 2004). Fresh fruits and vegetables are the good examples of convenient foods. This growing consumers’ demandof minimally processed foods with no or lesser synthetic additives pose challenges to food technologists. In addition, demand of functional foods to prevent or control of diseases are growing (Monteiro et al. 2011). All these demands force to develop safe foods with minimal processing techniques (Gilbert 2000). This is not a simple task to produce safe minimally processed foods with desired shelf-life.