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El sindrome del cuidador representa una problematica muy prevalente y con graves repercusiones en la vida del paciente y cuidador; existiendo pocos estudios sobre esta tematica y sus complicaciones justifico la realizacion del mismo, siendo el objetivo establecer la relacion entre el sindrome del cuidador y la funcionalidad familiar en la poblacion objeto de estudio, y la caracterizacion del cuidador, del sindrome, funcionalidad familiar, factores demograficos y socioeconomicos. La metodologia utilizada fue la de un diseno descriptivo, relacional de corte transversal de los cuidadores de personas con discapacidad grave y muy grave de la provincia de Loja 2016, en una muestra de 397 cuidadores/as; la informacion sociodemografica se obtuvo tras la aplicacion de una ficha tecnica personal y de escalas para determinar funcionalidad familiar con el Apgar Familiar y sindrome del cuidador con el test Zarit. Los resultados muestran asociacion estadistica entre estas variables, con un chi cuadrado de 4,77 y un valor de P de 0,029, indicando significativa asociacion estadistica entre estas variables; las correlaciones muestran que cuanto mayor es el estado de disfuncionalidad de las personas con discapacidad es mucho mas la sobrecarga de los cuidadores. Estos resultados muestran la realidad del diario vivir de los cuidadores, realidades no visualizadas por los equipos medicos, ni valoradas como personas con un alto grado de vulnerabilidad fisica y psicologica, concluyendo principalmente que con la obtencion de los datos se estan proporcionando los parametros necesarios para orientar las intervenciones dirigidas a mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas cuidadoras.

El síndrome del cuidador representa una problemática muy prevalente y con graves repercusiones en la vida del paciente y cuidador; existiendo pocos estudios sobre esta temática y sus complicaciones justifico la realización del mismo, siendo el objetivo establecer la relación entre el síndrome del cuidador y la funcionalidad familiar en la población objeto de estudio, y la caracterización del cuidador, del síndrome, funcionalidad familiar, factores demográficos y socioeconómicos. La metodología utilizada fue la de un diseño descriptivo, relacional de corte transversal de los cuidadores de personas con discapacidad grave y muy grave de la provincia de Loja 2016, en una muestra de 397 cuidadores/as; la información sociodemográfica se obtuvo tras la aplicación de una ficha técnica personal y de escalas para determinar funcionalidad familiar con el Apgar Familiar y síndrome del cuidador con el test Zarit. Los resultados muestran asociación estadística entre estas variables, con un chi cuadrado de 4,77 y un valor de P de 0,029, indicando significativa asociación estadística entre estas variables; las correlaciones muestran que cuanto mayor es el estado de disfuncionalidad de las personas con discapacidad es mucho más la sobrecarga de los cuidadores. Estos resultados muestran la realidad del diario vivir de los cuidadores, realidades no visualizadas por los equipos médicos, ni valoradas como personas con un alto grado de vulnerabilidad física y psicológica, concluyendo principalmente que con la obtención de los datos se están proporcionando los parámetros necesarios para orientar las intervenciones dirigidas a mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas cuidadoras.

O tabaco é o principal responsável pela economia do Vale do Rio Pardo, no Rio Grande do Sul. Frente a essa premissa, objetivamos verificar como o jornal de maior expressividade desta região - a Gazeta do Sul - discursiviza a COP-8, que se propõe a debater o controle desta cultura. Sob o respaldo da Análise de Discurso, de tendência francesa, analisamos a cobertura da COP-8, realizada em 2018, na Suíça, e procuramos identificar o modo que este assunto se equaliza nesta arena. Ao final, reparamos que o vitimismo prevalece como sentido quase que unissonante nas reportagens. Observamos que a publicação lança mão de tal estratégia discursiva de maneira a garantir uma imaginada estabilidade socioeconômica, enquanto apaga relações antagônicas que concorrem no que diz respeito à questão do tabaco.

O território do tabaco, localizado no Sul do Brasil, se caracteriza pela produção de fumo em pequenas propriedades familiares, que vendem suas produções para grandes empresas beneficiadoras das folhas. O Brasil é o maior exportador de tabaco do mundo e o segundo maior produtor e essa produção é um componente relevante na constituição do espaço a que chamados de território do tabaco. Diante disso, e da compreensão de que a mídia influencia a construção de sentidos sobre a realidade e, ao fim, sobre a construção simbólica do território, propõe-se nesse artigo identificar os discursos jornalísticos acerca do território do tabaco. Os veículos de mídia selecionados constituem diferentes tipos de prática jornalística: a Agência Pública, com um jornalismo nacional que se apresenta como uma alternativa à mídia tradicional, e o jornal Gazeta do Sul, regional, caracterizado aqui como comercial e hegemônico na região onde atua, no Vale do Rio Pardo (RS), inserido no território do tabaco. O artigo tem por base a literatura sobre território, cultura e análise do discurso e a metodologia aplicada foi a análise de discurso. A partir da identificação de formações discursivas, evidenciou-se que os veículos apresentam discursos antagônicos sobre o mesmo território, sobre a mesma produção de tabaco.

Envenomation by scorpions of the genus Tityus is an important public health problem in Argentina, involving near 8000 stings and 2 deaths each year. Treatment for envenomation is the use of specific antivenom and intensive hospital care. Antivenom is produced by the Ministry of Health and freely distributed throughout the country. For antivenom production it is necessary to collect scorpion venom, which is a difficult task because although scorpions can be found in Argentina, they are less abundant than in warmer latitudes. For this reason venom collection constitutes a bottleneck for antivenom production. Although in Argentina several species of Tityus can be found, most of the accidents are caused by Tityus trivittatus, and the venom of this scorpion has historically been the venom used for antivenom production. We analyzed retrospectively 26 pools of telson homogenates (6964 telsons) and 37 pools of milked venom obtained by electrical stimulation (equivalent to 6841 milkings). Lethal potencies of samples from different provinces were very similar, although venom from scorpions of Buenos Aires city showed the lowest potency. The venom obtained by milking (median LD50 12.3 μg), provided batches containing LD50s more potent when compared with the venom obtained from telson homogenates (p < 0.0001). Many batches of telson homogenates (30%) showed lower potencies than acceptable for antivenom production and control. In addition to the study of the venom yield, the records of immunization of horses, the potency of the batches and the protein content of each batch of anti-scorpion antivenom produced were analyzed, comparing those produced using milked venom with those using telson homogenates as immunogens. Batches produced using milked venom required a shorter period of immunization (p < 0.0001), rendered higher neutralizing titers (p 0.0350) and possessed lower protein content (p 0.0092). Results clearly showed that the milking of scorpions is a more efficient tool to obtain venom for antivenom production in comparison to the use of telson homogenates.

Crotalus atrox is one of the species of venomous snakes most commonly found in herpetological collections around the world and it is usually commercialized in the black market. Several collections have specimens but lack of the specific antivenom. We tested the toxicity of venom of adults and young snakes (2 to 3 years old) specimens of C. atrox in captivity and the para-specific neutralization provided by the antivenoms most used in Argentina. The i.p. lethal potency of the venoms were 100(95-105) μg and 43(42-45) μg20g mouse and the indirect hemolytic activity was 7.9 (6.7-9.2) μg and 9.0(8.3-9.9) for adults and juvenile venoms. Despite the adult´s venoms lower lethal potency, these venoms were more difficult to neutralize, around 1.5 ml of antibothropic Antivenom (AB) were necessaries to neutralize 1 mg of venom in contrast to 0.54 ml required to neutralize young´s venoms. The neutralization by the Anticrotalic (AC) antivenom was despicable. The dose of AB required for the neutralization 5.0 LD50 of young snakes was in the range of those required for the neutralization of the specific venoms, nevertheless the dose required to neutralize venom from adults was 6 fold higher. The experiments using 2LD50 as challenge dose, showed similar results. The indirect hemolysis caused by both venoms was similarly neutralized by AB (p

O objetivo deste artigo é investigar como é discursivizado o acontecimento “reintegração de posse”. Para tanto, pautamos nossa análise no caso da Ocupação Lanceiros Negros, situada em Porto Alegre, e no jornal referência no Rio Grande do Sul, Zero Hora. A conclusão deste estudo, que se amparou na Análise de Discurso e contabilizou três reportagens, veiculadas entre os dias 15 e 18 de junho de 2017, é que o veículo arquiteta sua rede de sentidos imbuída em invizibilizar os sujeitos que defendem e integram movimentos do gênero e também em reforçar o perigo que eles representam para o espaço urbano.

The venoms of Bothrops (Rhinocerophis) alternatus (B.a.) from different regions of Argentina have shown biochemical, toxicological and immunological variations. Considering these variations, we produced nine experimental antisera (rabbit, IgG) against venoms from snakes of nine different regions and a pool of venom, comprised of equal amounts of venoms from each region. The immunologic studies (ELISA, Westernblot) showed significant cross reactivity among all regional antivenoms with all regional venoms, with no significant differences regarding the specificity of the immunogens used for the production of antivenom. Neutralization of hemorrhage was variable (although all the antivenoms neutralized this activity in all venoms) and the neutralization of coagulant and phospholipase activities were evident in all cases. Some antivenoms neutralized toxic activities that were absent or very low in the venoms used as immunogen, on other non-homologous venoms (e.g. thrombin like activity). Despite the different toxic potencies of regional venoms, antivenoms developed using venoms of snakes from a particular region showed high immunochemical reactivity and cross-neutralizing capacity on snake venoms from different and distant regions, in occasions over those of the homologous antivenoms. These findings could be used to improve the generation of pools of venoms for the production of antivenoms.

“Black widow” spiders belong to the genus Latrodectus and are one of the few spiders in the world whose bite can cause severe envenomation in humans and domestic animals. In Argentina, these spiders are distributed throughout the country and are responsible for the highest number of bites by spiders of toxicological sanitary interest. Here, we studied the toxicity and some biochemical and immunochemical characteristics of eighteen venom samples from Latrodectus spiders from eight different provinces of Argentina, and the neutralization of some of these samples by two therapeutic antivenoms used in the country for the treatment of envenomation and by a anti-Latrodectus antivenom prepared against the venom of Latrodectus mactans from Mexico. We observed important toxicity in all the samples studied and a variation in the toxicity of samples, even in those from the same region and province and even in the same Latrodectus species from the same region. The therapeutic antivenoms efficiently neutralized all the venoms studied. Fil: de Roodt, Adolfo Rafael. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud “Dr. C. G. Malbrán”; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; Argentina Fil: Lanari, Laura Cecilia. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud “Dr. C. G. Malbrán”; Argentina Fil: Laskowicz, Rodrigo Daniel. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud “Dr. C. G. Malbrán”; Argentina Fil: Costa de Oliveira, Vanessa. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; Argentina Fil: Irazu, Lucia Elvira. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud “Dr. C. G. Malbrán”; Argentina Fil: Gonzalez, Alda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; Argentina Fil: Giambelluca, Luis Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; Argentina Fil: Nicolai, Néstor. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Dirección Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública; Argentina Fil: Barragán, Javier Hugo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina Fil: Ramallo, Leticia. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Dirección Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública; Argentina Fil: López, Raúl Alfredo. Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Catamarca; Argentina Fil: Lopardo, Jorge. Secretaría Salud de la Provincia de Chubut; Argentina Fil: Jensen, Oscar. Secretaría Salud de la Provincia de Chubut; Argentina Fil: Larrieu, Edmundo Juan. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; Argentina Fil: Calabró, Arnoldo. Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Rio Negro; Argentina Fil: Vurcharchuc, Miriam Guadalupe. Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Santiago del Estero; Argentina Fil: Lago, Néstor Rubén. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; Argentina Fil: García, Susana Isabel. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; Argentina Fil: de Titto, Ernesto Horacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; Argentina Fil: Damin, Carlos Fabian. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; Argentina

A phospholipase enzyme was separated by chromatography from the venom of the snake Bothrops (Rhinocerophis) ammodytoides and characterized. The experimentally determined molecular weight was 13,853.65 Da, and the full primary structure was determined by Edman degradation and mass spectrometry analysis. The enzyme contains 122 amino acids residues closely stabilized by 7 disulfide bridges with an isoelectric point of 6.13. Sequence comparison with other known secretory PLA2 shows that the enzyme isolated belongs to the group II, presenting an aspartic acid residue at position 48 (numbered by convention as Asp49) of the active site, and accordingly displaying enzymatic activity. The enzyme corresponds to 3% of the total mass of the venom. The enzyme is mildly toxic to mice. The intravenous LD50 of this phospholipase in CD-1 mice was around 6 μg/g of mouse body weight (more exactly 117 μg/mouse of 20 g) and the minimal mortal dose (MMD) was estimated to be close to 10 μg/g. In contrast, the LD50 of the venom was circa 2 μg/g mouse body weight. Toxicological analyses of the purified enzyme were performed in vitro and in vivo using experimental animals (mice and rats). The enzyme at high doses caused pulmonary congestion, intraperitoneal bleeding, inhibition of clot retraction and muscle tissue alterations with increasing of creatine kinase levels.

Although the spiders of the genus Phoneutria cause envenomation and their presence has been described in several provinces of the north of Argentina, they are not as common as other spiders of sanitary importance. In the present work, we studied the toxicity of samples of venom of Phoneutria spiders from the provinces of Misiones (where severe envenomation and deaths by Phoneutria have been recorded) and Jujuy (where no deaths have been recorded and severe envenomations are not frequent). To this end, we assessed the lethal potency in mice and guinea pigs and the histopathological alterations caused by both venoms, as well as the neutralization by the commonly used therapeutic antivenom produced by the Butantan Institute in Brazil and by an experimental antivenom developed with venom of P. nigriventer from Misiones. There were no differences in the lethality of the venoms of spiders from both regions. Post mortem examination showed that the heart and lungs were the most affected organs, while important pulmonary edema was seen macroscopically. Histological analysis showed edema, atelectasis, emphysema and cardiac lesion in both experimental models. The antivenoms assayed showed good neutralization of the venoms in the two experimental models. Despite the different geographic origins, the venoms showed similar toxicity and both the experimental antivenom and therapeutic antivenmos were able to neutralize the venoms of Argentinean P. nigriventer.

Experiências de produção jornalísticas alternativas ao modelo hegemônico são registradas há pelo menos um século no Brasil. Entre os representantes contemporâneos dessa prática jornalística está a agência de reportagens investigativas Pública. O artigo busca compreender a proposta de produção da Agência Pública e sua possível autonomia na produção de conteúdos, examinando a possibilidade do conteúdo veiculado pela agência potencialmente contribuir para expansão das liberdades individuais, propostas por Amartya Sen (2010), capazes de levar ao desenvolvimento da sociedade. Utiliza-se como protocolo teórico-metodológico o circuito da cultura, de Richard Johnson (2010), com categorias pré-definidas. Faz-se uso da entrevista e da análise documental. A pesquisa conclui que a estratégia produtiva da Pública, de operar com autonomia em relação à publicidade e sem fins lucrativos, com distribuição gratuita do conteúdo e tendo como foco a exposição das fragilidades da realidade social brasileira, materializada numa reportagem analisada, pode contribuir para a expansão das liberdades.

Snake venoms can show biochemical and toxicological variability even in specimens from the same specie. The geographical localization of the snakes is one of the factors that can influence those variations. By these reasons the venom from specimens of Bothrops (Rhinocerophis) alternatus ("crucera", "yararágrande"), one of the snakes of highest medical importance in Argentina, from three different regions of Córdoba was studied. Lehtal potency, hemorrhagic, coagulant on plasma and thrombin like activities as well as the electrophoretic patterns of venom from snakes of Calamuchita, Traslasierras and the East of the province were determined. The venom from the snakes of the three regions showed the characteristic activities of the venom of the majority of Bothrops, causing hemorrhage, hemostatic disturbances acting on plasma or directly on fibrinogen with a "thrombin like activity". The different samples were very similar regarding their biochemical characteristics and toxic potencies at difference of previous observations on venoms from the same specie in different regions of other provinces fro Argentina. Bivalent antivenom, the one used by the Provincial Ministry of Health to treat the bothropic accidents, neutralized in all the cases the toxic activities of the venom in very similar range of neutralizing potency.Los venenos serpientes pueden presentar variabilidad en sus características bioquímicas y toxicológicas aún en ejemplares de una misma especie. La localización geográfica de los ejemplares es uno de los factores que puede influenciar estas variaciones. Por este motivo se estudió el veneno de ejemplares Bothrops (Rhinocerophis) alternatus (“crucera”, “yarará grande”), una de las serpientes de mayor importancia médica de Argentina, de tres regiones diferentes de Córdoba. Se estudió la potencia letal, la actividad hemorrágica, coagulante en plasma y trombina símil y el patrón electroforético de ejemplares de Calamuchita, Traslasierras y del Este de la provincia. El veneno de las serpientes de las tres regiones presentó las actividades características de los venenos de la mayoría de las Bothrops, causando hemorragias y alteraciones en el sistema hemostático, afectando tanto al plasma como actuando directamente sobre el fibrinógeno mediante una actividad trombina símil. Las distintas muestras fueron muy similares en cuanto a sus características bioquímicas ya sus potencias tóxicas, a diferencia de lo observado con veneno de ejemplaresB. alternatusde distintas regiones de otras provincias de la Argentina. El antiveneno Bivalente utilizado por el Ministerio de Salud de Córdoba para tratar los accidentes por Bothrops neutralizó, en todos los casos las actividades tóxicas ensayadas en rangos de potencias neutralizantes muy similares.

A phospholipase enzyme was separated by chromatography from the venom of the snake Bothrops (Rhinocerophis) ammodytoides and characterized. The experimentally determined molecular weight was 13,853.65 Da, and the full primary structure was determined by Edman degradation and mass spectrometry analysis. The enzyme contains 122 amino acids residues closely stabilized by 7 disulfide bridges with an isoelectric point of 6.13. Sequence comparison with other known secretory PLA2 shows that the enzyme isolated belongs to the group II, presenting an aspartic acid residue at position 48 (numbered by convention as Asp49) of the active site, and accordingly displaying enzymatic activity. The enzyme corresponds to 3% of the total mass of the venom. The enzyme is mildly toxic to mice. The intravenous LD₅₀ of this phospholipase in CD-1 mice was around 6 μg/g of mouse body weight (more exactly 117 μg/mouse of 20 g) and the minimal mortal dose (MMD) was estimated to be close to 10 μg/g. In contrast, the LD₅₀ of the venom was circa 2 μg/g mouse body weight. Toxicological analyses of the purified enzyme were performed in vitro and in vivo using experimental animals (mice and rats). The enzyme at high doses caused pulmonary congestion, intraperitoneal bleeding, inhibition of clot retraction and muscle tissue alterations with increasing of creatine kinase levels.

We report a study of toxic and enzymatic activities of Bothrops neuwiedi complex venoms collected from specimens of different regions of Argentina and a pool of these same venoms. Were determined lethal, hemorrhagic and pro-coagulant (plasma and fibrinogen) doses and the neutralization of these activities by a bivalent antivenom. The electrophoretic pattern of different regions venom was studied by SDS–PAGE. All samples exhibited lethal potencies, hemorrhagic and coagulant (plasma and fibrinogen) activities with potencies concordant with previous studies. The only conspicuous difference in the toxicological pattern of Bothrops diporus venoms was the low-thrombin-like activity found in one sample. The antivenom used in this study could neutralize all the toxic activities tested and the neutralizing potency of the antivenom was comparable for all samples. Despite the wide distribution of B. neuwiedi complex throughout Argentina and the evident morphological variation between B. diporus (B. neuwiedi complex), this study establishes a remarkably similar toxicity profile throughout its range. This is the first systematic study on the regional variation of enzymatic and toxic activities of venom from species belonging to the B. neuwiedi complex, one of the snakes of highest sanitary importance in South America and their neutralization by the type of antivenom most commonly used in the South of South America. Fil: Oliveira, Vanessa Costa de . Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Patologia. Centro de Patologia Experimental; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología. Cátedra de Inmunología; Argentina Fil: Lanari, Laura Cecilia. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud; Argentina Fil: Hajos, Silvia Elvira. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología. Cátedra de Inmunología; Argentina Fil: de Roodt, Adolfo Rafael. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Patologia. Centro de Patologia Experimental; Argentina. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud; Argentina

In this study we report that variation in lethality, hemorrhagic potency and procoagulation between individual samples of Bothrops alternatus venom from a single region, and variation between regional pools at the national level are comparable in range. Furthermore, the range of relative neutralization potencies of individual venoms within a region overlaps, and sometimes exceeds, the range of neutralization of regional venom pools throughout the country. Thus, the potency of neutralization of a national venom pool is poorly predictive of the potencies of neutralization of its constituent regional venom pools and, furthermore, the potency of neutralization of a regional venom pool is poorly predictive of the potencies of neutralization of its individual venom constituents. The efficiencies of neutralization of each of these effects (lethality, hemorrhage and procoagulation) were not significantly related to each other and did not correlate to the corresponding toxic potency of each venom or venom pool. Some implications of these findings are discussed in the context of the distinction between experimental quantitation of antivenom potency and the amount of antivenom that might be actually required to successfully treat two apparently comparable B. alternatus envenomations.

Corrigendum to “Intraspecific differences in the immunochemical reactivity and neutralization of venom from Argentinean Bothrops (Rhinocerophis) alternatus by specific experimental antivenoms” [Toxicon 85 (2014) 31e45] Laura Cecilia Lanari , Alejandro Olvera , Vanessa Costa de Oliveira , Rodrigo Daniel Laskowicz , Leslie Boyer , N estor Rub en Lago , Alejandro Alag on , Adolfo Rafael de Roodt a, c, * a National Institute for Production of Biologicals, Ministry of Health, Buenos Aires, Argentina b Institute of Biotechnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico c Laboratory of Toxinopathology, Center of Experimental and Applied Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina d VIPER Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA