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U prvom delu rada date su teorijske osnove informaciono - komunikacionih tehnologija, te su bliže objašnjeni pojam i značaj ovih tehnologija, kako bi se razumelo na koji način utiču na moderno društvo u celini. Takođe se u prvom delu rada govori o primeni informaciono - komunikacionih tehnologija na poslovanje državne uprave, ali i saznajemo nešto više o samom internet portalu državne uprave Republike Srbije. Drugi deo rada posvećen je pojmovnom određenju zdravstvenog sistema, sa posebnim osvrtom na virus Covid - 19, koji je u mnogome doprineo kada je u pitanju stvaranje novih usluga na portalu eUprava i zainterosovao građane za korišćenje istog. U trećem delu rada objašnjava se pojam Socijalna zaštita, kao i indikatori koji utiču na socijalni razvoj Republike Srbije, a to su siromaštvo, nezapos­lenost, obrazovanje, zdravlje i socijalna zaštita.Četvrti i poslednji deo rada posvećen je digitalizaciji sektora zdravstva i socijalne zaštite. Takođe se pruža analiza sis­tema e - uprave u oblasti zdravstva i socijalne zaštite, ali i daje poseban osvrt na usluge koje državni organi pružaju na portalu eUprava.

In the early 1800s, the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) was probably extirpated from Switzerland, due to overhunting and deforestation. After a federal law was enacted in 1875 to protect lactating females and young, and limiting the hunting season, the roe deer successfully recovered and recolonized Switzerland. In this study, we use mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA markers to investigate the recolonization and assess contemporary genetic structure in relation to broad topographic features, in order to understand underlying ecological processes, inform future roe deer management strategies, and explore the opportunity for development of forensic traceability tools. The results concerning the recolonization origin support natural, multidirectional immigration from neighboring countries. We further demonstrate that there is evidence of weak genetic differentiation within Switzerland among topographic regions. Finally, we conclude that the genetic data support the recognition of a single roe deer management unit within Switzerland, within which there is a potential for broad-scale geographic origin assignment using nuclear markers to support law enforcement.

The past decade has seen a rapid expansion of non-human forensic genetics coinciding with the development of 2nd and 3rd generation DNA sequencing technologies. Nanopore sequencing is one such technology that offers massively parallel sequencing at a fraction of the capital cost of other sequencing platforms. The application of nanopore sequencing to species identification has already been widely demonstrated in biomonitoring studies and has significant potential for non-human forensic casework, particularly in the area of wildlife forensics. This review examines nanopore sequencing technology and assesses its potential applications, advantages and drawbacks for use in non-human forensics, alongside other next-generation sequencing platforms and as a possible replacement to Sanger sequencing. We assess the specific challenges of sequence error rate and the standardisation of consensus sequence production, before discussing recent progress in the validation of nanopore sequencing for use in forensic casework. We conclude that nanopore sequencing may be able to play a considerable role in the future of non-human forensic genetics, especially for applications to wildlife law enforcement within emerging forensic laboratories.

In many parts of the world, human-mediated environmental change is depleting biodiversity faster than it can be characterized, while invasive species cause agricultural damage, threaten human health, and disrupt native habitats. Consequently, the application of effective approaches for rapid surveillance and identification of biological specimens is increasingly important to inform conservation and biosurveillance efforts. Taxonomic assignments have been greatly advanced using sequence-based applications, such as DNA barcoding, a diagnostic technique that utilizes polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequence analysis of standardized genetic regions. However, in many biodiversity hotspots, endeavors are often hindered by a lack of laboratory infrastructure, funding for biodiversity research, and restrictions on the transport of biological samples. A promising development is the advent of low-cost, miniaturized scientific equipment. Such tools can be assembled into functional laboratories to carry out genetic analyses in situ, at local institutions, field stations, or classrooms. Here, we outline the steps required to perform amplicon sequencing applications, from DNA isolation to nanopore sequencing and downstream data analysis, all of which can be conducted outside of a conventional laboratory environment using miniaturized scientific equipment, without reliance on internet connectivity. Depending on sample type, the protocol (from DNA extraction to full bioinformatic analyses) can be completed within 10 hours and with appropriate quality controls can be used for diagnostic identification of samples independent of core genomic facilities that are required for alternative methods.

European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) are the most common game species in Europe, hunted for meat and trophies. Forensic investigations involving roe deer poaching may often benefit from an individual identification method to link a suspect to a specific incident. The current paper presents a forensically validated DNA profiling system for European roe deer called “STRoe deer”. This DNA profiling system consists of 12 novel unlinked tetranucleotide short tandem repeat (STR) loci and two sex-specific markers, with an allelic ladder to facilitate accurate genotyping. Validation results demonstrate successful amplification of all 14 loci with as little as 0.05 ng of European roe deer DNA. Species-specificity tests showed that other members of the Cervidae family exhibited partial profiles and non-specific peaks, whereas most members of the Bovidae family showed just non-specific cross-species amplification products. Based on 513 European roe deer samples collected from a population from the Swiss Plateau, probability of identity was 3.1 x 10- 12 and the fixation index of 0.0275 indicated that only weak effects of genetic substructure or inbreeding were present in this population. Three different methods to calculate match probabilities for randomly sampled genotypes resulted in median match probabilities ranging from 1.4 x 10-13 to 2.5 x 10-5. These methods accounted for population structure, occurrence of null alleles or relatedness of the involved individuals. Based on these results, we conclude that STRoe deer is a robust genotyping system that should prove a valuable tool for individual identification and sexing of European roe deer to support criminal investigations.

Sexual reproduction is inherently interactive, especially in animal species such as humans that exhibit extended pair bonding. Yet we have little knowledge of the role of male characteristics and their evolutionary impact on reproductive behavioural phenotypes, to the extent that biologists typically consider component traits (e.g. reproductive timing) as female-specific. Based on extensive genealogical data detailing the life histories of 6435 human mothers born across four centuries of modern history, we use an animal modelling approach to estimate the indirect genetic effect of men on the reproductive phenotype of their partners. These analyses show that a woman's reproductive timing (age at first birth) is influenced by her partner's genotype. This indirect genetic effect is positively correlated with the direct genetic effect expressed in women, such that total heritable variance in this trait is doubled when heritable partner effects are considered. Our study thus suggests that much of the heritable variation in women's reproductive timing is mediated via partner effects, and that the evolutionary potential of this trait is far greater than previously appreciated.