Search

Introduction: Obesity has emerged as one of the main public health problems. This condition triggers a series of hormonal and metabolic changes related to a low-grade chronic inflammatory condition. The trypsin inhibitor purified from tamarind (TTIp) seeds is a promising anti-inflammatory molecule, but its safety needs to be evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate TTIp bioactive dose effects on organs involved in its metabolism (liver and pancreas) and affected tissues (small intestine and perirenal adipose tissue) in an obesity model. Methods: Three groups of adult male Wistar rats were used (n = 5). Two of these groups had diet-induced obesity, and a third group was eutrophic. TTIp was administered by gavage in one of the obese groups for 10 days, while the remaining groups received a vehicle. The chromatographic profile and the inhibition assay corroded the purification of the inhibitor. Physical and behavioral changes, liver enzymes, and stereological and histopathological analyses of tissues were evaluated. Results: TTIp did not cause visible signs of toxicity, nor caused changes in liver enzymes, the liver, and pancreatic tissues. TTIp did not cause changes in the intestinal mucosa, showing improvement in the villi’s histopathological characteristics compared to the group of animals with obesity without treatment with TTIp (p = 0.004). The analysis of perirenal adipose tissue showed that the average sectional area of animals with obesity that received TTIp did not differ from the control. There was a difference between the high glycemic load diet group and the group treated with the inhibitor (351.8 ± 55.5) (p = 0.016). In addition, the group that received TTIp had no inflammatory infiltrates. Conclusion: Based on histological and stereological analysis, the use of TTIp is potentially safe and anti-inflammatory in the evaluated obesity model and can be investigated as a possible adjuvant in obesity therapy.

Introduction: Obesity and coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 are overlapping pandemics, and one might worsen the other. Methods: This narrative review discusses one of the primary mechanisms to initiate acute respiratory distress syndrome, uncontrolled systemic inflammation in COVID-19, and presents a potential candidate for adjuvant treatment. Blocking the S protein binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) and the 3C-like protease (3CL pro) is an effective strategy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Results: Host proteases such as FURIN, trypsin, and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS) act in S protein activation. Tamarind trypsin inhibitor (TTI) shows several beneficial effects on the reduction of inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α], leptin) and biochemical parameters (fasting glycemia, triglycerides, and very low-density lipoprotein [VLDL]), in addition to improving pancreatic function and mucosal integrity in an obesity model. TTI may inhibit the action of proteases that collaborate with SARS-CoV-2 infection and the neutrophil activity characteristic of lung injury promoted by the virus. Conclusion: Thus, TTI may contribute to combating two severe overlapping problems with high cost and social complex implications, obesity and COVID-19.

Trypsin inhibitors have been described in peanuts and their derived industrialized foods, demonstrating diversity and thermoresistance. Given their most varied applications, these enzymatic proteas...

The increase in non-communicable chronic diseases has aroused interest in the research of adjuvants to the classic forms of treatments. Obesity and metabolic syndrome are the main targets of confrontation because they relate directly to other chronic diseases. In this context, trypsin inhibitors, molecules with wide heterologous application, appear as possibilities in the treatment of overweight and obesity due to the action on satiety related mechanisms, mainly in the modulation of satiety hormones, such as cholecystokinin. In addition, trypsin inhibitors have the ability to also act on some biochemical parameters related to these diseases, thus, emerging as potential candidates and promising molecules in the treatment of the obesity and metabolic syndrome. Thus, the present article proposes to approach, through a systematic literature review, the advantages, disadvantages and viabilities for the use of trypsin inhibitors directed to the treatment of overweight and obesity.

Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors from Erythrina velutina seeds have been previously isolated by our group. In previous studies using a sepsis model, we demonstrated the antitumor and anti-inflammatory action of these compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the gastroprotective and antielastase effects of protein inhibitors from E. velutina seeds in an experimental stress-induced ulcer model. Two protein isolates from E. velutina seeds, with antitrypsin (PIAT) and antichymotrypsin (PIAQ) activities, were tested. Both protein isolates showed a high affinity and inhibitory effect against human neutrophil elastase, with 84% and 85% inhibition, respectively. Gastric ulcer was induced using ethanol (99%) in 6 groups of animals (female Wistar rats, n = 6). Before ulcer induction, these animals were treated for 5 days with one of the following: (1) PIAT (0.2 mg·kg−1), (2) PIAT (0.4 mg·kg−1), (3) PIAQ (0.035 mg·kg−1), (4) ranitidine hydrochloride (50 mg·kg−1), (5) saline solution (0.9%), or (6) no intervention (sham). Both PIAT and PIAQ protected gastric mucosa, preventing hemorrhagic lesions, edema, and mucus loss. No histologic toxic effects of PIAT or PIAQ were seen in liver and pancreatic cells. Our results show that protein isolates from E. velutina seeds have potential gastroprotective effects, placing these compounds as natural candidates for gastric ulcer prevention.

Objetivo: Este estudo objetiva detectar a atividade antitriptica em semente e farinha comerciais de chia e isolar um inibidor de tripsina presente na semente. Metodologia: Foram realizados extracao de proteinas, fracionamento com sulfato de amonio, cromatografia de afinidade, ensaio de inibicao sobre tripsina, quantificacao de proteinas e eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida desnaturante. Resultados e discussao: A partir desses experimentos, detectou-se a atividade antitriptica no pico proteico retido na coluna de afinidade (RT), da farinha e semente, apresentando 51% e 64%, respectivamente. Porem, nao foram verificadas grandes quantidades de proteinas soluveis no RT, tanto da semente quanto da farinha, quando comparadas ao extrato bruto e fracoes proteicas. O inibidor de tripsina de semente foi isolado, indicando massa molecular estimada em, aproximadamente, 14,4 kDa. Conclusoes: Diante dos resultados relativos a deteccao da atividade antitripica em semente e farinha comercial de chia, e isolamento do inibidor na semente, faz-se necessario o aprofundamento nas pesquisas acerca dessa molecula quanto as suas propriedades bioativas e seguranca do consumo. DOI: 10.12957/demetra.2017.25636

To analyze whether pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) associated with weight loss (WL) is better than isolated PFMT to provide additional beneficial effects to urinary symptoms in women with MUI. A randomized, simple-blind parallel controlled trial was performed and included women with MUI aged between 40 and 65 years and body mass index between 25 and 40 kg/m2. The sample was randomized into two groups: 11 PFMT + WL and 11 PFMT. Data collection was performed in baseline and after interventions. The primary outcome was to investigate the loss of urine. Secondary aim includes PFM pressure and quality of life. PFMT was performed with two sets of eight repetitions in the first 4 weeks, and with three sets of eight repetitions in the final 4 weeks. The weight loss program was based on the calculation of total energy value needs. Data analysis was performed by SPSS 20.0 software and one-way ANCOVA. 22 volunteers participated in the study. There was no intergroup significant difference in post-intervention ICIQ-SF F(1, 19) = 7.115, p = 0.87, partial η2 = 0.001; manometry F(1, 19) = 0.608, p = 0.44, partial η2 = 0.003; pad test 1 h F(1, 19) = 0.185, p = 0.67, partial η2 = 0.01; QoL F(1, 19) = 1.018, p = 0.32, partial η2 = 0.05; and weight F(1, 19) = 0.251, p = 0.62, partial η2 = 0.01. Weight loss did not provide additional beneficial effects to PFMT in women with overweight or obesity grade I with MUI symptoms.

The increasing prevalence of obesity and, consequently, chronic inflammation and its complications has increased the search for new treatment methods. The effect of the purified tamarind seed trypsin inhibitor (TTIp) on metabolic alterations in Wistar rats with obesity and dyslipidemia was evaluated. Three groups of animals with obesity and dyslipidemia were formed, consuming a high glycemic index and glycemic load (HGLI) diet, for 10 days: Obese/HGLI diet, Obese/standard diet, Obese/HGLI diet + TTIp (730 &mu, g/kg), and one eutrophic group of animals was fed a standard diet. Rats were evaluated daily for food intake and weight gain. On the 11th day, animals were anesthetized and sacrificed for blood and visceral adipose tissue collection. TTIp treated animals presented significantly lower food intake than the untreated group (p = 0.0065), TG (76.20 &plusmn, 18.73 mg/dL) and VLDL-C (15.24 &plusmn, 3.75 mg/dL). Plasma concentrations and TNF-&alpha, mRNA expression in visceral adipose tissue also decreased in obese animals treated with TTIp (p &lt, 0.05 and p = 0.025, respectively) with a negative immunostaining. We conclude that TTIp presented anti-TNF-&alpha, activity and an improved lipid profile of Wistar rats with dyslipidemia and obesity induced by a high glycemic index and load diet regardless of PPAR-&gamma, induction.

Ingestion of peanuts may have a beneficial effect on weight control, possibly due to the satietogenic action of trypsin inhibitors. The aim of this study was to isolate a new trypsin inhibitor in a typical Brazilian peanut sweet (paçoca) and evaluate its effect in biochemical parameters, weight gain and food intake in male Wistar rats. The trypsin inhibitor in peanut paçoca (AHTI) was isolated. Experimental diets were prepared with AIN-93G supplemented with AHTI. Animals had their weight and food intake monitored. Animals were anesthetized, euthanized, and their bloods collected by cardiac puncture for dosage of cholecystokinin (CCK) and other biochemical parameters. Supplementation with AHTI significantly decreased fasting glucose, body weight gain, and food intake. These effects may be attributed to increased satiety, once supplemented animals showed no evidence of impaired nutritional status and also because AHTI increased CCK production. Thus, our results indicate that AHTI, besides reducing fasting glucose, can reduce weight gain via food intake reduction.

Background Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), among cytokines that mediate the inflammatory process, plays an important role in diseases involving the loss of intestinal barrier integrity. Several molecules with anti-TNF-alpha activity have been studied aiming to develop new therapies. The purpose of this paper is to describe the systematic review protocol of experimental studies that determine mechanisms of action of molecules with anti-TNF-alpha activity on intestinal barrier inflammation. Methods This protocol is guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes Protocols (PRISMA-P). The databases to be searched are PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. Experimental studies in rats or mice that assessed the activity of anti-TNF-alpha molecules in models of intestinal barrier inflammation will be included in the systematic review. Studies characteristics, experimental model, and main results will be described and the bias risk assessment will be performed. Two independent reviewers will perform study selection, data extraction, and methodological quality assessment. A narrative synthesis will be made for the included studies. Also, if sufficient data is available, a meta-analysis will be conducted. I statistics will be used to assess heterogeneity. Results The present protocol will assist in producing a systematic review that identifies the mechanisms underlying the reduction of TNF-alpha in intestinal barrier inflammation models. Conclusion The systematic review may contribute to the theoretical basis of research on new molecules with anti-TNF-alpha potential and, consequently, in the development of new therapies employed in humans. Prospero registration number CRD42019131862.

espanolIntroduccion: las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la causa principal de muerte entre los adultos y las medidas para revertir esta situacion se aplican a traves de cambios en el estilo de vida, entre ellos, adoptar una alimentacion saludable a traves de orientacion profesional. Para hacer esto, necesitamos mantener al paciente comprometido con el tratamiento, ya que el abandono de dicho tratamiento es un factor de riesgo importante en esta poblacion. Objetivos: evaluar el abandono al tratamiento con dieta de pacientes con riesgo cardiovascular tratados de manera ambulatoria e identificar las razones del abandono del tratamiento. Metodos: los participantes eran pacientes entre 18 y 70 anos de edad, de ambos sexos, que recibieron su primera consulta nutricional y poseian dos o mas factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Un contacto telefonico se realizo aplicando un cuestionario al abandono sobre las razones para el tratamiento, y aconsejandolos que regresaran al servicio de salud comprobando si efectivamente regresaban a los tres meses del contacto telefonico. Resultados: de los 142 pacientes con riesgo cardiovascular, 61,26% no regreso al servicio posterior a la primera visita, un porcentaje similar al encontrado en otros estudios, y fueron contactados por telefono 64,37% de ellos. En relacion a la razon principal para el retiro o abandono, dificultades siguiendo la dieta y caracteristicas individuales/de comportamiento del paciente fueron los aspectos que contribuyeron al abandono (57,14%), corroborando los hallazgos que muestran la infl uencia de factores culturales y socioeconomicos en la adherencia al tratamiento. Aunque el 92,86% de los pacientes mostraron estar satisfechos con el servicio y 75% han reportado interes en retomar el tratamiento, solo 5.36% de los pacientes regresaron al servicio posterior al contacto telefonico. Conclusion: hubo un alto abandono del tratamiento nutricional, principalmente debido a la difi cultad de organizacion requerida para seguir la dieta. La intervencion motivacional no fue sufi ciente para motivar un regreso al tratamiento. EnglishBackground: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death among adults and measures to reverse this situation go through changes in lifestyle, among them adopt healthy eating through professional counseling. To do this we need to keep the patient engaged in treatment, and the abandonment of treatment is an important risk factor in this population. Objectives: To assess abandonment to dietary treatment of patients with cardiovascular risk treated on an outpatient basis, and identify the reasons for the abandonment of treatment. Methods: Participants were patients between 18 and 70 years, of both sexes, who held their first nutritional consultation and had two or more cardiovascular risk factors. A telephone contact was made by applying a questionnaire on the withdrawal of reasons for treatment and encouraging them to return to the health service by checking the return after three months of telephone contact. Results: Of the 142 patients with cardiovascular risk, 61.26% did not return to the service after the first visit, a percentage similar to that found in other studies, and contacted by telephone 64.37% of them. Regarding the main reasons for the withdrawal, difficulty following the diet and individual/behavioral characteristics of the patient were the aspects that contributed to the abandonment (57.14%), corroborating the findings that show the influence of cultural and socioeconomic factors on the therapeutic adherence. Although 92.86% of patients have been satisfied with the service and 75% have reported interest in resuming treatment, only 5.36% patients returned to service after the phone contact. Conclusion: There was a high drop-out from nutritional treatment, mainly because of the difficulty of organization required to follow the diet. The motivational intervention was not enough to motivate a return to treatment.

Trypsin inhibitors are studied in a variety of models for their anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory bioactive properties. Our group has previously demonstrated the satietogenic effect of tamarind seed trypsin inhibitors (TTI) in eutrophic mouse models and anti-inflammatory effects of other trypsin inhibitors. In this study, we evaluated TTI effect upon satiety, biochemical and inflammatory parameters in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Three groups of n = 5 male Wistar rats with obesity-based MetS received for 10 days one of the following: (1) Cafeteria diet; (2) Cafeteria diet + TTI (25 mg/kg); and (3) Standard diet. TTI reduced food intake in animals with MetS. Nevertheless, weight gain was not different between studied groups. Dyslipidemia parameters were not different with the use of TTI, only the group receiving standard diet showed lower very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and triglycerides (TG) (Kruskal–Wallis, p < 0.05). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) production did not differ between groups. Interestingly, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was lower in animals receiving TTI. Our results corroborate the satietogenic effect of TTI in a MetS model. Furthermore, we showed that TTI added to a cafeteria diet may decrease inflammation regardless of weight loss. This puts TTI as a candidate for studies to test its effectiveness as an adjuvant in MetS treatment.