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Despite more than seven decades of active research and development in thermoelectricity, the accurate measurement of the thermoelectric (TE) properties of bulk materials has remained a challenge, mainly because of the strong interrelation between thermal and electrical phenomena. This work highlights practical advancements in methods and instrumentation dedicated to the simultaneous measurements of TE properties such as the Seebeck coefficient (S), the thermal (κ), and electrical (σ) conductivities and the dimensionless TE figure of merit ZT = S2σT/κ. The accuracy of a Harman based approach, as implemented by the ZT-Scanner (TEMTE Inc.), applicable to the simultaneous measurement of the above TE properties, has been made possible by a self-contained calibration procedure, which is based on the availability of two samples of the same homogeneous material having different shape factors. It is of practical importance that this approach provides a simple procedure to obtain the calibration for the figure of merit ZT and the thermal conductivity in the temperature interval from 300 to 720 K. In addition, we show that a simplified Harman setup with no thermocouples attached to the sample can also be used for self-contained calibrated ZT measurements. It is concluded that the implemented steady-state approach decreases the relative error down to 1%–2% for ZT measurements and can be recommended for most applications not involving dynamical behavior. In particular, it is proposed that self-generated calibration samples can critically increase the quality and ease of comparison of TE measurements if they are adopted by the TE community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the electrical transport properties of thermoelectric n-type Bi[sub 2](Te[sub 1-χ] Se[sub χ])[sub 3] (χ ≤ 0.125) polycrystalline alloys obtained by mechanical alloying and extrusion. It was determined that the charge carrier mobility decreases in the temperature range 90-300 K as the content (χ) of Bi[sub 2]Se[sub 3] is increased. The observed decrease is larger than what could be predicted by the introduction of an alloy scattering mechanism due to the electronegativity difference between Se and Te atoms. It can be explained by the introduction of additional defects induced by the Se incorporation, whose concentration is reduced by thermal annealing following extrusion. In the extrinsic regime, the observed temperature dependence of the mobility [µ = µ[sub 0](T/T[sub 0])[sup r]] of as extruded alloys apparently indicates that charge carrier scattering is mostly limited by acoustic phonons (temperature coefficient r near -1.5). Annealing after extrusion changes the temperature coefficient to values near -1.7 which is closer to what has been reported for pure crystalline Bi[sub 2]Te[sub 3]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in copper selenide thermoelectric (TE) alloys has raised the possibility of a significant enhancement of the TE figure-of-merit ZT when the Seebeck coefficient is affected by a concurrent phase transformation. This ZT increase has also been related to a radical reduction of the thermal conductivity evaluated by transient laser flash thermal diffusivity measurements. In contrast, steady-state Harman-based measurements do not support a significant ZT increase only a modest one, because the thermal conductivity instead of decreasing goes through a sharp maximum as it approaches the critical phase transformation temperature of 407 K. The nature of this sharp increase of heat transfer has not been related to the well-known electronic or phononic contributions. Below the critical temperature, when the alloy is exposed to a steady-state temperature gradient, an additional heat transfer phenomenon takes place, induced by the ongoing gradual phase transition. We show that the enthalpy associated to the α to β and β to α phase transformations can lead to heat flow in the direction of the temperature gradient above and beyond conventional heat conduction. This unconventional heat transfer mechanism disappears when the temperature rises above the critical temperature where only a stable β phase remains. We propose a model of such a heat transport which leads to the sharp maximum of the related thermal conductivity. Numerical results obtained from the model compare favorably to the experimentally measured thermal conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrical properties of polycrystalline alloys obtained by mechanical alloying and extrusion are detailed. The introduction of Se in pure Bi2Te3 brings about drastic reduction of the lattice contribution to the thermal conductivity thus allowing a marked increase in thermoelectric performance of the alloy.

Magnesium silicide is a very promising thermoelectric material for applications in the temperature range of 500-800 K, and is of particular interest for large-scale applications because its constituents are non-toxic, inexpensive and very abundant in the Earth’s crust. Although the hot extrusion (HE) method to compact powders has long been considered for thermoelectric applications because it lends itself easily to large-scale industrial applications, advances to obtain Mg2Si by HE are still difficult to implement. We present the transformations undergone by Mg2Si powders during the nascent HE as well as the modifications of the structural, thermal and electronic properties of the compacted solid. MoS2 particles (2 at.%) are added to the starting Mg2Si:Sb (0.5 at.%) powders which play the role of solid lubricant during this process at 873 K. Samples are extracted from different areas of the die along the extrusion direction and separately characterized, describing the transformations of the material through different stages of the nascent extrusion. X-ray diffraction reveals the expected structure for all samples without any significant texturing. The increase in grain size along the HE direction towards the exit has been determined from analysis of scanning electron microscopy observations. The thermoelectric properties have been characterized using the Harman method between 300 K and 700 K, giving Seebeck coefficients which vary between − 200  μV K−1and − 215 μV K−1 at 700 K. The thermal (λ) and electrical (σ) conductivity decrease as the sample progresses in the extrusion process, and in the case of λ can be accounted for by the increase of sample porosity. The highest figure-of-merit ZT is to be found for the sample extracted from the exit of the die. It increases with temperature reaching a maximum value of 0.32 at 700 K, the highest temperature we could attain experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some materials such as Cu2−xSe, Cu1.97Ag0.03Se, and SnSe have attracted attention by demonstrating a significant enhancement of their thermoelectric performance, which is associated with a phase transition. This phenomenon, observed in a limited temperature (T) interval, results in sharp changes of the Seebeck coefficient (S), the electrical resistivity (ρ), and the thermal conductivity (κ), which may render the correct evaluation of the dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) difficult. We report the thermoelectric properties of a polycrystalline Cu2−xSe sample which is known to undergo a phase transition near 410 K, containing a mixture of α- and β-phases at room temperature, as determined by x-ray diffraction measurements. We have used a Harman-based setup (TEMTE Inc.), which assures the direct measurement of ZT at all temperatures, including the phase transition region. This approach ensures that κ(T) is determined under steady-state conditions at any given temperature, including points arbitrarily close to the transition temperature which cannot be guaranteed by previously used techniques such as laser flash. We have observed a sharp maximum for κ(T) near 410 K, similar to the reported specific heat variation, with a ZT peak value of 0.2 at 400 K. The expected gain in ZT related to the phase transition is reduced because the increase in S is counterbalanced by the increase in κ(T). Thus, our detailed assessment of the temperature variation of the individual thermoelectric properties accurately evaluates the performance enhancement associated to a structural phase transition and helps to elucidate this complex phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]