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Artificial intelligence is a key enabler for autonomous vehicles that potentially provides European citizens with economic, environmental and social benefits. However, a the absence of a relevant European framework around liability, data protection, cybersecurity and protection of users creates costs of non-Europe in terms of economic output and employment. It also generates other costs, in particular around data protection and privacy, which can influence fundamental rights for European citizens.This study is annexed to the Cost of non-Europe report entitled Artificial intelligence in road transport, published by EPRS.

The paper develops a dynamic model of trade between two countries where the trading entities interact in a strategic context. Consumers in both countries are endowed with certain incomes and try to acquire as much as possible of the quantities available on the markets. Consumers have privileged access to some of the good supplied locally, a form of partial local protection. Over time, prices are adjusted to respond to the outcomes of trading. For this setup, we prove the existence of Nash equilibria and simulate the model numerically in Python to illustrate the possibility of obtaining different types of price dynamics depending on the price adjustment rule used. ACM Computing Classification System (1998): J4, G4, I.6.3.

Йордан Йорданов, Андрей Василев - В работата се изследват методи за решаването на задачи на оптималното управление в дискретно време с безкраен хоризонт и явни управления. Дадена е обосновка на една процедура за решаване на такива задачи, базирана на множители на Лагранж, коята често се употребява в икономическата литература. Извеждени са необходимите условия за оптималност на базата на уравнения на Белман и са приведени достатъчни условия за оптималност при допускания, които често се използват в икономиката. In the paper methods of solving discrete-time infinite-horizon dynamic optimization problems with explicit controls are studied. It is provided a justification of a solution procedure based on a Lagrangian formulation that is frequently applied to such problems in the economics literature. Necessary conditions for optimality are derived on the basis of the Bellman equation and sufficient conditions for optimality are provided under assumptions commonly employed in economics. *2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 49K99, 49L20. Partially supported by Grant 172/2010 (Sofia University). The authors would like to thank Rossen Rozenov and an anonymous referee for providing comments and suggestions. The usual disclaimer applies.