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This paper explains how to obtain the distribution function of minority ions in tokamak plasmas using the Monte Carlo method. Since the emphasis is on energetic ions, the guiding-center transformation is outlined, including also the transformation of the collision operator. Even within the guiding-center formalism, the fast particle simulations can still be very CPU intensive and, therefore, we introduce the reader also to the world of high-performance computing. The paper is concluded with a few examples where the presented method has been applied.

The study examines Finnish discussions on student-centred school culture and teachers' emotional labour from a sociological and historical perspective. It employs a thematic analysis of articles published in a Finnish teachers' professional magazine from 1979 to 2011. In interpreting the data, the study draws from emotional labour research and Wouters's studies on permissive culture. The results show that student-centred ideals retained their dominant position in Finnish schoolteachers' professional discussions throughout the research period. However, the emotional stress involved in student-centred teaching evoked considerable criticism from teachers. Attitudes varied regarding the solutions to the problem of teacher stress: some of these solutions emphasised improving teachers' emotional competence, whereas others centred on decreasing the amount of emotional labour in teachers' work. The study also indicates the importance of teachers' emotional labour in enabling students' individual freedom at school.

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Work-related musculoskeletal disorders have a high frequency of occurrence, and they often cause temporary or permanent disability of the neck, shoulders, arms and back and pain complaints with respect to other muscles. In the present study, we investigated 66 office workers, 18 industrial workers from wood and textile industries and 40 SPA service workers. The pain complaints were mapped with the 10-point scale. The localization of the pain was assessed with the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. 66 office workers and 18 industrial workers were investigated with the help of myometry. The latter method enables to determine the fatigue and elasticity of the muscles. The main aim was to identify the occupational risk factors - possible developers of MSDs in the early stage of disturbances, thus preventing the formation of the chronic diseases and disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of flexible work on mental health is not well known. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effects of employee-oriented flexible work on mental health problems and associated disability. Literature searches were conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, ProQuest and EconPapers databases from their inception through October-November 2020. Sixteen studies on the associations of worktime control, working from home, or flexible working arrangements with mental health related outcomes were included in the review: one cluster randomized controlled trial, two non-randomized controlled trials, two cross-over studies, and 11 prospective cohort studies. Three reviewers independently assessed the met-hodological quality of the included studies and extracted the data. The included studies differed in design, intervention/exposure, and outcome, so meta-analysis was not carried out and qualitative results were reported. A few prospective cohort studies found that low employees' control over worktime increases the risk of depressive symptoms, psychological distress, burnout, and accumulated fatigue. One cross-over and a few cohort studies found small beneficial effects of working partly from home on depressive symptoms, stress, and emotional exhaustion. A small number of controlled trials, cross-over or cohort studies found that flexible working arrangements increase employees' control over working hours, but have only modest beneficial effects on psychological distress, burnout, and emotional exhaustion. This systematic review suggests that employee-oriented flexible work may have small beneficial effects on mental health. However, randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies are needed to identify the health effects of flexible work.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate sickness absence due to mental disorders in human service occupations., Methods: Participants (n = 1,466,100) were randomly selected from two consecutive national 9-year cohorts from the Statistics Finland population database; each cohort represented a 33% sample of the Finnish population aged 25-54 years. These data were linked to diagnosis-specific records on receipt of sickness allowance, drawn from a national register maintained by the Social Insurance Institution of Finland, using personal identification numbers., Results: Sociodemographic-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for sickness absence due to mental disorders in all human service occupations combined were 1.76 for men (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.70-1.84) and 1.36 for women (95% CI, 1.34-1.38) compared with men and women in all other occupations, respectively. Of the 15 specific human service occupations, compared with occupations from the same skill/education level without a significant human service component, medical doctors, psychologists, and service clerks were the only occupations with no increased hazard for either sex, and the HRs were highest for male social care workers (HR 3.02; 95% CI, 2.67-3.41)., Conclusions: Most human service occupations had an increased risk of sickness absence due to mental disorders, and the increases in risks were especially high for men., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: We defined gender-specific profiles of mental ill-health for the main occupational groups using three outcomes; antidepressant use, sickness absence (SA) due to depression, and suicides. We also examined which occupational groups had the highest risk of the outcomes, and compared the importance of their predictors., Methods: From a random register cohort of Finnish working age population, individuals in the six largest occupational groups in 2004 for men and women were included (N = 414 357). We used register data to define the first antidepressant purchase (i.e. use), the first long-term SA spell for depression, and suicide between Jan 1st 2005 and Dec 31st 2014. We assessed the risk of each outcome by occupational group with logistic regression models, and used dominance analysis to compare the relative importance of predictors., Results: In all six occupational groups for women, the prevalence of antidepressant use and SA for depression was higher than in the men's occupational groups. The opposite was observed for suicides. The risk of antidepressant use was lower, but the risk of suicide was 2-times higher among men in low vs. high-skilled occupations. Among women, a lower skill-level was associated with a higher risk of SA due to depression. Gender was the most important predictor of all outcomes., Limitations: We lacked information on history of medication use or health problems prior to follow-up., Conclusions: Gendered occupational status was an underlying factor explaining distinctive mental health profiles in the working population. Occupational class-dependent behavioural patterns related to mental health existed among men., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: It is unknown whether newer, mainly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and older tricyclic antidepressants are used similarly regardless of the geographical area of residence and education., Methods: We included four randomly sampled cohorts of the Finnish working aged population (n = 998,540-1,033,135). The sampling (Dec 31st in 1995, 2000, 2004 and 2010) resulted in non-overlapping time windows where each participant was followed up for four years for the first antidepressant use. Using Cox proportional hazards models, we examined whether the hazard of antidepressant use differed between the capital area and three other areas (Southern, Western and Northern/Eastern Finland). Educational differences were examined using four sub-groups: capital area/high education (reference category); other areas/high education; capital area/low education; and other areas/low education., Results: Hazard ratios for the use of newer antidepressants were significantly lower in all other areas compared to the capital area after adjustment for age, sex, marital status, employment status, education, income, and area-level unemployment. Findings remained consistent in all time windows, differences increasing slightly. In the sub-group analysis those with low education had the lowest level of use in all areas, also within the capital area. The results were opposite for older antidepressants in all but the last time window., Limitations: Some degree of unmeasured confounding and exposure misclassification is likely to exist., Conclusions: Newer antidepressants were more commonly used in the capital than in the other areas, and among those with high versus low education. These differences in antidepressant use suggest socioeconomic inequalities in the mental health treatment quality., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this article we examine the treatment of psychosocial risks in public occupational health discourse in Finnish newspaper and magazine articles between the 1960s and 2000s, using discourse analysis. Building on class theories, our aim is to investigate how class expectations have been linked with the redefinition of occupational health risks during this period. Our results suggest that as social relations at the workplace became problematised in the occupational health discussions after the 1970s, the image of the hierarchical and naturally conflictual organisation was replaced by idealised middle-class notions of smoothly functioning, harmonious organisations that offered rewarding work experiences. However, this same period since the late 1970s has also been characterised by increasing economic competition and neoliberal market ideology. We conclude that the concern about work-related psychosocial risks and health problems expressed in Finnish newspaper and magazine articles during the last three decades has been shaped in many respects by a collision between the dominant middle-class expectations of harmony and equality and the neoliberal production of competition and inequality., (© 2015 Foundation for the Sociology of Health & Illness.)

Background: The health transition theory argues that societal changes produce proportional changes in causes of disability and death. The aim of this study was to identify long-term changes in main causes of hospitalization in working-age population within a nation that has experienced considerable societal change., Methodology: National trends in all-cause hospitalization and hospitalizations for the five main diagnostic categories were investigated in the data obtained from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register. The seven-cohort sample covered the period from 1976 to 2010 and consisted of 3,769,356 randomly selected Finnish residents, each cohort representing 25% sample of population aged 18 to 64 years., Principal Findings: Over the period of 35 years, the risk of hospitalization for cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases decreased. Hospitalization for musculoskeletal diseases increased whereas mental and behavioral hospitalizations slightly decreased. The risk of cancer hospitalization decreased marginally in men, whereas in women an upward trend was observed., Conclusions/significance: A considerable health transition related to hospitalizations and a shift in the utilization of health care services of working-age men and women took place in Finland between 1976 and 2010.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in hospitalizations between different industries in the Finnish working-age population between 1976 and 2010., Methods: Participants (n = 3,769,355) were randomly selected from seven independent consecutive national cohorts in the Statistics Finland population database, each representing a 25% sample of the working-age (18-65-year-old) population. These data were linked with diagnosis-specific records on hospitalizations, drawn from the National Hospital Discharge Registry (mean follow-up time per cohort was 4.1 years) using personal identification numbers., Results: Sociodemographics-adjusted models showed differences between the proportional hazard ratios of employment industries in all-cause hospitalization. These differences remained fairly stable (hazard ratio [HR], 0.95-1.24) throughout the 35-year period. The differences between industries varied the most in hospitalizations for mental disorders. These differences were substantial during 1976 to 1980 (HR, 1.16-2.29), decreased considerably and remained moderate between 1981 and 2000 (HR, 0.92-1.64), and then increased notably between 2001 and 2010 (HR, 1.09-2.34)., Conclusions: The cause-specific hospitalizations of different employment industries have varied, but the differences in all-cause hospitalizations have remained fairly stable, with the ranking among industries remaining almost the same over the past 35 years., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To determine whether transitions in the hospitalization structure of different occupational groups have followed similar trends., Methods: Secular trends for all-cause hospitalization and five main diagnostic categories among six occupational groups were examined between 1976 and 2010 in Finland. The register-based study consisted of a 5-year follow-up of 1,126,499 Finnish working-aged residents in seven consecutive cohorts., Results: Altogether 451,737 hospitalizations were investigated in 1976 to 2010. The risks of all-cause hospitalization, mental disorders, and respiratory illnesses remained relatively stable, whereas that of musculoskeletal disorders increased (between 31% and 90%) and that of cardiovascular diseases decreased (between 41% and 62%) in all occupational groups. The highest variation was found for cancer., Conclusions: A common health transition pattern seems to have occurred in the occupational groups studied. Nevertheless, the health disparities between the groups were sustained.

During the latter part of the 20th century, work stress became an important societal issue and a huge amount of scientific attention went to studying it. This paper examines the process of formulating and defining the concept of work stress in the occupational health sciences and in industrial and organizational psychology from the early 1960s to the late 1990s. The empirical material of the study encompasses 108 scientific articles, books, book chapters, 'state of the art' reviews, book reviews, and written conference presentations. The data are analysed in the frameworks of historical sociology, critical psychology, and the anthropology of knowledge. We argue that work stress as a life-structuring concept gained ground in psychosocial and occupational health sciences (and also in lay understanding) in the 1960s simultaneously with the rise of social reformist movements that called for fundamental changes emphasizing democratic and human-orientated work organizations and socially responsible values. With the passing of time, however, the focus on structural improvement of work life waned and the emphasis shifted towards the apolitical occupational health aspects of work stress. Researchers with a psychological orientation emphasized micro-level characteristics as factors affecting work stress, whereas stress-orientated epidemiologists turned to the study of specific occupational stress models and/or risk factors. The emergence and development of work stress research can be seen as a chain of attempts to define and identify new risks and experiences occurring in work life. The process, driven by a gradual shift from industrial environments towards organizational frameworks characterized by social and psychological dimensions, reflected the overall shift towards modern democratic work life and the information society in which employees' emotions and well-being became an issue., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)