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The research conducted a life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) of single-use food packaging made from PP, PLA, and Paper/PLA materials using the ReCiPe method. The assessment covered 18 environmental impacts from box processing to end-of-life treatment, with a functional unit (FU) specified as 1,000 units of single-use food container boxes. The dimensions of the boxes were standardized to reflect the average size from the Thailand market and food-delivery boxes. When focused on production stage, PP box shows the greatest impact on overall especially human non-carcinogenic toxicity (285.11 kg 1, 4-DCB). However, when focused on cradle-to-grave life cycle, the PP emerged as the optimal choice of food box due to its comparable environmental impact to biodegradable alternatives, when applying recycling processes. It recycles significantly reduces the total impact up to 73% from their waste-to-energy treatment option. To achieve environmental goals necessitates policy interventions such as extended producer responsibility laws and refund schemes to incentivize responsible disposal. In country lacking waste management infrastructure and collection system, the sensitivity analysis of this research show that biodegradable PLA material emerges as the most suitable choice, particularly over Paper/PLA, offering lower overall environmental impact due to less overall emission in landfill and composting process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on green and sustainable innovation with efficient utilization concepts for enhancement of catalyst performance and energy conservation, an external magnetic field has been applied in CO 2 hydrogenation reaction in order to improve catalytic activity and reduce the energy consumption. In this research, the performances of Cu-ZnO/ZrO 2 catalyst under magnetic field with different magnetic field intensities (0, 20.8, and 27.7 mT) and orientations (north-to-south (N-S) and south-to-north (S-N) directions) in CO 2 hydrogenation were investigated. Cu-ZnO/ZrO 2 catalysts operated under magnetic field gave higher CO 2 conversions, compared to that of without magnetic field at all reaction temperatures. The highest CO 2 conversions were obtained under the magnetic field condition at 20.8 mT in S-N direction which was 1.8–3.0 times higher than that of without magnetic field. Accordingly, the operating temperatures were significantly lower than those of without magnetic field at the same reaction rate. This outstanding performance could be attributed to the fact that the external magnetic field facilitated adsorption of CO 2 reactant gas molecules over the surface of magnetized catalysts. Accordingly, the challenge in application of magnetic field in CO 2 hydrogenation process help reduce CO 2 emission into the atmosphere compared to the convention reactor, and therefore led to the carbon-neutral CO 2 conversion process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]