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The climate has changed significantly over the past few decades around the globe. To make meaningful comparisons between changes occurring over time in the tree world, comprehensive databases on the most important species and their evolution must be created. It is essential to consider latitude, longitude, altitude and local relief when analyzing data. Given the extensive distribution of oak, hornbeam and ash, a sequence analysis was conducted to definitively examine the characteristics of these species in West Plain, West Hills, Apuseni Mountains and Transylvania's Tableland. The data for all the regions comprised a total of 708511 ha, which were subjected to rigorous analysis to determine characteristics such as yield class, volume, increment, structure and participation percentage. The data was analyzed using the most appropriate modern statistical programs, including correlation matrices, ANOVA, principal component analysis, matrix data analysis and the cluster method. In relation to the altitudinal variation, oak is present at average altitudes of 200–250 m in West Plain, 400–500 m in West Hills and Transylvania's Tableland, and 900–950 m in Apuseni Mountains. Hornbeam has a similar spreading with oak, but records its presence in slightly higher altitudes of West Hills (400–700 m) and lower in Apuseni Mountains (700–750 m). Volume is also an important indicator, as it is susceptible to climate change. Oak has the highest age-volume, over 95 years, while ash and hornbeam have it less than 90 years. The results are crucial for understanding the ecological requirements of oak, hornbeam and ash, as well as for effectively managing these forests.

Copyright of European Journal of Psychotraumatology is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Forests ecosystems are an extremely valuable resource both to biodiversity and to human beings. Internal decay of trees endangers the health of forests and decreases the quality and value of timber. Detection of tree decay is very important to forest management. Tree monitoring and assessment are conducted based on visual tree inspection as the principal method. However, in certain cases, the results from tree inspection still require supporting information generated from special equipment in order to clearly determine the internal condition prediction of assessed trees. We have investigated 50 deciduous trees of 5 species located in compartment no.4 and no. 69C in Forest District Kronstadt – Brașov city. The objective of this study was to determine the internal condition of the main trunk of the tree main at 1.3 m height using Arbotom ABTO 5S sonic tomography. The results showed that 40 trees have the trunks in sound condition, 9 trees were in moderate condition, and one tree (sessile oak) was in worst condition. Our results highlight that acoustic tomography is an essential diagnostic method applicable to trees and is effective in preventive tree management through the monitoring of mid- to long-term changes in internal decay or cavities that are difficult to diagnose with the naked eye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The habitat trees and their microhabitats are considered to be key features for forest-species and are often employed to measure the biodiversity and naturalness of a forest. At the tree scale, the most common factors that favour microhabitats occurrence are the tree species, diameter at breast height (dbh), status (i.e. living vs standing dead), the age of the trees and the forest management (in managed forests). To provide additional information to enable better prediction of the occurrence of particular microhabitats can be considered at plot level: slope, exposure, altitude and presence of cliffs. In the forest district Bârzava in the research plot it were identified 85 habitat trees: 51 sessile oak trees, 33 beech trees and one hornbeam tree. The most diverse microhabitats were observed in the sessile oak species (36) compared to the beech species (24) - thus it can be seen that the tree species is an important factor favouring the appearance of microhabitats. The importance of habitat trees and their microhabitats for forest biodiversity as well as their ecological services, are becoming increasingly valued by society and protecting them is of utmost importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monumental trees growing in the cities, especially those from the parks, green spaces and alignments, which potentially cause a great risk to people, are required from time to time to be checked about their health conditions. The aim of this article was to assess the health state of the seven monumental trees from Brasov using ultrasonic tomography with an ARBOTOM 2D software (Rinn Tech, Germany). The material under research was the seven monumental trees that grows in Brasov area, respectively: silver fir tree, sweet chestnut tree, beech tree, ginkgo, horsechestnut tree, sycamore tree and plane tree, whose health status was checked using a sound tomograph which allows to assess the inside of the trunk in a non-invasive way. It could be observed that of the seven monumental trees investigated, two of them are in good status of health (Ginkgo tree and sycamore tree), three specimens show visible effect of decay processes of wood (65% horsechestnut tree, 75% sweet chestnut tree and 31% plane tree) and two specimens respectively silver fir tree and beech tree have the cross-section of their trunks with a beginning of rot in a percentage of 65%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monumental trees (old trees, trees with a large girth or with great height) are very important as cultural legacies and in various ecosystems are considered habitat trees. They represent an important information source for the ecosystem where they grow. The objectives of the research were to identify, locate, measure and assess the state of health of the monumental trees from Mihăești Arboretum. The selection was based on the “monumentality” aspects of trees, taking into account dendrometric parameters. It has been identified 33 monumental trees, belonging to 7 native and 11 non-native species. The most frequent species among the monumental native trees is Quercus robur and among the non-native trees is Quercus rubra. In terms of health status, 73% of the measured monumental trees are in very good condition, 21% are in good condition and only two of them (from native species) are in poor health condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Silvicultură şi Cinegetică is the property of Societatea Progresul Silvic / Forest Progress Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many terms have been used to describe the specific characteristics of certain areas of forest where the anthropogenic factor has not intervened, such as: natural, near and semi-natural forest, undisturbed, virgin forest, pristine forest, primeval forest or as in Great Britain and the USA, ancient, secular forest. Virgin forest is defined according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (UN-ECE/FAO 2000) as a "forest developed under natural conditions and undisturbed by human activities". The largest area with virgin and quasi-virgin forests in the European Union, respectively two-thirds, is found in Romania, which is mostly made up of deciduous forests. The identification of virgin and quasi-virgin forests started in 2012, based on Order No. 3397/2012. Following the inventory carried out starting from 2016 to 2022, virgin forests were identified on the surface of 24 counties. According to the latest results, there is a total area of 71,077.44 ha, of which 8,579.8 ha are virgin forests and 62,497.64 ha are quasi-virgin forests. The largest share of virgin forests is in Caraș-Severin and Gorj counties, representing 25.5% and 16.5% respectively of the total area with virgin forests in the country. The largest area with virgin forests is public property of the state (53481.97 ha) and public UAT (Territorial Administrative Units - 5310.72 ha). The most widespread virgin forest types are beech forests (51%) and spruce and mixed spruce forests (38%). Virgin forests represent a natural heritage of inestimable value and concern for their existence and protection should be permanent. The continuous research of these unique forest ecosystems is a priority both at the national and international levels, especially through the need to deepen the understanding of the principles that determine their stability and functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest soils belong to the major carbon sinks on Earth because of their high organic matter content. Forest soils from Europe store approximately 1.5 times more carbon than trees (EC/UN-ECE 2003). As dystric cambisol (2,292,385 ha) and eutric cambisol (869,909 ha) are the most widespread forest soils in Romania, we studied 5958 dystric cambisol pedogenetic horizons and 6784 eutric cambisol pedogenetic horizons. A series of correlations was made between soil organic matter and elevation, but also with tree age and stand production class. The differences between stratified soil organic matter in terms of slope aspect categories were tested, and multiple linear regression was used to determine the influences of some relief (elevation) and stand (age) characteristics on the soil organic matter content. Overall, the soil organic matter content increased with increasing elevation. Based on all 12,742 soil samples over a period of 33 years, the soil organic matter content is influenced by elevation and tree age, especially on shaded and partially shaded slope aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of monumental trees in general and Ginkgo biloba tree species in particular is an important activity to promote their preservation. In Romania there is currently no legislation to provide protection for these trees. The objective of this research was to evaluate the monumentality of G. biloba tree species which are located in different counties in the Romanian territory. Some criteria were defined for the evaluation: tree size (DBH and height) age, cultural importance (folk, historical or mystical) and the shape of the trees. The results of the study indicated the existence of nine monumental Ginkgo trees, the tallest tree (H=27.50 m) is located in Carei (Satu Mare county) and the thickest (DBH=1.56 m) is located in Gornești (Mureș county). The evaluation of monumental trees can be useful for defining management priorities, for the preservation of all the trees with characteristics of monumentality from all over the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Silvicultură şi Cinegetică is the property of Societatea Progresul Silvic / Forest Progress Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Floods are one of the biggest natural disasters, causing significant economic and human losses. Regardless of the degree of development of urban or rural systems, floods account for about a third of all-natural disasters globally. Identifying areas vulnerable to floods is essential for better management and mitigation of their effects. The research aims to identify areas vulnerable to floods in the city of Codlea, Brașov County. Annually, the city records significant floods, one of the determining factors being its location, near the southern slope of the Perșani Mountains. The research proposes the Flash Flood Potential Index (FFPI) computation by combining GIS techniques with the Frequency Ration bivariate statistical model. The correlation of various flash-flood conditioning variables allowed us to compute the FFPI. The methodological approach could represent an essential tool for local authorities for better flood risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alnus incana (L.) Moench family Betulaceae, is wind-pollinated, relatively short-lived, small to medium-sized deciduous tree It is hygromesophilous species which tolerates low winter temperatures. The grey alder can be found on stream banks, lake shores, damp meadows and in wet mountain environments at elevations of up to 1800 m. The aim of this article is to locate the surface occupied with grey alder from river basin of Argeș River. The river basin of Argeș River is located in the south of the Southern Carpathian on the range of five counties and the forest habitats from this zone are managed by twentytwo forest districts. In the river basin of Argeș River the grey alder occupies a total area of 850.6 ha. Of the total area occupied by grey alder, 41% is covered with pure stands and 14% by almost pure stands, the remaining 45% are mixed stands. Hence 55% of surface occupied by grey alder are pure or almost pure stands. These habitats has a very high conservative value, are spread at altitudes between 580 and 1200m and consist predominantly of European, boreal species. They correspond to the type of habitat R4401 -"Southeast Carpathian forests of white alder (Alnus incana) with Telekia speciosa", according to NATURA 2000 with 91E0* wich means: Alluvial forest with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae). Habitats with grey alder will be constantly monitored, the reduction of their surface will be avoided, they will be regenerated as naturally as possible and they will be kept in the best possible state of conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty research surfaces from forest district RPLP Kronstadt RA were studied to determine the species composition in three vegetation seasons: vernal, summer and autumn season, to observe the trend of the biodiversity from the forests around the city of Brașov. A total of 82 plant species belonging 39 families were recorded in the vernal season, 98 plant species belonging 47 families were recorded in the summer season and 64 plant species belonging 36 families were recorded in the autumn season. The families Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Ranunculaceae and Rosaceae were present in all the three vegetation seasons. The similarity of floristic composition in three different vegetation seasons and at different altitude levels was estimated using the Stogren-Radulescu coefficient and the diversity of the herbaceous plant species was made by using the Shannon Index. The present study shows that the species diversity is very high in all the vegetation seasons with a maximum in the summer season and that there is not similarity between herbaceous species in the three seasons of vegetation and nor at altitudinal levels. Only in two surfaces (S3 and S14) located at altitudes between 600 and 875m, the number of herbaceous species and their diversity are much reduced, due primarily to the anthropic factor. Therefore, managing and monitoring the forests located in the vicinity of cities would be an appropriate option for sustainable management of biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Silvicultură şi Cinegetică is the property of Societatea Progresul Silvic / Forest Progress Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The realized investigations intended to evaluate the stand volume and current annual increment for the hybrid black poplar. The research was realized on the surface of 375 parcels, between 2010 and 2015. The following elements were evaluated: consistency, density, volume stand and current annual increment. Statistical analysis methods were used together with many numeric analysis methods. The approximation methods based on using neural networks are not very efficient. Furthermore, the interpolation method through analytical polynomial function with mixed terms used successfully in the systems characterized by significant changes in regard with certain state parameters, was used successfully in this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monumental trees are important elements for landscape design, by their presence in a certain place they can contribute to the creation of a positive city or village image, by influencing the tourists to visit a lot of places According to the criteria established in our research the monumental trees belong to the six categories: dimensional trees (high heights, large diameter), old age trees and symbol trees: historical, folkloric, mystic and trees with special shapes. The aim of this research is: determination of the monumental trees of Brașov county, to contribute to the inventory of monumental trees in Romania. The study area is located in Brașov county that is situated in the central part of Romania, in the south-east of Transylvania, inside of the Carpathic arch. The fieldwork consisted in localizing and measuring all monumental tree specimens on the area of Brașov county, in accordance with our criteria regarding the monumental trees. Each tree on the field was checked and was recorded some relevant information about it. The inventory identified 30 specimens, belonging to 12 different genera, 27 being deciduous trees and three resinous trees. Most represented species are Quercus sp. with 16 individuals, from the other species there were identified only 1 or 2 individuals. The greatest number of the monumental trees (83%) belong to the dimensional tree category (high heights, large diameter) while only 3 are very old age trees, one is an historical tree and another is with special shape. More than a half of the identified monumental trees are in a good and very good health status (50% good and 27% very good). These inventoried monumental trees represent a part of the county heritage that could be useful in the context of the tourist visitation. For this reason, it is necessary that these individuals must be protected by local authorities and local laws which will assure them their existence for the future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trees which have much larger sizes than the common sizes of their species in terms of diameter and height, have a special place in the history, culture and folklore of the local and are old enough are defined as "monumental trees". All around the world there are identified and conserved a lot of monumental trees. The aim of this article is to identified, localised and to describe the morphological characteristics of the monumental trees from the four counties of the west side of the country: Arad, Caraș-Severin, Hunedoara and Timiș. The following data was recorded: monumental tree genus, Latin names, ages, height, crown spread, diameter, trunk circumference, latitude and longitude. Besides, all monumental trees photos are taken and verbal information if any. In the west side of the country there were identified 108 monumental trees belonging to 27 genres. 14 trees are resinous and 94 are deciduous. The highest number of monumental trees were registered in Caraș-Severin and Hunedoara counties (42, respectively 28). In the counties Arad and Hunedoara were registered only 19 monumental trees in each county. The most widespread category is the category of dimensional trees (thick trees and tall trees). The most widespread genre is Platanus (26%), Fagus (19%), and Quercus (17%). To all the identified trees will apply management measures because at the time of drastic climate changes the monumental tree specimens are a highly endangered element of various ecosystems. This is the reason why they deserve special interest and further studies aimed at their effective protection, this thing being a form of nature and landscape conservation in a broad sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tradition of using medicinal and aromatic plants in Romania dates back to the year 1862. The purpose of the present paper is to identify the main medicinal and aromatic plants, as well as estimating the quantities that can be harvested from Dobrogea in 2018 from the forest fund managed by RNP - Romsilva, the National Forest Management Institute. As such, 21 medicinal plants were identified in the two forest districts (DS) from Constanța and Tulcea Counties. A quantity of 22 t of medicinal plants from 10 species was estimated for harvesting in DS Constanța, while in DS Tulcea the number reached 588 tones from 21 species. The largest quantities that can be harvested in DS Constanța are represented by locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) - 5 tones and elderberry (Sambucus nigra) - 5 tones, while for DS Tulcea they are represented by silver linden (Tilia tomentosa) - 180 tones, elderberry (Sambucus nigra) - 60t and nettle (Urtica dioica) - 50 tones. All the other species can be gathered in quantities ranging from 1 ton to 40 tones. Taking into account the natural conditions, Dobrogea region is characterised by a high potential of medicinal plants. The possibility that these natural resources are maintained and even developing future abundant populations is conditioned by the appliance of appropriate management measures that abide to the present laws, the species sustainability principle as well as the protection of endangered species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]