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Background: The complex nature of maxillofacial injuries can affect the surgical treatment outcomes and general well-being of the patient. To evaluate the efficiency of the surgical treatment, assessment of the quality of life (QOL) of the patients is of vital importance. Due to the absence of an exclusive QOL assessment tool for maxillofacial fractures, we introduce the ‘Twenty-point quality of life assessment in facial trauma patients in Indian population'. The aim of this study was to assess and evaluate the QOL following surgical management of maxillofacial trauma patients based on the severity of the injury. Methods: The study consisted of 182 subjects divided into two groups of 91 each (Group A: severe facial injury and Group B: mild to moderate facial injury). The Facial Injury Severity Scale (FISS) was used to determine the severity of facial fractures and injuries. The twenty–point quality of life assessment tool includes Zone 1 (Psychosocial impact) and Zone 2 (Functional and aesthetic impact), with ten domains each to assess QOL. Results: In Zone 1, the mean scores for Group A and Group B were 38.6 and 39.26, respectively. In Zone 2, Group B (44.56) had higher mean scores compared to Group A (32.92) (p< 0.001). Group B (83.8) had higher mean scores compared to Group A (71.58) when the total of both Zone 1 and Zone 2 were taken into consideration (p

Background: Femoral nerve is a nerve of choice for femoral nerve blockade. It enters the femoral triangle at the midinguinal point. However, this point of entry need not be the same always. Aim and Objectives: This study is aimed at measuring the morphometry of the femoral nerve with the help of bony landmarks. Material and methods: Forty adult lower limbs were dissected and the morphometry of the femoral nerve was studied. Results: The mean distance from the Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) to the pubic tubercle was 12.66 ± 1.48 cm. We found the FN from the ASIS at a mean distance of 6.38 ± 1.45 cm. Also, the FN was at a mean distance of 6.76 ± 1.12 cm from the pubic tubercle. The mean length of the FN trunk below the inguinal ligament, i.e., in the femoral triangle before the division was 2.19 ± 0.34 cm. However, in 8 lower limbs, the FN trunk was divided before entering the femoral triangle. Conclusion: The findings of our study serve as an enabling guide to the surgeons, neurologists and anesthetist's in detecting the FN for various clinical and surgical procedures.

Objective: To assess the influence of oral and maxillofacial trauma on the development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and to determine the efficiency of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) as a diagnostic tool for detecting PTSD in patients with Oral and Maxillofacial injuries. Material and Methods: PTSD was assessed one month postoperatively by the diagnostic instrument, IES-R, to arrive at a provisional diagnosis. A structured clinician-administered PTSD Scale then assessed the patients for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th edition (CAPS-5) to establish a final diagnosis. The assessment of the severity of PTSD was done based on various types of oral and maxillofacial injuries. Results: The IES-R scale provisionally diagnosed 54 subjects with PTSD, out of which 42 were diagnosed to have PTSD by the CAPS-5 scale. Subjects with injuries involving the ‘orbital complex,’ those presenting with a perceptible scar in the maxillofacial region and with multiple avulsed/ luxated anterior teeth, showed a higher affinity to develop PTSD, and this was statistically significant. Conclusion: Higher levels of PTSD in patients with injuries to the maxillofacial region warrants correct diagnosis and detection, and hence the maxillofacial surgeon plays a vital role in this regard. The IES-R is a useful diagnostic tool to detect PTSD early.

Introduction: Aluminium Fluoride (AlF3 ) intake produces oxidative stress resulting in brain damage. Although Mucuna pruriens (Velvet bean) is commonly used in ayurvedic system of medicine for different neurological disorders, its usefulness in oxidative stress induced behavioural and neuronal damage has received little attention. Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the neuroprotective role of Mucuna pruriens against AIF3 induced behavioural and neuronal changes in rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty six male Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups as: I-Normal saline; II-AIF3 ; III-25 mg/kg Quercetin and AlF3 ; IV, V and VI received 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg Mucuna pruriens methanolic extract and AlF3 (600 ppm). Extract was given for 10 days followed by AlF3 treatment for next seven days. Behavioural parameters were assessed such as T-maze test, actophotometer, and rotarod followed by histopathological studies. Results: A reduction in the locomotor activity, spatial learning and motor coordination was observed in the animals of Group II which reversed when treated with Mucuna pruriens. The histopathological studies of hippocampal CA1 region also showed the neuroprotective role of this plant. Conclusion: This study suggests the potential neuroprotective ability of Mucuna pruriens against the change in behaviour and neuronal damage which occurred due to induction of AIF3.

Introduction: Palmaris longus, one of the superficial flexor muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm is the most variable muscle of the upper limb. Purpose: To note the variations of palmaris longus for tendon grafts. Methods: Forty formalin-fixed upper limb specimens of South Indian population were dissected to note the variations of Palmaris longus muscle. Results: Out of the forty upper limb specimens, two variants of the palmaris longus were noted. In one specimen, a reversed palmaris longus was noted. It had a long tendinous origin with a muscle belly and a short flat tendon at insertion. The tendon inserted partly into the flexor retinaculum and partly into palmar aponeurosis. In another specimen, apart from the normal palmaris longus muscle, an additional smaller muscle was noted. It was the Palmaris profundus. This muscle took origin in the form of a tendon from the middle of the shaft of the radius, continued as a muscle belly and then terminated as a tendon which later inserted into the flexor retinaculum, close to the tendon of palmaris longus muscle. At its insertion, the superficial palmar branch of radial artery hooked it. The anterior interosseous nerve supplied the Palmaris profundus. Conclusion: These variations are worthy to be noted for tendon grafts.

Introduction: The dorsal interossei are the abductors of the fingers and the knowledge of its variation help the surgeon in treatment of fractures, claw hand and compartment syndromes. Aim: To note the origin, insertion, pattern of muscle fibres and tendon length of all the dorsal interossei of hand. Materials and Methods: Routinely dissected 30 formalin fixed hand in the Department of Anatomy, KMC, Manipal, were observed for origin, insertion and tendon length and muscle pattern of dorsal interossei. Results: Out of 30 hands, presence of supernumerary muscle was observed in three hands. Presence of three heads of dorsal interossei was noted in one hand. Conclusion: The finding of present study is of importance to surgeons and orthopaedicians during conservative and surgical management of hand deformity. Adequate knowledge of these muscular variations is also important in treatment of fractures, stiff hand, claw hand or tendon transfer.

Mandibular exostosis is a type of bony prominence caused due to hyperostosis in the mandibular bone. They are benign, broad-based surface masses on the outer or facial aspect of the jaw bones; slowly enlarge over the years to form the bulky masses. During the period between the 10th to 13th week of intrauterine life, changes in the structure of the Meckel’s cartilage and the protrusion of the medial lamina of the mandible onto the cartilage can result in the formation of such exostosis. We discuss here a very rare case of a 49-yearold male, in which the buccal exostoses formed underwent changes in size and shape due to certain factors, resulting in a bony bar formation in the mandibular anterior region.

Background: The complex nature of maxillofacial injuries can affect the surgical treatment outcomes and general well-being of the patient. To evaluate the efficiency of the surgical treatment, assessment of the quality of life (QOL) of the patients is of vital importance. Due to the absence of an exclusive QOL assessment tool for maxillofacial fractures, we introduce the ‘Twenty-point quality of life assessment in facial trauma patients in Indian population'. The aim of this study was to assess and evaluate the QOL following surgical management of maxillofacial trauma patients based on the severity of the injury. Methods: The study consisted of 182 subjects divided into two groups of 91 each (Group A: severe facial injury and Group B: mild to moderate facial injury). The Facial Injury Severity Scale (FISS) was used to determine the severity of facial fractures and injuries. The twenty–point quality of life assessment tool includes Zone 1 (Psychosocial impact) and Zone 2 (Functional and aesthetic impact), with ten domains each to assess QOL. Results: In Zone 1, the mean scores for Group A and Group B were 38.6 and 39.26, respectively. In Zone 2, Group B (44.56) had higher mean scores compared to Group A (32.92) (p< 0.001). Group B (83.8) had higher mean scores compared to Group A (71.58) when the total of both Zone 1 and Zone 2 were taken into consideration (p Conclusions: Proper surgical management with adequate care to the hard and soft tissues can improve the QOL by reducing postoperative psychosocial and functional complications. Aesthetic outcomes play an important role in determining the QOL. Mild/ Moderate injuries show better QOL compared to severe maxillofacial injuries.

Background: The complex nature of maxillofacial injuries can affect the surgical treatment outcomes and general well-being of the patient. To evaluate the efficiency of the surgical treatment, assessment of the quality of life (QOL) of the patients is of vital importance. Due to the absence of an exclusive QOL assessment tool for maxillofacial fractures, we introduce the ‘Twenty-point quality of life assessment in facial trauma patients in Indian population'. The aim of this study was to assess and evaluate the QOL following surgical management of maxillofacial trauma patients based on the severity of the injury. Methods: The study consisted of 182 subjects divided into two groups of 91 each (Group A: severe facial injury and Group B: mild to moderate facial injury). The Facial Injury Severity Scale (FISS) was used to determine the severity of facial fractures and injuries. The twenty–point quality of life assessment tool includes Zone 1 (Psychosocial impact) and Zone 2 (Functional and aesthetic impact), with ten domains each to assess QOL. Results: In Zone 1, the mean scores for Group A and Group B were 38.6 and 39.26, respectively. In Zone 2, Group B (44.56) had higher mean scores compared to Group A (32.92) (p< 0.001). Group B (83.8) had higher mean scores compared to Group A (71.58) when the total of both Zone 1 and Zone 2 were taken into consideration (p Conclusions: Proper surgical management with adequate care to the hard and soft tissues can improve the QOL by reducing postoperative psychosocial and functional complications. Aesthetic outcomes play an important role in determining the QOL. Mild/ Moderate injuries show better QOL compared to severe maxillofacial injuries.

The effect of x-ray irradiation on polarization switching properties of a glycine phosphite (GPI) single crystal is studied using the Merz technique. It is found that x-ray irradiation causes an increase in the threshold field below which switching does not occur, a linear dependence with irradiation time and an increase in domain wall mobility due to the reduction in the switchable sample volume as a result of the accumulation of a large number of radiation induced defects.

A detailed study of surface laser damage performed on a nonlinear optical crystal, urea L-malic acid, using 7 ns laser pulses at 10 Hz repetition rate from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at wavelengths of 532 and 1064 nm is reported. The investigations reveal a direct correlation between the laser damage profile and hardness anisotropy.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of Mucuna pruriens on ischemia-induced motor incoordination. Methods: Male Wistar rats were used in this study were divided into eight groups of six rats each. The bilateral common carotid artery (BCA) was occluded to induce global cerebral ischemia. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was used as a vehicle for this while quercetin was used as the standard. The rats were fed with the methanol plant extract of Mucuna pruriens (MP) seeds for ten days. The treatment groups include treatment plus BCA occlusion. Various behavioral parameters such as locomotor activity, motor coordination, spatial learning, and cerebral infarction area were evaluated. Results: A decline in locomotor activity, motor coordination, and spatial learning was observed in the ischemia-induced Wistar rats. The group treated with Mucuna pruriens showed significant protection against brain damage when compared with negative control group. Conclusion: Mucuna pruriens provides effective neuroprotective activity in BCA occlusion-induced cerebral ischemia in rats, and thus a potential therapeutic agent for the clinical management of cerebral ischemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the goal of this investigation was to study the anatomical variability of human spleen in embalmed samples. Material and Methods: this present investigation comprised 126 embalmed adult spleens, which existed at the anatomy department. The cadaveric spleens were macroscopically observed for the notches, fissures and various shapes. The dimensions of spleen like the breadth, length and thickness were also determined. Results: it was observed that, 110 spleens (87.3%) revealed notches either in the superior or inferior border. The notches were commonly observed over the superior border (104 cases, 82.5%) and rarely observed in the inferior border and found only in 16 (12.7%) cases. The fissures were present in 18 spleens over the diaphragmatic surface (14.3%). The splenic length, breadth and thickness ranged from 9 to 27 cms, 6.1 to 15.7 cms and 1.3 to 6.1 cms respectively. Conclusion: this study has provided information about the anatomical variations of spleen and its dimensions, which are enlightening to the operating surgeon. The knowledge is important during the procedures like laparotomy, laparoscopy and robotic platforms. The particulars are needed to radiologists while making a diagnosis and it will prevent the misinterpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Femoral nerve is a nerve of choice for femoral nerve blockade. It enters the femoral triangle at the midinguinal point. However, this point of entry need not be the same always. Aim and Objectives: This study is aimed at measuring the morphometry of the femoral nerve with the help of bony landmarks. Material and methods: Forty adult lower limbs were dissected and the morphometry of the femoral nerve was studied. Results: The mean distance from the Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) to the pubic tubercle was 12.66 ± 1.48 cm. We found the FN from the ASIS at a mean distance of 6.38 ± 1.45 cm. Also, the FN was at a mean distance of 6.76 ± 1.12 cm from the pubic tubercle. The mean length of the FN trunk below the inguinal ligament, i.e., in the femoral triangle before the division was 2.19 ± 0.34 cm. However, in 8 lower limbs, the FN trunk was divided before entering the femoral triangle. Conclusion: The findings of our study serve as an enabling guide to the surgeons, neurologists and anesthetist's in detecting the FN for various clinical and surgical procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of suture-less anterior releasing incisions on postoperative wound healing following surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars. Materials and Methods: A total of 112 patients were included in the study. Group 1 had 56 patients in which the anterior releasing incision was not sutured postoperatively, and group 2 had 56 patients, in whom the anterior releasing incision was sutured. The two groups were compared in terms of pain, swelling, and trismus at 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days postoperatively. The Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity was used to compare the two modes of treatments at different time points. The periodontal healing distal to the second molar was assessed on the first day and at 2 months following the surgical intervention. The independent t test was used to compare the periodontal healing between the two groups at two time points. Results: No significant difference was observed between the two groups for pain and trismus (P > 0.05). However, the swelling was significantly greater in group 2 as compared to group 1 (P < 0.001). Periodontal healing was better in group 2, which showed lower periodontal probing depth distal to the mandibular second molar, compared to group 1 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Sutureless anterior releasing incision decreases the postoperative swelling and edema, but the periodontal healing was poor when compared to the sutured anterior releasing incision cases. The type of closure technique did not have any significant influence on pain and trismus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-stoichiometric lithium niobate (SLN) crystals doped with up to 1.6 mol % Zn and codoped with various Nd concentrations in the melt (0.2, 0.5, 0.9, and 1.5 mol %) (Nd:Zn:SLN) are grown from 58.6 mol % Li2O using conventional Czochralski technique. Crystals are pulled at the rate of 0.35 mm/h with seed rotation at 9 rpm. Concentrations of Zn and Nd in the crystal are varied by adding appropriate amounts of ZnO and Nd2O3 to the starting composition. Unit cell parameters of the grown crystals are calculated by Rietveld refinement method using FULLPROFF software. Domain structure studies are carried out by chemical etching followed by microscopic examination. Dielectric studies reveal the existence of piezoelectric resonance at high frequencies. Enhancement in dielectric constant and tan δ in Nd doped samples has been attributed to the space charge polarization. Nd doped samples exhibit reduction in the relative permittivity after oxygen annealing. Transmission spectra of Nd:Zn:SLN crystals in the UV region exhibit blueshift in the cutoff wavelength. In Mid Infrared (MIR) region crystals doped with 1.6 mol % Zn have shift in the OH absorption peak from 2873 to 2833 nm. Judd–Ofelt analysis carried out on the absorption spectra of codoped crystal yields the lifetime of 104 μs for the metastable state 4F3/2. The branching ratio for the electronic transition from 4F3/2 to 4I11/2 is high compared to that for 4F3/2 to 4I13/2, indicating a higher emission cross section for the former transition. Laser damage threshold evaluated using 532 nm, 5 ns pulsed neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser, shows an increase by two orders of magnitude for crystals doped with 1.6 mol % Zn. Photorefractive damage threshold for these crystals shows an enhancement of four orders of magnitude due to increase in the photoconductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]