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An acquired loss of cognition in several cognitive domains that is severe enough to interfere with social or professional functioning is called dementia. As well as a moderately in-depth mental status examination by a clinician to identify impairments in memory, language, attention, visuospatial cognition, such as spatial orientation, executive function, and mood, the diagnosis of dementia requires a history evaluating for cognitive decline and impairment in daily activities, with confirmation from a close friend or family member. The start and organization of the cognitive assessment can be helped by short screening tests for cognitive impairment. Clinical presentations show that neurodegenerative diseases are often incurable because patients permanently lose some types of neurons. It has been determined through an assessment that, at best, our understanding of the underlying processes is still rudimentary, which presents exciting new targets for further study as well as the development of diagnostics and drugs. A growing body of research suggests that they also advance our knowledge of the processes that are probably crucial for maintaining the health and functionality of the brain. We concentrate on a number of the animal models of memory problems that have been mentioned in this review article because dementia has numerous etiologies. Serious neurological impairment and neuronal death are the main features of neurodegenerative illnesses, which are also extremely crippling ailments. The most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders are followed by those primary nucleation pathways responsible for cognitive impairment and dementia.

The need for clinical remedies to the multiple age-related deficiencies in skin function brought on by extrinsic and intrinsic causes is increased by these demographic changes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) mutations, telomere shortening, as well as other factors, contribute to the aging of the skin. In this overview, the issue of human skin aging is introduced, along with several pathways and the protective effects of ferulic acid in light of current patents. The complex antioxidant effect of ferulic acid depends on the “sweeping” away of free radicals as well as the suppression of the synthesis of ROS or nitrogen. Furthermore, Cu (II) or Fe protonated metal ions are chelated by this acid (II). Ferulic acid is a free radical scavenger as well as an enzyme inhibitor, increasing the activity of enzymes that scavenge free radicals while decreasing the activity of enzymes that speed up the creation of free radicals. AMPK signalling, which can regulate cellular homeostasis, stress tolerance, cell survival and proliferation, cell death, and autophagy, has recently been linked to aging and lifespan. Therefore, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) and rodents had longer life-spans due to specific AMPK activation. By inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway, UV irradiation can reduce the production of procollagen. Glycation changes the skin’s physical characteristics, making it less elastic and stiffer. . Excessive free radicals simultaneously trigger the nuclear factor kappa B (NF- κB) signalling pathway, increasing TNF levels and matrix metalloproteinase production (MMPs).

Abstract: Nanotechnology is a great choice for medical research, and the green synthesis approach is a novel and better way to synthesize nanoparticles. Biological sources are cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and allow large-scale production of nanoparticles. Naturally obtained 3 β-hydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acids reported for neuroprotective and dendritic structure are reported as solubility enhancers. Plants are free from toxic substances and act as natural capping agents. In this review, the pharmacological properties of ursolic acid (UA) and the structural properties of the dendritic structure are discussed. UA acid appears to have negligible toxicity and immunogenicity, as well as favorable biodistribution, according to the current study, and the dendritic structure improves drug solubility, prevents drug degradation, increases circulation time, and potentially targets by using different pathways with different routes of administration. Nanotechnology is a field in which materials are synthesized at the nanoscale. Nanotechnology could be the next frontier of humankind's technological advancement. Richard Feynman first used the term ‘Nanotechnology’ in his lecture, “There is Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” on 29th December, 1959, and since then, interest has increased in the research on nanoparticles. Nanotechnology is capable of helping humanity by solving major challenges, particularly in neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent type, which may account for 60–70% of cases. Other significant forms of dementia include vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies (abnormal protein aggregates that form inside nerve cells), and a number of illnesses that exacerbate frontotemporal dementia. Dementia is an acquired loss of cognition in several cognitive domains that are severe enough to interfere with social or professional functioning. However, dementia frequently co-occurs with other neuropathologies, typically AD with cerebrovascular dysfunction. Clinical presentations show that neurodegenerative diseases are often incurable because patients permanently lose some neurons. A growing body of research suggests that they also advance our knowledge of the processes that are probably crucial for maintaining the health and functionality of the brain. Serious neurological impairment and neuronal death are the main features of neurodegenerative illnesses, which are also extremely crippling ailments. The most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders cause cognitive impairment and dementia, and as average life expectancy rises globally, their effects become more noticeable.

The receptor of Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE) and Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGE) have multiple functions in our body and their restraint are being observed in neurodegenerative and memory impairment disorders. The review of different pathways allows an understanding of the probable mechanism of neurodegeneration and memory impairment involving RAGE and AGE. Commonly we observe AGE accumulation in neural cells and tissues but the extent of accumulation increases with the presence of memory impairment disorder. The presence of AGEs can also be seen in morbid accumulation, pathological structures in the form of amyloid clots, and nervous fibrillary tangles in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and memory impairment disease.Many neuropathological and biochemical aspects of AD are explained by AGEs, including widespread protein crosslinking, glial activation of oxidative stress, and neuronal cell death. Oxidative stress is due to different reasons and glycation end products set in motion and form or define various actions which are normally due to AGE changes in a pathogenic cascade. By regulating the transit of ß-amyloid in and out of the brain or altering inflammatory pathways, AGE and it’s ensnare receptor such as soluble RAGE may function as blockage or shield AD development. RAGE activates the transcription-controlling factor Necrosis Factor (NF-κB) and increases the protraction of cytokines, like a higher number of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) and Interleukin (IL-I) by inducing several signal transduction cascades. Furthermore, binding to RAGE can pro-activate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is popularly known to cause neuronal death.

Ovarian cancer is characterized by the establishment of tolerance, the recurrence of disease, as well as a poor prognosis. Gene signatures in ovarian cancer cells enable cancer medicine research, therapy, prevention, & management problematic. Notwithstanding advances in tumor puncture surgery, novel combinations regimens, and abdominal radiation, which can provide outstanding reaction times, the bulk of gynecological tumor patients suffer from side effects & relapse. As a consequence, more therapy alternatives for individuals with ovarian cancer must always be studied to minimize side effects and improve progression-free and total response rates. The development of cancer medications is presently undergoing a renaissance in the quest for descriptive and prognostic ovarian cancer biomarkers. Nevertheless, abnormalities in the BRCA2 or BRCA1 genes, a variety of hereditary predispositions, unexplained onset and progression, molecular tumor diversity, and illness staging can all compromise the responsiveness and accuracy of such indicators. As a result, current ovarian cancer treatments must be supplemented with broad-spectrum & customized targeted therapeutic approaches. The objective of this review is to highlight recent contributions to the knowledge of the interrelations between selected ovarian tumor markers, various perception signs, and biochemical and molecular signaling processes, as well as one’s interpretation of much more targeted and effective treatment interventions.

The pathophysiological processes of dementia and cognitive impairment are linked to advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptor (RAGE).The neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau protein and senile plaques (SPs), which are brought on by amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, are the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative condition. Advanced glycation end products that are produced as a result of vascular dysfunction are bound by the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Dementia and cognitive impairment could develop when RAGE binds to Aβ and produces reactive oxygen species, aggravating Aβ buildup and ultimately resulting in SPs and NFTs. RAGE could be a more powerful biomarker than Aβ because it is implicated in early AD. The resident immune cells in the brain known as microglia are essential for healthy brain function. Microglia is prominent in the amyloid plaques’ outside border as well as their central region in Alzheimer’s disease. Microglial cells, in the opinion of some authors, actively contribute to the formation of amyloid plaques. In this review, we first discuss the early diagnosis of dementia and cognitive impairment, and then detail the interaction between RAGE and Aβ and Tau that is necessary to cause dementia and cognitive impairment pathology, and it is anticipated that the creation of RAGE probes will help in the diagnosis and treatment of dementia and cognitive impairment.

Abstract: Ursolic acid (UA) has been utilized to improve memory-related cognitive processes and intellectual functions. This study aims to examine the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical composition, toxicity, and central nervous system activities of UA. It promotes learning and memory and has biological effects against Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cognitive impairment, according to pharmacological investigations. UA did not cause any death, abnormal body weight, or pathological diseases at any of the test doses. Furthermore, no behavioral, neurotoxin, coagulation, haematological, or clinical chemistry changes were seen as a result of UA treatment. UA is also used as a cosmeceutical product to improve skin functions. This article examines all knowledge that has become available at this time for revealing the chemistry of the current has been extensively investigated based on the data, resulting in UA derivatives with improved potency, bioavailability, and stability being used to treat a number of non-communicable diseases. The pharmacological activity of UA has been exploited to improve learning and memory and treat depression, emotional stress, fatigue, anxiety, insomnia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. The effects of UA on the central nervous system detailed in this review. The majority of UA studies have been preclinical evaluations of cellular mechanisms in the central nervous system, and more translational clinical research is needed to assess the drug's safety and efficacy, as well as its favorable, biodistribution, which could be targeted using different pathways and administration routes. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have investigated the pharmacological properties of UA reporting neuroprotective effects and improvements in cognitive function. These effects are attributed to its antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory actions.

Abstract: The structure, properties, synthesis, negligible toxicity, and surface modification of PAMAM (polyamidoamine dendrimers) are all discussed in this review. The properties of supramolecular PAMAM dendrimers in nanopolymer science have shown great progress in delivering medicines. A divergent strategy was used to construct a Generation four (G4.0) PAMAM dendrimer with an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid core and repeating units of acrylic acid and ethylenediamine. PAMAM dendrimers, have an aminodoamine repeat branching architecture that starts with an ethylene diamine initiator core. A generation [G] is a set of branching steps that follow each other. Drug molecules can be transferred either as covalently bonded to the functional groups on the dendrimer surface or by forming non-covalent complexes with dendrimers. Full generation PAMAM dendrimers are terminated with amine surface [G0, G1, G2, G3, G4], whereas half-generation dendrimers are terminated with carboxylate [G1.5, G2.5, etc]. PAMAM dendrimers appear to have negligible toxicity and immunogenicity, as well as favorable biodistribution-: according to the current study they can improve drug solubility, prevent drug degradation, increase circulation time, and potentially target drugs. According to the characterization study, they exhibit strong lipophilic qualities, allowing them to easily pass the blood-brain barrier. Due to cheaper polydispersity index of dendrimers, they possess greater stability and the void spaces of dendrimers are accessible for drug loading. The existence of a duplet functional group on the dendrimers enables appending vectors, ligands and devices for targed the drug delivery in the body.

Nanoemulsions are drug transporters for the delivery of therapeutic agents. They possess the small droplet size having the range of 20×10-9-200×10-9m. The main purpose of using Nanoemulsion is to enhance the drug bio- availability of transdermal drug delivery system. With the help of phase diagram, we can select the components of nanoemulsion depending upon formulas ratio of oil phase, surfactant/co-surfactant and water phase. Nanoemulsion directly used as a topical drug delivery in skin organs. The most useable pharmaceutical application has been developed till date to provide systemic effects to penetrating the full thickness of skin organ layer nanoemulsions can be administered through variety of routes such as percutaneous, perioral, topical, transdermal, ocular and parental administration of medicaments. Nanoemulsions are transparent and slightly opalescent. Nanoemulsion can be prepared through various methods. Nanoemulsions are transparent and slightly opalescent. Factor affecting nanoemulsions are surfactant, viscosity, lipophilic, drug content, pH, concentration of each component, and methodology of formulation. It is unfeasible to test all factors at the various levels. Design of formulation when it comes to experimental design it gives an excellent approach through reducing the time and money.

Cancer predicament is a global concern because of the ability of swift growth to cause infection to the cell. Breast cancer is the fifth contemplative reason for cancer death many scientific approaches have been thriving to deal with it and to make anticancer agent, therapeutic, safe and effective. In this burgeon silver was found as antitumor agent with noteworthy properties of conductivity, stability, and activity. Soy isoflavones mainly derived from soybean have accure much attention as dietary components having inhibitory effects on breast cancer and prostate cancer in Asians, who consume 20-50 times more than Americans, soy diet act as a natural chemopreventive agent. Previous data show that nanoparticles of silver are effective against a wide spectrum of bacteria, fungi, viruses, some infectious diseases and burn wounds. Now genistein has been found to inhibit the growth of various cancer cell lines including prostate and breast cancer cells. Nanoparticles needed to be biosynthesized because of the expensive, physical and. chemical processes. Chemical synthesis also contributes to the appearance on the surface of some toxic chemical that can adversely affect medical applications. Green synthesis offers advances over chemical and physical method because it is price effective, environmentally friendly, easily scaled up for large scale synthesis and does not requires use high pressure, energy, temperature and toxic chemicals.

The concept of oral fast dissolving film is a new weapon of treatment to the remarkable pharmaceutical field over conventional formulation to enhance pharmacological activity and treat intrinsic and extrinsic factors that prevent nausea and vomiting to dissolve rapidly in the tongue. The oral fast-dissolving film is just like an umbrella that protects immediately from the rain because easy to administer and sudden onset of drug action is possible as the film is taken through the oral, buccal and sublingual route. The design and development of a promising technique with increased demand for the novel dosage forms to gain more patient compliance is an oral fast dissolving film. This product therapy is one of the best scientific innovative aha moment of targeted formulation for the delivery of active ingredients that requires no water for administration. This review article overview the novel opportunities in the oral dosage forms, application, formulation consideration method of preparation, marketed product and patented technologies of oral fast dissolving films.

Cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for 8.8 million deaths in 2015. Among these, at least 0.78 million people died of liver cancer alone. The recognized risk factors for liver cancer include chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, exposure to dietary aflatoxin, fatty liver disease, alcohol-induced cirrhosis, obesity, smoking, diabetes, and iron overload. The treatment plan for early diagnosed patients includes radiation therapy, tumour ablation, surgery, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. Some sort of drug delivery vehicles has to be used when the treatment plan is targeted chemotherapy. Nanoemulsions are a class of biphasic liquid dosage form which are mixtures of oil and water stabilized by a surfactant. They are either transparent or bluish in hue and serve as a wonderful carrier system for chemotherapeutic drugs. These vehicles have a particle size in the range of 20-200 nm allowing them to be delivered successfully in the deepest of tissues. Recent publications on nanoemulsions reveal their acceptance and a popular choice for delivering both synthetic and herbal drugs to the liver. This work focuses on some anti-cancer agents that utilized the advantages of nanoemulsion for liver cancer therapy.

Medicinal plants having antioxidant potential possess numerous constituents which are responsible for different beneficial effects and are used as an alternative resource of medicine to lessen diseases linked with oxidative stress. Flavonoids are identified in the plants since ages and display wide spectrum of biological actions that might be able to stimulate the steps which are disturbed in different diseases. Flavonoids are significant natural compounds with various biologic properties, among which the most common is the anti-oxidant potential. Citrus flavonoids establish an important stream of flavonoids. Naringin, very common flavonoids present in the diet, belongs to the family of flavanone. It is the principal constituent of citrus family that contains flavonoids for example tomatoes, grapefruits and oranges.In this article, we reviewed naringin with respect to sources, chemical property, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological activity, and novel formulations. The literature survey has been done by searching different databases such as Psyc INFO, Science Direct, PubMed, EMBASE, Google, Google Scholar, Medline.Naringin is known to behave as an antioxidant and possess anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-atherosclerotic, neuroprotective, anti-psychotic, anti-asthmatic, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-tussive, cardioprotective, and anti-obesity activity. Further clinical studies using large sample sizes remain essential to obtain the appropriate dose and form of naringin for averting diseases. Furthermore, the therapeutic approach of these bioflavonoids is significantly inappropriate due to the lack of clinical evidence. Different plants must be explored further to find these bioflavonoids in them.The results of this exploration provides biological actions of bioflavonoid (naringin), predominantly on pharmacological and novel dosage forms of naringin.

The term cosmeceutical is derived from a combination of ‘cosmetic' and ‘pharmaceutical', and indicates that active ingredients are present in a specific cosmetic product. These cosmeceuticals or cosmetic products have ingredients with medical or drug-like benefits. They are formulated to increase positive physiological effects at the cellular level in addition to enhancing the skin's appearance. Cosmeceutical applications using algae are rapidly growing because of increasing demands from customers. The basic premise is that novel bioactive substances from natural sources are safer and equally or more efficacious than artificial substances. These compounds should have highly effective and stable properties for therapeutic use with low potential toxicity. Recently, marine organisms have been demonstrated as rich sources of structurally diverse, biologically active compounds with extensive cosmeceutical potential. Numerous compounds have been isolated from marine organisms, and these compounds have ...

Background The fruit Terminalia belerica is a rich source of vitamins, acids, and nutraceuticals which have free radical scavenging activity. Thus, the ethanolic extract of fruit and its isolated compound (Tb-01) were intended to estimate antiplatelet and antioxidant activities. Methods The ethanolic extract was submitted to Si-gel CC and the compound was isolated. The compound Tb-01 was characterized as benzoyl- β -D-(4′→10″ geranilanoxy)-pyranosides on the basis of spectral data [ultra violet (UV), infrared (IR), 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13 C NMR, and Mass Spectroscopy] and chemical analyses. The ethanolic extract and Tb-01 at different concentrations were in vitro screened for antiplatelet and antioxidant activity. The antiplatelet activity was carried out by using platelet rich plasma prepared by centrifugation of rabbit whole blood (containing 0.9% sodium citrate as anticoagulant) and antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, reducing power, and nitric oxide anion scavenging activity models. Results The compound Tb-01 was an amorphous brownish powder, yield 0.64% (w/w), melting point 105–110°C, Retardation factor/Retention Value (R f value) at 0.42 in methanol:chloroform (20:80) solvent system, UV absorption maxima at 243nm, and molecular peak [M + H] + at 394.15 m/z. It was observed that the ethanolic extract and Tb-01 at different concentrations showed significant antiplatelet and antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity, like scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals, nitric oxide radical, and reductive power were found to be concentration-dependent and increased when increasing amounts of sample were used. Conclusion Mass spectra and 1 H NMR confirmed the isolated compound structure which was supported by 13 C NMR and IR spectra. Tb-01could be promising for future applications in the treatment of blood clots, pulmonary embolism, and other related diseases.

In the present study, triterpenoidal glycoside was isolated from ethanolic extract of aerial part of the plant Nepeta hindostana. The ethanolic extract was subjected to Si-gel CC and compound was isolated. The isolated compound Napedinolside has been characterized as 1β,11α,30-trihydroxy-lup-20(29)ene-(3 → 1′)-β-D-pyranoside on the basis of spectroscopic (UV, IR, 1 H, 13 C NMR and MS) methods. The ethanolic and aqueous extract at different concentrations were screened for antiplatelet activity using platelet rich plasma (PRP) prepared by centrifugation of rabbit whole blood (containing 0.9 % sodium citrate as anticoagulant) at 1500 rpm for 15 mins. The Np-01 was identified as triterpenoidal glycoside which was amorphous brownish white powder; yield 0.64 % (w/w); mp 125–127. N. hindostana showed very excellent antiplatelet activity in both aqueous and alcoholic extracts. The minimum concentration showed antiplatelet activity was 0.5 μg/ml. These findings demonstrate that ethanolic and aqueous extract of the selected plant material at different concentrations showed significant antiplatelet activity. The triterpenoidal glycoside from aerial parts of N. hindostana could hold promise for future application in the treatment of blood clot and pulmonary embolism related diseases.

The Universe has so many magical natural therapies but there is one most useful natural product therapy is essential oils in a broad term that protect the human being from the disease-causing agent and have biological activities that possess medicinal benefits including anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, antifungal, etc. Essential oils are volatile in nature and separated from the plant by plant organs such as buds, flowers, seeds, leaves, roots, wood, including secondary metabolites. Essential oils are unstable in the presence of oxygen, light, and temperature. The encapsulated system like microcapsule, microspheres, liposomes, is used to preserve them from these problems. Liposomes encapsulating essential oils are promising agents to treat topical diseases used useful in topical delivery which heals and treats acute and chronic disease. The aim of the article is to provide the current and recent years knowledge about the application of the targeted marketing efforts and they have advantages over the medicine and fulfill with a nutritive value which nourishes the skin cells and protects from UV rays, loss of moisture. Plant oil has already proved useful as a tool in complementary medicine.

Design and development of liposomal preparation against ageing by using herbal drugs for the novel drug delivery system. Natural product therapy is the one of the best scientific innovative discovery of cosmeceuticals encapsulated bilayered targeted formulation for the delivery of active ingredients in dermatology which treats sign of both intrinsic and extrinsic ageing. The remarkable advantages over conventional formulation as it results in enhancement of pharmacological activity and protect from physical-chemical degradation. Moringa oil has antiseptic and inflammatory properties and has been used to treat and heal minor skin abrasions, minor cuts, rashes, sunburn and skin infection. Chia oil is of great importance for restoring vital moisture and inhibiting the oxidation that protect the skin from free radicals. Herbal drugs have high concentration of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids build collagen, which is key for maintaining a youthful glow. Flaxseed oil helps to repair the skin's cells, showing a marked improvement in elasticity, firmness, tone and prevent the skin from drying out and ageing. Without plants, humans and another living organism can't survive and nature is always a golden sign to show prominent phenomena of co-existence.

Advanced drug delivery system has now gained preference over the conventional drug delivery system. One such research is nanoemulsion which is famous among the researchers because of ease of formation, stability, clarity, increased absorption rate leading to increasing in bioavailability and potential to form a formulation with both lipophilic as well as the hydrophilic drug. Long lasting stability (up to years) and ability to encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic drug has given this colloidal system a valuable position in drug delivery. This article contains information on components required for its fabrication, preparation methods and evaluation parameters along with its application in drug delivery and future aspects of this advanced drug delivery system.

Amikacinis a semisynthetic derivative of Kanamycin; it was approved for clinical use in the U.S. in 1976. Amikacin is broad-spectrum and potent aminoglycoside with limited clinical use owing high dose requirement.Many gram-negative bacteria, including many strains of Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, and serratiaare inhibited by 1-20 mcg/ml amikacin in vitro. After injection of 500mg of amikacin every 12hours (15mg/kg/d) intramuscularly, peak levels in serum are 10-30 mcg/ml . Amikacinis valuable because it was more active to aminoglycoside inactivating bacterial enzymes than is gentamicin. Since it was more inflated, amikacin was reserved for treatment of infections with gentamicin-resistant organisms. Peak plasma concentration should be kept between 20-30 mg/ml and trough concentration below 10mg/ml.There is no oral form of Amikacinis available as it is not absorbed orally. Various research on oral formulation of amikacinare going onsuch assignificantly improved oral uptake of amikacin in fvb mice in the presence of crl-1605 copolymer, liposomal amikacin dry powder inhaler effect of fines on in vitro performance, thiolated chitosan nanoparticles as an oral delivery system for amikacin. Key Word: Gram-negative bacteria, aminoglycoside,chitosan nanoparticles.

In the current scenario of pharmaceutical research much attention has been focused on patients’ health in terms of therapeutic efficacy and safety so keeping this thing in mind, the objective of the study is to make an attempt to control the tradition of prescribing the doses of medication throughout a period of 24 hours as different researches have given the idea of administration of medications with day-night pattern and biological rhythms to reduce the dose frequency. Pulsatile drug delivery system is designed according to the circadian rhythm of the body, and the drug is released rapidly and completely as a pulse after a lag time. Products follow the sigmoid release profile characterized by a time period. This delivery system follow chronopharmacological behavior, where night-time dosing is required, and for drugs that show the first-pass effect. This review article was designed to throw light on marketed techniques of pulsatile drug delivery and to investigate the pulsatile release of Losantan and Captopril, based on chronotherapeutic consideration. The principle rationale for the use of pulsatile release of the drugs is where a constant drug release is not required and drug delivery should be such that there is complete drug release after a lag time. Lag time is defined as the time between when a dosage form is placed into an aqueous environment and the time at which the active ingredient begins to get released from the dosage form. This article focuses on the importance of pulsatile drug delivery system along with the study of different pulsatile release dosage forms containing Losartan (ARB-Angiotensin Receptor Blocker) and Captopril (ACE inhibitor-Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitor).

Plant materials found to help the human for their survival in several ways by providing food, shelter, cloth, and medicines. Ficusreligiosa is commonly known as Peepal found to play a role in combination several diseases in traditional practice. It's a large evergreen tree and throughout the India. Ficusreligiosa is known to be a native Indian tree. It is a familiar sight in Hindu temples, Buddhist monasteries and shrines, villages and at roadsides. It is known to be a sacred plant in India and since ancient times it is widely being used to treat various ailments. It has been extensively used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments of the CNS, GIT, reproductive system, endocrine system, respiratory system and infectious disorders. The present review is an attempt to provide a detailed botanical description, classification, Phyto-chemical study, Pharmacological properties of the plant. The various parts of the plants such as stem, bark, fruits, buds, latex are used to treat different diseases such as dysentery, mumps, jaundice, heart diseases, constipation, skin diseases, etc. According to Ayurvedic system of medicine, F. Religiosa (Peepal tree) is well known to be useful in diabetes. Since last couple of years it has also been investigated for the presence of various phyto-constituents belongs to (phenolics, sterols and flavonoids groups).

The approach for drug delivery has changed vastly with the use of nanotechnology, polymeric system and target drug delivery. One such a way to increase the bioavailability of a drug which is poorly water soluble, is nanoemulsion. Nanoemulsion is a system where one of immiscible liquid dispersed within another immiscible liquid as droplets leading to transparent emulsions. The surface characteristics of these droplets of nanoemulsion play an important role in the biological behavior of the formulation. The methods used for the preparation of nanoemulsions include high pressure homogenization, microfluidization, ultrasonication, and spontaneous emulsification. As application point of view nanoemulsions are crucial in different fields such as pharmaceutics, food technology and cosmetics. Here in this review, different features of nanoemulsion has been discussed along with the method of preparations,applications & advantages over other dosage forms.