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Introduction: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is a common and serious complication of sexually transmitted diseases in young women but is rarely diagnosed in the postmenopausal women. Very few studies have been done regarding postmenopausal PID. Aim: To determine the burden of PID, associated micro-organisms, pathophysiology and risk factors among post-menopausal women of the community. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 530 post-menopausal women in the registered field practice areas of the JN Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. A pre designed and pre tested proforma was used to obtain data regarding socio-demographic details and factors associated with PID. Clinical and laboratory examinations were done to confirm the diagnosis of PID. Data was analyzed using SPSS 23.0. Association between categorical variables was tested with chi-square test and logistic regression analysis was used to find independent risk factors. The value of p<0.05 was considered as significant. Results: About 11.55% of the study subjects were diagnosed with PID (12.5% in rural areas and 10.6% in urban areas). Bacterial vaginosis followed by Trichomonas vaginalis were most common. Among the important risk factors, significant association was found with occupation of the women, increasing parity, multiple sexual contacts, and associated pelvic organ prolapse. Association with smoking, chronic illnesses, diabetes mellitus and hypertension, and associated urinary tract infection were not found to be significant. Conclusion: The study shows the hidden burden of the disease in the community and the associated risk factors, which can be prevented by life style and cultural changes if incorporated earlier in the lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clear cell adenofibromas of borderline malignancy are extremely rare tumors of the ovaries. They may be associated with ovarian clear cell adenocarcinomas which typically present as large adnexal masses and are generally considered highly malignant. We describe the case of a postmenopausal female with an ovarian mass diagnosed as atypical (borderline) proliferating clear cell adenofibroma. The patient is alive and well without signs of recurrence three years after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has been employed as a useful technique for the initial diagnosis of soft tissue tumors (STT) as well for the identification of recurrent and metastatic cases. Aim: We conducted this study on soft tissue tumors to find the efficacy of FNAC and to finalize the histological diagnosis with immunostains. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 126 patients of soft tissue tumors. FNAC and histopathology was performed in all the cases. Results: Hundred and five cases (83.3%) were diagnosed as benign and 21 cases (16.7%) as malignant. On FNAC, tumors were divided into six cytomorphological categories i.e. lipomatous, spindle cell, round cell, myxoid, pleomorphic and vascular tumors. Seventeen cases were inconclusive on cytology. In five cases, the type of malignancy was changed on histological examination. There were three false positive and two false negative cases giving a positive predictive value of 97.2 % in terms of malignancy, a sensitivity of 98.1% and a specificity of 96.7%. Conclusions: FNAC has a definite role in forming the initial diagnosis of STT, while histopathology with the aid of immunomarkers provides the final diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spindle cell lipoma, which usually arises in the soft tissues, is rare in breast and is difficult to differentiate from primary mammary spindle cell tumor. Here, we present the case of a 48-year-old woman with a 3-cm, solitary, well-circumscribed and nontethered mass lying deep within the tissue of left breast, incidentally detected on routine mammography. The spindle cells proved to be immunoreactive to CD 34, but nonreactive to desmin and smooth muscle actin.

AgNOR staining was employed on FNAC and histopathological sections obtained from patients with soft tissue tumours. The study comprised of 20 normal appearing soft tissues, 74 benign and 36 malignant soft tissue tumours. The slides were stained with AgNOR in order to differentiate between benign and malignant soft tissue tumours. The mean AgNOR count in normal appearing soft tissues, benign lesions and malignant lesions was 1.04+/-0.10 (0.94-1.14), 1.51+/-0.21 (1.1-2.1) and 4.96+/-1.33 (2.57-7.21) respectively. The mean AgNOR count was found to be higher in benign soft tissue tumours as compared to normal appearing soft tissues and the difference was found to be statistically significant. The mean AgNOR count in soft tissue sarcomas was found to be higher as compared to both normal appearing soft tissues and benign soft tissue tumours and the results were found to be statistically significant. The increased AgNOR score in both benign and malignant soft tissue tumours as compared to normal appearing soft tissues indicates high proliferative activity. Thus AgNOR staining is a simple and useful method for estimating tumour cell proliferation thereby differentiating normal appearing soft tissues from benign and malignant soft tissue tumours.

Multiple parameters are needed to diagnose thyroid disorders. 100 cases of thyroid swellings were studied by clinical assessment, hormonal assay, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), antithyroglobulin (Tg) and antimicrosomal (Tm) antibodies and histopathology. The cases were divided into four groups. Cases of thyroiditis on FNAC showed predominance of lymphocytes (76%), hurthle cells (77%), epithelioid cells and giant cells (31%) and high titres of Tg (66%) and Tm (92%). Non toxic goitre was characterized by colloid and foam cells (100%) and low positivity for Tg and Tm (25%). Toxic goitre showed colloid (30%). Hurthle cells, anisonucleosis of acinar cells (38%), fire flare (62%) and high positivity for Tg and Tm (73%). Neoplasia was diagnosed mainly by cell morphology on FNAC and a low positivity for Tg and Tm (30%). FNAC in correlation with thyroid antibodies is useful in diagnosing autoimmune thyroiditis, goitre, Grave's disease and malignancy of thyroid. Antibodies have a specific role in the diagnosis of early stage of thyroiditis.