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Ensuring safe pregnancy and reducing maternal and infant mortality rates require early prediction of fetal health. The application of machine learning algorithms in monitoring fetal health helps to improve the chances of timely intervention and better outcomes in the event of any possible health issues in fetuses. Existing studies offered to help this issue, typically by training models using a significant portion of the dataset, ranging mainly above 70%. The only existing active learning method in this field employs around 41% training samples to achieve 98% accuracy. This work presents a novel active learning technique to identify the most informative data samples to train a model, leading to high accuracy with a limited number of training samples. It employs a novel query function built upon uncertainty and diversity criteria which are derived based on properties of XGBoost classifier and distance from each other. For deriving uncertainty criterion the soft probabilities obtained for the unlabeled samples are used, while the distance among the uncertain samples in feature space is utilized for deriving diversity criterion. The proposed approach shows superior performance compared to all state-of-the-art methods. Through analysis and experimentation, the proposed solution achieves an accuracy greater than 99% using less than 20% of the dataset for training. This shows its efficacy and potential in the monitoring of fetal health. The code and dataset are available on the GitHub repository https://github.com/niyg7/fetal-health-dataset.

Background Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and reproductive tract infections (RTIs) are significant public health concerns with widespread implications for individuals and communities. This research article aims to evaluate the awareness and practices regarding STIs and RTIs among individuals attending an RTI/STI clinic in a tertiary care hospital. Methodology It is a hospital-based observational study using a universal sampling technique. The study utilizes one-on-one interviews with patients visiting the district STI/RTI Clinic. Results Out of 147 study participants, 94% were female, with a mean age of 32 years. Maximum patients were in the age group of 25–35 years. Most (82%) of the participants were aware of the symptom of abnormal vaginal discharge for STIs and RTIs but less aware of the other symptoms. Approximately 78% of the subjects were aware that unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person causes STIs and RTIs. Health-seeking behavior was also good among the participants. Conclusion In this study, it was found that a lot of patients were unaware of the different modes of transmission and various symptoms of STI/RTI due to which additional actions are required by policy makers as well as family physicians.

Judicious application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in crop production is critical for reducing the nitrate pollution of groundwater and greenhouse gas emissions. It is, thus, important to improve the nitrogen use efficiency under the reduced application of nitrogen. A genotypic variation in N-uptake and N-use efficiency particularly under low N-input conditions exists across crops that can be deciphered and exploited for environmentally sustainable farming without any significant penalty of yield and quality. The present research conducted under the nutrient solution culture aimed to explore the inherent variability in the growth response of ten genetically diverse wheat varieties to low fertilizer N-application (N-, 10 μM N) in comparison to N sufficient control (N+, 8.5 mM N) viz., a viz., the activity of various key N-assimilating enzymes and to delineate the indirect effect of low N on uptake and partitioning of other major macronutrients viz., P, K, S, which may indirectly regulate the N-use efficiency. A notable increase in sulfur, potassium, and phosphorus content was observed under nitrogen-deficient conditions. Varieties such as Carnamah and HD 2824 exhibit a significant increase in shoot phosphorus content, emphasizing their potential to optimize phosphorus acquisition and utilization efficiency under nutrient-limited conditions. The findings highlight the complex interplay between nutrient availability and plant responses, showcasing varietal-specific adaptations to nitrogen limitations.

Mastitis is most prevalent disease in cattle and buffalo, causing huge economic losses to dairy industry due to decreased milk production and cost of treatment. The present study aimed to estimate the occurrence, epidemiology, etiological agents and their antibiogram profiling in four different districts of Haryana, India. In the present study, 77.54% (n = 3,943 out of 5,085) milk samples were detected mastitis positive by CMT, while 98.05% (n = 3,378 out of 3,445) milk samples were tested positive by culture examination. Quarter-wise, occurrence was detected in 67.66% and 55.62% of affected quarters in cattle and buffaloes, respectively. Overall, clinical and subclinical mastitis was found in 79.75% and 52.63% quarter milk samples, respectively. Of the 3445 animals, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were seen in 64.56% (n = 2224/3445) and 23.40% (n = 806/3445) cases, respectively. Antibiotic sensitivity assay revealed that gentamicin was most sensitive antibiotic against isolates followed by enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol and cefoperazone among all four districts of Haryana, India. Penicillin was found to be most resistant antibiotic among all four districts. Majority of gram-positive and gram-negative isolates of present study were detected as multidrug resistant (MDR). The findings of present study enhance our understanding of mastitis and factors affecting AMR in bacteria, which could be used for future prevention and control strategies.

Abstract Background Normal saline (NS) infusion in large volumes may result in hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis and renal compromise. Balanced crystalloid (BC) with physiochemical composition akin to that of plasma may avoid these problems associated with NS. The present study aimed to evaluate effects of NS versus BC on acid–base balance and renal functions in patients undergoing intracranial tumor resection surgeries. Methods Fifty adult patients scheduled to undergo elective neurosurgery for intracranial tumor resection were randomized to receive either NS or BC as intraoperative or maintenance fluid. Metabolic and renal parameters were estimated prior to induction (baseline), at 1 h and 2 h after induction, at the end of surgery and 4 h after extubation. Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) was measured postoperatively. Brain relaxation score was assessed by the operating surgeon. Results Baseline values of variables were similar between the groups. At rest of the observed time-points, pH was significantly lower, while blood urea, serum creatinine, sodium, chloride, NGAL and plasma osmolality were significantly higher in the NS group as compared to the BC group. Brain relaxation score, serum bicarbonate and base excess were comparable between the two groups. Conclusion Use of balanced crystalloid (plasmalyte) resulted in better metabolic and renal profile as compared to normal saline in neurosurgical patients.

Canada has an obligation to implement Jordan’s Principle in a way that achieves both substantive equality and self-determination. Both these principles require an approach that centres the full participation of First Nations, supports the development and provision of services tailored to culture and context, and enables differentiation across families and Nations. Canada’s implementation of Jordan’s Principle has relied so heavily on federal employees’ use of administrative discretion that it has side-stepped the resource-intensive requirements of self-determination and substantive equality. Some use of administrative discretion is necessary to accommodate the diverse needs and context addressed by Jordan’s Principle. However, excessive reliance on administrative discretion reproduces pre-existing, colonial power relations. Implementation of Jordan’s Principle in keeping with the principles of self-determination and substantive equality requires: remedying the known gaps in existing policies and funding models that are being addressed through Jordan’s Principle; providing First Nations with timely access to meaningful information about what can be funded through Jordan’s Principle; ensuring that Jordan’s Principle funding is extended on timelines and at levels that allow First Nations to take on responsibilities in tandem with their self-determined priorities; and ensuring First Nations’ involvement in all levels of Jordan’s Principle decision-making. Le Canada a l'obligation de mettre en œuvre le principe de Jordan de manière à réaliser à la fois l'égalité réelle et l'autodétermination. Ces deux principes requièrent une approche qui privilégie la pleine participation des Premières Nations, soutient le développement et la prestation de services adaptés à la culture et au contexte, et permet la différenciation entre les familles et les nations. La mise en œuvre du principe de Jordan par le Canada s'est tellement appuyée sur l'utilisation du pouvoir discrétionnaire des fonctionnaires fédéraux qu'elle a éludé les exigences d'autodétermination et d'égalité réelle, qui nécessitent beaucoup de ressources. Un certain recours au pouvoir discrétionnaire de l'administration est nécessaire pour répondre aux divers besoins et contextes visés par le principe de Jordan. Cependant, un recours excessif au pouvoir discrétionnaire administratif reproduit les relations de pouvoir coloniales préexistantes. La mise en œuvre du principe de Jordan dans le respect des principes d'autodétermination et d'égalité réelle exige de : combler les lacunes connues dans les politiques et les modèles de financement existants qui sont abordés dans le cadre du principe de Jordan ; fournir aux Premières Nations un accès opportun à des informations pertinentes sur ce qui peut être financé dans le cadre du principe de Jordan ; veiller à ce que le financement du principe de Jordan soit étendu dans des délais et à des niveaux qui permettent aux Premières Nations d'assumer des responsabilités en tandem avec leurs priorités autodéterminées ; et assurer la participation des Premières Nations à tous les niveaux de la prise de décision dans le cadre du principe de Jordan.

Investigating non-metallic inclusions within ultra-high-strength-steel via conventional methods is a known: however, the challenge is to obtain chemical information of such inclusions at the sub-micrometer level. In this context, probing Fe-based oxide in inclusions is a vital aspect for guiding steel’ performance. The vibrational properties of sub micrometer size Fe-based oxides were investigated by Raman mapping along with chemometric analysis with the aim of probing their chemical composition. Highly contrasted Raman spectra were recorded from several inclusions embedded at different spatial locations. The observed spectral features were identified as specific markers of hematite (α-Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4). Principal Component Analysis was used to confirm the presence of these markers and potentially revealing additional patterns. Their unambiguous assignment has been inferred by comparing our experimental findings with the literature data recorded either in single crystals of iron oxides or oxyhydroxides. Micro-Raman spectroscopy is proven to be a reliable, cost-effective, and non-invasive tool for the unambiguous identification of subsurface regions of steel.

Mastitis is causing huge economic losses to the dairy industry in India. The losses were mainly due to decreased milk production and treatment cost. This study was aimed to detect occurrence of mastitis in buffaloes. A total of 5,665 milk samples from buffaloes were processed for detection of mastitis by white side test (n=4,884) and culture examination (n=781). Overall, 2,808 (57.49%) milk samples were positive by white side test and 96.79% (n=756) samples were found positive by culture examination. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were detected in 54.16% (n=423) and 31.11% (n=243) of the milk samples, respectively. Mixed infection of both was found in 10.62% (n=83) samples. While, Candida spp. was detected in 0.89% (n=7) samples only. Antibiotic sensitivity assay revealed that chloramphenicol was the most sensitive antibiotic against 71.61% samples in both gram-positive and negative bacterial isolates followed by enroloxacin, amikacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and gentamicin in 71.09%, 61.77%, 58.85%, 58.59% and 55.99% samples, respectively. Kanamycin was most resistant against all isolates followed by neomycin (76.36%), norfloxacin (60.99%), amoxicillin+cloxacillin (52.78%), and ceftizoxime (51.85%).

The production and reproduction of livestock is hampered by the presence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infections. The effect of parasites ranges from anorexia, loss of body condition, anaemia, diarrhoea, protein losing enteropathy and loss of body condition apart from aforementioned direct and indirect effects on the animals leads to huge economic losses to livestock owners. In the present study, a total of 1669 faecal samples from cattle (n=550) and buffaloes (n=1119) with the history of diarrhoea or digestive disturbances were processed for presence of parasitic infections at different disease investigation laboratories (Ambala, Bhiwani, Mahendragarh and Rohtak) of Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana from July 2021 to June 2022. All the faecal samples were processed by floatation and sedimentation methods for detection of parasitic eggs and the results revealed that 29.6% cattle and 34.7% buffaloes were positive for GI parasites. Buxtonella sulcata (17.7%), Amphistomes (5.2%), and Strongyles (6.9%) were the major parasites observed in cattle and buffaloes. The occurrence of parasitic infection was significantly higher (P0.05) between the cattle and buffaloes of geographical regions was observed. Further, analysis of month, season and age influences on prevalence of GI parasites were found to have no significant impact (P>0.05). Overall, this study helps to assess the parasitic load within the study region and helps to further devise control strategies against the parasites of bovines.

Among the oil-seed crops, Sesamum indicum L. is an important nutritionally rich crop, well adapted to grow in semi-arid regions. Waterlogging stress adversely affects the growth of sesame by limiting diffused oxygen availability in soil and generating hypoxic, subsequently anoxic conditions. The present study aimed to screen the 1,006 accessions for waterlogging stress response at the seedling stage to identify the most tolerant and susceptible genotype. The investigation revealed that, 48 h of stress are detrimental and 10 days post-waterlogging impede crop survival. The screened accessions were narrowed down by 8 to detect the morphological alterations, and the morphological characteristics such as shoot height, root length, SPAD, branches per plant and relative water content r) were significantly higher in check and EC377024. Enzymatic (SOD, CAT and APX) and non-enzymatic (TFC, TPC, DPPH, FRAP, TAA, MDA and proline) antioxidant activity was notably higher in check and EC377024 and lower in IC129289. DAB and NBT assay confirmed lower damages from free radicals in EC377024 compared to IC129289. Moreover, contrasting gene expression profiling of free radicals (POD and RBOHC), carbohydrate metabolism (SuSy2 and StSy1), phosphate group gene (PSRG), and plant hormone (ERF RAP 2–7, ACC) confirmed the tolerance in EC377024 under waterlogging stress conditions. Besides, metabolomics study in EC377024 at control and 48 h of waterlogging stress indicate the significant accumulated metabolites in fatty acid (decanoate), carbohydrate, amino acid, Shikimate, MEP (5-enolpyruvoyl-shikimate-3-phosphate) Krebs cycle and Xanthophyll pathways. This comprehensive combination of morpho-physiological, biochemical, molecular and metabolomic characterizations highlight the stress responsive mechanisms between the tolerant (EC377024) and susceptible (IC129289) genotypes.

Abstract Background Tuberous sclerosis is an autosomal dominant neurocutaneous disorder characterized by hamartoma formation in various organ systems leading to highly variable clinical presentation. These patients pose a challenge to anesthesiologists due to multisystem involvement. Case presentation Herein, we report the successful anesthetic management of a 25-year-old parturient with tuberous sclerosis who underwent an emergency cesarean section in view of cephalopelvic disproportion. She had a seizure disorder, bilateral renal angiomyolipomas, angiofibroma over the cheeks, periungual fibroma on the right toe, and nodular lesions near the base of the tongue and oropharynx. We opted for regional anesthesia to avoid airway instrumentation, drug interaction, and renal insult. Conclusions Anesthetic management of tuberous sclerosis depends upon the extent and severity of the involvement of various organs. Careful assessment, thorough evaluation, and preoperative planning are crucial for dealing with the difficulties and complications encountered during the management of these cases.

Background: Interscalene nerve blocks are commonly performed for surgeries of the upper limb. Assessment methods for evaluation of blocks are conventional and subjective. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate perfusion index (PI) as an objective indicator for assessing successful ultrasound guided interscalene block. Materials and Methods: This prospective, observational study included adult patients undergoing upper limb surgery (humerus and shoulder) under USG guided interscalene nerve block. PI was recorded at baseline (before LA administration), at every 2 min till 10 min, and then every 5 min till 30 min after the block in both the arms. The PI values were compared between the blocked and unblocked arms at all observed time points. PI ratio was calculated as the ratio between PI at 15 min after block and the baseline PI. Results: The PI increased significantly in the blocked limb after local anesthetic injection and there was a statistically significant difference in PI values between the blocked and unblocked arms at all-time points. Both PI and PI ratio at 15 min after injection showed a sensitivity and specificity of 100% for block success at cutoff values of 3.2 and 2.04, respectively. Conclusion: PI maybe used as an objective indicator of successful interscalene nerve block. PI >3.2 and PI ratio >2.04 at 15 min are accurate predictors for block success.

Objective: The current COVID-19 pandemic has shoved all the treatment modalities to gear up and explore their preventive and therapeutic potentials. The current article aims to explore the needs, initiatives, and challenges for India as a setup of global center for traditional medicine (TM). Data Source: The article reflects the objectives through rigorous analysis of the World Health Organization (WHO) reports on traditional and complementary medicine (T and CM) and various other articles. Literature search was done on PubMed and Google Scholar using keywords “'traditional medicine,” “complementary medicine,” “alternative medicine,” “Ayurveda,” and these were used in different combinations. Review Methods: Analysis and synthesis from authentic literatures and other scholarly articles published from 2012 to 2021 are included to provide an overall impression of Traditional Medicine and its adoption in India and across the globe. Results: In India, AYUSH Ministry has demarche to fight the current pandemic in thegreatest possible way. The WHO is also constantly thriving with the contributing nations to amalgamate the primeval system of medicine with current universal health coverage globally. Conclusion: With the launch of Global Centre for TM in India, India has immense responsibility to take T and CM to international standard. To set a benchmark, it is necessary to pull out the ancient medical knowledge out of books and scriptures and combine it with the modern science and technology in a pragmatic fashion.

The present study was carried out to detect mastitis in cattle milk samples and sensitive antibiotics for therapeutic uses. Milk samples from cattle (n = 1649) were tested for detection of mastitis by white side test (n = 1314) and culture examination (n = 335). Overall, 79.8% and 96.72% milk samples were positive by white side test and culture examination, respectively. Clinical mastitis and sub clinical mastitis were detected in 16.55% and 83.44% samples, respectively on the basis of presence of any clinical signs in milk or udder of animal. Gram-positive and gramnegative organisms were detected in 99.38% and 45.34% of the samples, respectively. Mixed infection of both was detected in 38.88% samples. More than 74% of both gram-positive and gram-negative isolates were found sensitive against enrofloxacin and chloramphenicol followed by amikacin (69.44%), gentamicin (68.73%), moxifloxacin (67.87%) and levofloxacin (61.73%). Organisms were detected as multidrug resistant (MDR) organisms depending upon their MAR index value.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a crucial crop contributing to global food security; however, its production is susceptible to salinity, a significant abiotic stressor that negatively impacts plant germination, vigour, and yield, degrading crop production. Due to the presence of exchangeable sodium ions (Na+), the affected plants sustain two-way damage resulting in initial osmotic stress and subsequent ion toxicity in the plants, which alters the cell’s ionic homeostasis and physiological status. To adapt to salt stress, plants sense and transfer osmotic and ionic signals into their respective cells, which results in alterations of their cellular properties. No specific Na+ sensor or receptor has been identified in plants for salt stress other than the SOS pathway. Increasing productivity under salt-affected soils necessitates conventional breeding supplemented with biotechnological interventions. However, knowledge of the genetic basis of salinity stress tolerance in the breeding pool is somewhat limited because of the complicated architecture of salinity stress tolerance, which needs to be expanded to create salt-tolerant variants with better adaptability. A comprehensive study that emphasizes the QTLs, genes and governing mechanisms for salt stress tolerance is discussed in the present study for future research in crop improvement.

Abstract Wheat, one of the most widely consumed staple food crops globally, is relatively vulnerable to high temperature-induced heat stress. It is therefore essential to gain more insight into the comprehensive mechanism of thermotolerance of wheat in order to safeguard its production. In view of this, we analysed heat stress responsive transcriptome data of wheat to determine its gene expression level under heat stress. A total of 7990 DEGs, including 4483 up-regulated and 3507 down regulated genes were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis categorized 3910 DEGs into different ontology families. 146 pathways involving 814 DEGs were enriched during KEGG analysis. Metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were the major pathways enriched. MYB (myeloblastosis) transcription factors (TFs) and many other TFs as bHLH, WRKY, NAC, ERF, were determined to be quite abundant in the DEGs. Since various reports indicate that these TFs play important role in plants abiotic stress, it is an indication that our DEGs are functional in heat stress tolerance. Verification of few selected DEGs using RT-qPCR produced expression levels similar to the transcriptome data. This indicates that the transcriptome data is reliable. These results could be helpful in enhancing our understanding of the mechanism underlying thermotolerance in wheat.

Abstract Background Selection of optimal computational strategies for analyzing metagenomics data is a decisive step in determining the microbial composition of a sample, and this procedure is complex because of the numerous tools currently available. The aim of this research was to summarize the results of crowdsourced sbv IMPROVER Microbiomics Challenge designed to evaluate the performance of off-the-shelf metagenomics software as well as to investigate the robustness of these results by the extended post-challenge analysis. In total 21 off-the-shelf taxonomic metagenome profiling pipelines were benchmarked for their capacity to identify the microbiome composition at various taxon levels across 104 shotgun metagenomics datasets of bacterial genomes (representative of various microbiome samples) from public databases. Performance was determined by comparing predicted taxonomy profiles with the gold standard. Results Most taxonomic profilers performed homogeneously well at the phylum level but generated intermediate and heterogeneous scores at the genus and species levels, respectively. kmer-based pipelines using Kraken with and without Bracken or using CLARK-S performed best overall, but they exhibited lower precision than the two marker-gene-based methods MetaPhlAn and mOTU. Filtering out the 1% least abundance species—which were not reliably predicted—helped increase the performance of most profilers by increasing precision but at the cost of recall. However, the use of adaptive filtering thresholds determined from the sample’s Shannon index increased the performance of most kmer-based profilers while mitigating the tradeoff between precision and recall. Conclusions kmer-based metagenomic pipelines using Kraken/Bracken or CLARK-S performed most robustly across a large variety of microbiome datasets. Removing non-reliably predicted low-abundance species by using diversity-dependent adaptive filtering thresholds further enhanced the performance of these tools. This work demonstrates the applicability of computational pipelines for accurately determining taxonomic profiles in clinical and environmental contexts and exemplifies the power of crowdsourcing for unbiased evaluation.

Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infections are the major constraint for livestock production causing huge economic losses to the livestock producers in terms of decreased milk production and reduced weight gain. Gastrointestinal disorders including diarrhoea may be caused by various etiological factors but parasitic infections play a significant role. A total of 1755 faecal samples from cattle (n = 594) and buffaloes (n = 1161) with the history of digestive disturbances/disorders were tested at four Disease Investigation Laboratories at Ambala, Bhiwani, Mahendergarh and Rohtak in Haryana during July 2020 to June 2021. All the faecal samples were processed by floatation and sedimentation methods. Coprological examination revealed 33.5% cattle and 37.3% buffalo as positive for GI parasites. The major parasitic infection of Amphistomes (6.3%), Buxtonella sulcata (14.8%) and Strongyles (11.05%) was observed in bovines. Highest infection of Strongyles (13.3%) and Buxtonella sulcata (17.4%) was found in cattle and buffaloes, respectively. Gastrointestinal parasitic infections in calves were in higher frequency than adult animals. Season-wise GI parasitic infections were recorded to be non-significantly higher in rainy season. Area-wise occurrence of parasitic infection was recorded highest in Rohtak followed by Bhiwani, Ambala and the least in Mahendergarh district of Haryana. This kind of study is found to be helpful in formulating effective control trategies against GI parasitic infections on regional basis.

Background: The main goals of second professional MBBS pathology teaching are to provide a framework for the description of disease and to provide students with knowledge of the functional and structural changes in disease in order that clinical signs and symptoms are often understood and interpreted. Aims: It was a cross-sectional, descriptive study which aimed to find out the importance of pathology subject in MBBS curriculum as well as to assess the students perception regarding subject understanding, teaching methodology, and assessment criteria. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and sixteen students of 2nd MBBS who had already completed 1st year and were about to appear in the university examination in the year 2020 were included. An extensive questionnaire was prepared regarding 2nd year pathology teaching. The feedback from the students was obtained and analyzed the SPSS software version 17.0. Results: 30.05% students found pathology subject as an interesting, 46.75% found it to be lengthy, whereas remaining (13.80%) found it as not only interesting but also lengthy as well and 9.4% found it boring and difficult. 70.8% students were able to apply the knowledge gained in the 1st year while studying pathology. 76.7% students responded that knowledge gained in pathology helped them in clinical postings. 53.2% students opined that combination of teaching methods helped them for better understanding of subject. Written and viva voce examination was helpful for 74.14% and 79.62%, respectively, to evaluate them. Conclusion: Our study has emphasized the importance of pathology as a subject for understanding the clinical subject. As competency-based curriculum is starting from 2019 batch and onward, this elaborative study can act as a baseline to get access to the effectiveness of new curriculum in coming years.

Aging is a natural phenomenon that is irrevocable. The older adult population is increasing rapidly in India, projected to increase from 6% to nearly 20% in 2050. Clinical conditions found among the elderly that do not fit into discrete disease categories and result from accumulated impairments in multiple systems are called geriatric syndromes. The authors have done a literature search of research papers from indexed and nonindexed journals e databases, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus, Science Direct, Research Gate, and Cochrane. The search terms included were geriatric population, geriatric syndrome, geriatric care, elderly health problem, and comprehensive approach. The management of geriatric syndromes is a challenge to modern geriatric clinical practice. The comprehensive assessment of older adults using standardized tools must be carried out in any healthcare facility to ensure that their needs are met through care and treatment. Evidence-based standards of practice need to be implemented to provide nursing care for dealing with the therapeutic challenges of various geriatric syndromes.

Wild progenitor species of rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff./ Oryza nivara Sharma et. Shastry) are rich source of genes for both the biotic as well as abiotic stress tolerance. Wild rice accession NKSWR 173 has been identified as highly tolerant to salinity stress at seedling stage and moderately tolerant at reproductive stage after evaluation of more than two hundred wild rice accessions from across India. In a bid to introgress the salt tolerance trait from NKSWR 173 to a high-yielding mega variety of rice IR 64, we screened a segregating BC1 population for identification of suitable lines for making the second backcross using both controlled phenotyping and QTL flanking DNA markers. Four lines, namely SN 32, SN 33, SN 39 and SN 45 were found highly tolerant to salinity at both seedling and reproductive stage and were backcrossed to IR 64 to generate BC2F1 seeds for development of advance introgressed lines. Introgression of novel salinity tolerance genes for both the seedling and reproductive stages in mega variety of rice will be useful in achieving high productivity in salt affected rice areas.

Background: Estrogen receptor (ER)-α and ERβ, members of family of ERs are expressed in many breast tumors. However, their role in carcinogenesis and their association with regard to the prognosis are still under the investigation and unclear because of limited data. Aims: The present cross-sectional, observational pilot study was aimed to study the immunohistochemical expression and prognostic significance of ERα and ERβ in invasive luminal Type A breast carcinoma patients. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five old diagnosed cases of luminal Type A breast carcinoma diagnosed between 2012 and 2015 were included in the study. The expression of markers ERα and ERβ was correlated with the clinical characteristics and disease outcome in 2–7 years' follow-up period. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version 17.0 and graph pad PRISM 5.0 version. Results: Eleven cases out of 25 were both (ERα and ERβ) positive, whereas 1 case was both (ERα and ERβ) negative. Positivity with single marker was 12 for ERα and 20 for ERβ. Adverse outcomes, i.e., recurrence, distant metastasis, and death were reported in 10 cases (40%), 8 out of which were ERα negative cases. While ERα-positive expression alone or along with ERβ expression was shown to be associated with less adverse outcomes (2 out of 10, P = 0.005). Conclusions: When both ERα and ERβ expression is present, they appear to act as allies and together presents with the better prognosis in disease outcomes of breast cancer in our study cases.

Objective: The objective of the study was to identify musculoskeletal problems (MSPs) among nursing officers. Materials and Methods: A nonexperimental research design was used. Two hundred and seventy nursing officers were selected by purposive sampling technique. The standardized Nordic questionnaire was used to assess the MSPs and self-structured three-point rating scale was used to assess expressed practice of body mechanics of nursing officers. Results: The study findings revealed that 64.4% of nursing officers suffered from MSP such as ache, pain, and discomfort during the past 12 months and 43.7% during the past 7 days. The problem in the low back and the neck were highest 45.1% and 22.2%, respectively. This was followed by MSP of the upper back (14.0%), ankles (13.7%), knees (10.7%), shoulder (10.3%), hip/thighs (5.9%), wrists (4.4%), and elbows (3.3%). Around 49.2% complained that MSPs limit their work. There was significant association of MSP with selected personal variables like body mass index (P = 0.001) and family history (P = 0.02). There were also significant association of expressed practices of body mechanics with gender (P = 0.01), area of current work (P = 0.00), professional experience (P = 0.03) and physical activity (P = 0.00). Conclusion: The study indicates the large number of nursing officers had MSPs with the two most common sites being the lower back and the neck. This creates a need for prompt hospital education programs aimed to create awareness among nursing officers on the prevalence of MSPs.

Background: Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is recommended for diagnosing bronchial neoplasms and evaluating mediastinal lymph nodes. However, it may not be possible to subtype or definitely categorize many bronchial neoplasms on FNAC smears alone. Obtaining adequate diagnostic material is often a problem. In such cases, cell blocks made from FNAC material may serve as a useful adjunct. Aim: To study the value and limitations of cell blocks in adding diagnostic information to EBUS guided FNAC smears. Material and Methods: One hundred and eighty-five cases of EBUS guided FNAC having concomitant cell blocks were reviewed. The cases were evaluated for the extent of adequacy, of definite benign/malignant categorization and of definite subtyping in malignant tumors in these cases. The proportion of cases in which cell blocks added information to FNAC smears alone for the above parameters were calculated. Results: Cell blocks provided additional information in 31 out of 185 cases. Cell blocks were necessary for subtyping 24/59 malignant tumors, definite categorization into benign and malignant in 10/140 adequate samples, and increasing adequacy in 6/185 total samples. A total of 45 samples were inadequate in spite of adding information from cell blocks to smears. Conclusion: Cell blocks added clinically significant information to EBUS guided FNAC and should be used routinely. To make it more useful, alternative methods of cell block preparation (including proprietary methods) may be evaluated.

Background: As the subject pathology in second MBBS represents a transition phase between theoretical knowledge regarding etiopathogenesis of a disease and communication with patients in clinics, the main goal of a medical teacher is to provide a framework for the description of disease course and to understand the clinical signs/symptoms for management aspects as well. Objectives: The aim of this article is to find out students’ perception of importance of pathology subject in MBBS curriculum as well as to assess subject understanding, teaching methodology, and assessment criteria. Settings and Design: This is a cross-sectional descriptive e-platform-based feedback analysis. Materials and Methods: Ninety-eight students of 2nd MBBS (2018 batch) who were about to appear in university examination in the year 2020 were enrolled. The feedback from students was obtained. Results: About 75.8% of students were satisfied with number of lectures for the chapters taught during their tenure. About 91% (n = 81) opined that combination of two or more methods is better while teaching for better understanding; 73.6% (n = 67) felt that pathology lectures were interactive enough. About 80.2% (n = 73) opined that adequate diagrams, flow charts, tables, and clinical applications were included in the lectures, and 79.1% (n = 72) of the students opined that they could implement the knowledge gained in first year whereas 82.5% was same regarding implementation in clinical posting. About 71.34% (n = 65) suggested that weightage of internal examination marks should be increased and 50% passing cut off in university examination should be reduced. Conclusion: The study has emphasized the importance of pathology as a subject for understanding clinical subjects and underlines the need of a few changes in teaching-learning process and assessment criteria as per student’s perception. As NMC has implemented its competency-based curriculum from 2019 batch onwards, it requires a fundamental change of the roles and commitments of not only educators but also planners and policymakers.

Climate change is shifting agricultural production, which could impact the economic and cultural contexts of the oilseed industry, including sesame. Environmental threats (biotic and abiotic stresses) affect sesame production and thus yield (especially oil content). However, few studies have investigated the genetic enhancement, quality improvement, or the underlying mechanisms of stress tolerance in sesame. This study reveals the challenges faced by farmers/researchers growing sesame crops and the potential genetic and genomic resources for addressing the threats, including: (1) developing sesame varieties that tolerate phyllody, root rot disease, and waterlogging; (2) investigating beneficial agro-morphological traits, such as determinate growth, prostrate habit, and delayed response to seed shattering; (3) using wild relatives of sesame for wide hybridization; and (4) advancing existing strategies to maintain sesame production under changing climatic conditions. Future research programs need to add technologies and develop the best research strategies for economic and sustainable development.

High utility itemset mining (HUIM) is a data mining technique that identifies the itemsets with utility levels exceeding a pre-determined threshold. The factor utility is described as the combination of magnitude and element of significance for an item, and the algorithm objectives to locate the set of items with a utility higher or equivalent to a set benchmark. These itemsets are utilized to build association rules for data mining systems. However, in the age of big data, conventional (HUIM) strategies are least effective with limited processing capabilities. This work proposes an optimized technique, Enhanced Absolute High Utility Itemset Miner (EAHUIM) by incorporating various refinements into the Absolute High Utility Itemset Miner (AHUIM) Algorithm. EAHUIM discovers the itemsets from large datasets in near real-time and serves as the foundation for information management and decision-making systems by providing diverse insights. The experimental analysis reveals that EAHUIM outclasses other state-of-the-art algorithms for HUIM.

Accurate quantification based on nucleic acid amplification is necessary to avoid the spread of pathogens, making early diagnosis essential. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) stands out for absolute parasite quantification because it combines microfluidics with the TaqMan test. This helps deliver maximum accuracy without needing a reference curve. This study assessed the efficacy of ddPCR as a detection tool for the bovine theileriosis (BT) caused by Theileria parasites. We developed and validated a duplex ddPCR method that detects and quantifies the Theileria genus (18S rRNA) and identifies clinically significant Theileria annulata parasites (TaSP) in experimental and clinical samples. ddPCR was shown to be as effective as qPCR throughout a 10-fold sample dilution range. However, ddPCR was more sensitive than qPCR at lower parasite DNA concentrations and reliably assessed up to 8.5 copies/µL of the TaSP gene in the infected DNA (0.01 ng) samples. The ddPCR was very accurate and reproducible, and it could follow therapeutic success in clinical cases of theileriosis. In conclusion, our ddPCR assays were highly sensitive and precise, providing a valuable resource for the study of absolute parasite quantification, drug treatment monitoring, epidemiological research, large-scale screening, and the identification of asymptomatic parasite reservoirs in the pursuit of BT eradication.

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease in which the cartilage in the joints deteriorates and the bones rub against each other, causing pain, stiffness, and restricted range of motion. This is an age-related condition that affects initially isolated joints or joints on one aspect of the body. The aim of the study is to identify quality of life and self-reported disability in patients with osteoarthritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Orthopedic O.P.D. of tertiary care hospital. Study was conducted on 150 samples with convenience sampling at orthopedic O.P.D. Data were collected with standardized tools SF-36 with domains physical functioning (PF), role physical (RP), vitality (VT), mental health (MH), role emotional (RE), social functioning (SF), bodily pain (BP) general health (GH), and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaires with domains pain, stiffness, and functional disability. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used for data analysis such as mean, frequency, percentage, standard deviation, and Chi-square test. RESULTS: Out of 150 samples, 103 were females, 114 were Hindu, and 131 were married. Highest mean score in RE domain of SF-36 was 60 with SD 38.43 indicating that patients had low impact on quality of life, whereas lowest mean score was 35.33 with SD 32.67 indicating that patients had severe impact in RP domain. In WOMAC index, patients had highest pain in climbing stairs, stiffness during morning, and functional difficulty during doing heavy domestic work, whereas lowest pain in resting, stiffness in evening, and functional difficulty during lying in bed. CONCLUSION: Patients with OA had poorer quality of life in domains PF, RP, VT, BP, and GH. Patients with osteoarthritis showed highest self-reported disability in terms of pain in climbing stairs, stiffness during morning, and functional difficulties in doing heavy domestic duties.

Abstract Introduction Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-obligate precursor of invasive ductal breast cancer, and approximately 20% of screen-detected tumours are pure DCIS. Most risk factors for breast cancer have similar associations with DCIS and IDC; however, there is limited data on the prevalence of the known high and moderate penetrance breast cancer predisposition genes in DCIS and which women with DCIS should be referred for genetic screening. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of germline variants in BRCA2, BRCA1, CHEK2, PALB2 and TP53 in DCIS in women aged less than 50 years of age. Methods After DNA extraction from the peripheral blood, Access Array technology (Fluidigm) was used to amplify all exons of these five known breast cancer predisposition genes using a custom made targeted sequencing panel in 655 cases of pure DCIS presenting in women under the age of 50 years together with 1611 controls. Results Case-control analysis revealed an excess of pathogenic variants in BRCA2 (OR = 27.96, 95%CI 6.56–119.26, P = 2.0 × 10−10) and CHEK2 (OR = 8.04, 95%CI 2.93–22.05, P = 9.0 × 10−6), with weaker associations with PALB2 (P = 0.003), BRCA1 (P = 0.007) and TP53 (P = 0.02). For oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive DCIS the frequency of pathogenic variants was 9% under the age of 50 (14% with a family history of breast cancer) and 29% under the age of 40 (42% with a family history of breast cancer). For ER-negative DCIS, the frequency was 9% (16% with a family history of breast cancer) and 8% (11% with a family history of breast cancer) under the ages of 50 and 40, respectively. Conclusions This study has shown that breast tumourigenesis in women with pathogenic variants in BRCA2, CHEK2, PALB2, BRCA1 and TP53 can involve a DCIS precursor stage and that the focus of genetic testing in DCIS should be on women under the age of 40 with ER-positive DCIS.

Tick-transmitted Babesia are a major global veterinary threat and an emerging risk to humans. Unlike their Plasmodium relatives, these erythrocyte-infecting Apicomplexa have been largely overlooked and lack specific treatment. Selective targeting of the Babesia proteasome holds promise for drug development. In this study, we screened a library of peptide epoxyketone inhibitors derived from the marine natural product carmaphycin B for their activity against Babesia. Several of these compounds showed activity against both the asexual and sexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum. These compounds inactivate β5 proteasome subunit activity in the lysates of Babesia divergens and Babesia microti in the low nanomolar range. Several compounds were tested with the purified B. divergens proteasome and showed IC50 values comparable to carfilzomib, an approved anticancer proteasome inhibitor. They also inhibited B. divergens growth in bovine erythrocyte cultures with solid EC50 values, but importantly, they appeared less toxic to human cells than carfilzomib. These compounds therefore offer a wider therapeutic window and provide new insights into the development of small proteasome inhibitors as selective drugs for babesiosis.

Background: Apicomplexan parasite Theileria annulata causes significant economic loss to the livestock industry in India and other tropical countries. In India, parasite control is mainly dependent on the live attenuated schizont vaccine and the drug buparvaquone. For effective disease control, it is essential to study the population structure and genetic diversity of the Theileria annulata field isolates and vaccine currently used in India.Methodology/Results: A total of 125 T. annulata isolates were genotyped using 10 microsatellite markers from four states belonging to different geographical locations of India. Limited genetic diversity was observed in the vaccine isolates when compared to the parasites in the field; a level of geographical substructuring was evident in India. The number of genotypes observed per infection was highest in India when compared to other endemic countries, suggesting high transmission intensity and abundance of ticks in the country. A reduced panel of four markers can be used for future studies in these for surveillance of the T. annulata parasites in India.Conclusion: High genetic variation between the parasite populations in the country suggests their successful spread in the field and could hamper the disease control programs. Our findings provide the baseline data for the diversity and population structure of T. annulata parasites from India. The low diversity in the vaccine advocates improving the current vaccine, possibly by increasing its heterozygosity. The reduced panel of the markers identified in this study will be helpful in monitoring parasite and its reintroduction after Theileria eradication.

Tick borne haemoparasitic diseases (THBDs) account for substantial losses in terms of decreased working capacity, growth and productivity of cattle. The occurrence of TBHDs in dairy animals of eastern Haryana was studied by screening 3,200 blood samples during the period of July 2014 to June 2019. The examination of stained blood smears from pyretic cross bred cows (2,339) and buffaloes (861) revealed significantly higher infection in cows (50.5%) than buffaloes (0.6%). Among the haemoprotozoan diseases, the occurrence of theileriosis in pyretic dairy animals was found to be high (32.6%), followed by anaplasmosis (2.4%) and babesiosis (2.0%). TBHDs were found most prevalent in summers (42.4%), followed by rainy season (38.3%) and least in winters (27.5%). Low Hb and TEC levels and increase in TLC count was noted in TBHDs affected animal as compared to healthy group. Year-wise, among haemoparasitic infection, particularly Theileriosis was higher during 2014-15 followed by decline in 2015-16 and later revealed increasing percentage of haemoparasitic infection in dairy animals every year.

In December 2019, the Chinese city of Wuhan was the center of origin of a pneumonia-like disease outbreak with an unknown causative pathogen. The CDC, China, managed to track the source of infection to a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV; SARS-CoV-2) that shares approximately 79.6% of its genome with SARS-CoV. The World Health Organization (WHO) initially declared COVID-19 as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) and later characterized it as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. Due to the novel nature of this virus, there is an urgent need for vaccines and therapeutics to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and its associated disease, COVID-19. Global efforts are underway to circumvent its further spread and treat COVID-19 patients through experimental vaccine formulations and therapeutic interventions, respectively. In the absence of any effective therapeutics, we have devised h bioinformatics-based approaches to accelerate global efforts in the fight against SARS-CoV-2 and to assist researchers in the initial phase of vaccine and therapeutics development. In this study, we have performed comprehensive meta-analyses and developed an integrative resource, “CoronaVR” (http://bioinfo.imtech.res.in/manojk/coronavr/). Predominantly, we identified potential epitope-based vaccine candidates, siRNA-based therapeutic regimens, and diagnostic primers. The resource is categorized into the main sections “Genomes,” “Epitopes,” “Therapeutics,” and Primers.” The genome section harbors different components, viz, genomes, a genome browser, phylogenetic analysis, codon usage, glycosylation sites, and structural analysis. Under the umbrella of epitopes, sub-divisions, namely cross-protective epitopes, B-cell (linear/discontinuous), T-cell (CD4+/CD8+), CTL, and MHC binders, are presented. The therapeutics section has different sub-sections like siRNA, miRNAs, and sgRNAs. Further, experimentally confirmed and designed diagnostic primers are earmarked in the primers section. Our study provided a set of shortlisted B-cell and T-cell (CD4+ and CD8+) epitopes that can be experimentally tested for their incorporation in vaccine formulations. The list of selected primers can be used in testing kits to identify SARS-CoV-2, while the recommended siRNAs, sgRNAs, and miRNAs can be used in therapeutic regimens. We foresee that this resource will help in advancing the research against coronaviruses.

Background and Aims: Ventilation can induce increase in inflammatory mediators that may contribute to systemic organ dysfunction. Ventilation-induced organ dysfunction is likely to be accentuated if there is a pre-existing systemic inflammatory response. Material and Methods: Adult patients suffering from intestinal perforation peritonitis-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome and scheduled for emergency laparotomy were randomized to receive intraoperative ventilation with 10 ml.kg-1 tidal volume (Group H) versus lower tidal volume of 6 ml.kg-1 along with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 10 cmH2O (Group L), (n = 45 each). The primary outcome was postoperative organ dysfunction evaluated using the aggregate Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. The secondary outcomes were, inflammatory mediators viz. interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, procalcitonin, and C-reactive protein, assessed prior to (basal) and 1 h after initiation of mechanical ventilation, and 18 h postoperatively. Results: The aggregate SOFA score (3[1–3] vs. 1[1–3]); and that on the first postoperative day (2[1–3] vs. 1[0–3]) were higher for group L as compared to group H (P < 0.05). All inflammatory mediators were statistically similar between both groups at all time intervals (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Mechanical ventilation with low tidal volume of 6 ml/kg-1 along with PEEP of 10 cmH2O is associated with significantly worse postoperative organ functions as compared to high tidal volume of 10 ml.kg-1 in patients of perforation peritonitis-induced systemic inflammation undergoing emergency laparotomy.

Background: The surge of the geriatric population has led to design research studies related to health problems in this age group worldwide. Bone marrow examination which is an important diagnostic tool for various diseases may vary in geriatric population in comparison to younger groups. The present study was, therefore, conducted to study the indications and morphological features of bone marrow examination in geriatric population in north Himalayan region of India. It was also intended to study if there is any variation in these findings from elderly populations in other parts of the world. Material and Methods: Study was conducted in an institute situated in north Himalayan Uttarakhand state of India over a period of two years including patients above 60 years of age who underwent bone marrow examination. Results: Total 156 cases underwent bone marrow examination with most common indication being suspicion of lymphoma (18.5%) followed by cytopenia (17.3%). Nutritional anaemia was most common pathological diagnosis in 16.6% cases. Diagnostic discordance between aspirate and biopsy was observed in 5.7% of total cases with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) being the most common misdiagnosis on aspirate. Conclusion: Nutritional anaemia particularly iron deficiency anaemia is the most common diagnosis of bone marrow examination indicating the importance of nutritional therapy in the elderly population of this region. Bone marrow biopsy proves to be an important adjunct to aspiration in precise diagnosis with minimal complications. The awareness of bone marrow findings would not only be helpful to clinicians and pathologists but also provide valuable information to the policymakers to improve the quality of health in the geriatric population of this area.

Introduction: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are neoplasms that arise from cells of the endocrine (hormonal) and nervous systems. Many are benign, while some are malignant. They most commonly occur in the intestine. While the liver is a common site of metastases. Case Presentation: We describe a 73-year-old female who reported to our center with complains of swelling and pain in the right upper quadrant of stomach. CECT revealed large well-localized multicystic mass in the right lobe of the liver. A suspicion of hydatid cyst was given. However, immunogenic tests results were negative for hydatid cyst. The AFP level was also unremarkable. Conclusion: Histopathological examination with immunohistochemical panel along with other serological and radiological investigations made the diagnosis possible due to its vague clinical presentation.

Macrocyclic Schiff base ligand through the condensation of 1,3-dicarbonyl-phenyl-dihydrazide with 4,4′-difluorobenzil and its Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal complexes have been synthesized. The ligand and metal complexes were characterized by analytical and physicochemical methods. An octahedral geometry arising from coordination of N2O2 donor atoms from the macrocyclic framework has been proposed for all metal complexes. Synthesized ligand and metal complexes were investigated for in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Complex [Ni(C22H14N4F2O2)(OCOCH3)2] has shown remarkable antibacterial activity (Minimum inhibitory concentration 8–16 μg/ml) comparable to commercial antibiotic Ciprofloxacin. Anticancer activity of synthesized compounds against Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC4), head and neck cancer cell line has also been studied at different concentrations and at different time points. Complexes [Co(C22H14N4F2O2)(NO3)2] and [Cu(C22H14N4F2O2)(OCOCH3)2] have shown remarkable anticancer results (IC50 31.1 and 43.1 μM) against the tested cell line in concentration dependent manner. Molecular docking studies were carried out to find the binding mode of the synthesized macrocyclic Schiff base ligand to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Kinase (PDB ID: 1M17). Keywords: Anticancer, Macrocyclic complexes, Schiff base, Antioxidant, Molecular docking

Abstract Nitrate is the main source of inorganic nitrogen for plants, which also act as signaling molecule. Present study was aimed to understand nitrate regulatory mechanism in Brassica juncea cultivars, with contrasting nitrogen-use-efficiency (NUE) viz. Pusa Bold (PB, high-NUE) and Pusa Jai Kisan (PJK, low-NUE), employing RNA-seq approach. A total of 4031, 3874 and 3667 genes in PB and 2982, 2481 and 2843 genes in PJK were differentially expressed in response to early, low (0.25 mM KNO3), medium (2 mM KNO3) and high (4 mM KNO3) nitrate treatments, respectively, as compared to control (0 mM KNO3). Genes of N-uptake (NRT1.1, NRT1.8, and NRT2.1), assimilation (NR1, NR2, NiR, GS1.3, and Fd-GOGAT) and remobilization (GDH2, ASN2–3 and ALaT) were highly-upregulated in PB than in PJK in response to early nitrate treatments. We have also identified transcription factors and protein kinases that were rapidly induced in response to nitrate, suggesting their involvement in nitrate-mediated signaling. Co-expression network analysis revealed four nitrate specific modules in PB, enriched with GO terms like, “Phenylpropanoid pathway”, “Nitrogen compound metabolic process” and “Carbohydrate metabolism”. The network analysis also identified HUB transcription factors like mTERF, FHA, Orphan, bZip and FAR1, which may be the key regulators of nitrate-mediated response in B. juncea.

BACKGROUND: With the increase in the number of new cancer cases, the number of patients receiving chemotherapy increases. The administration of chemotherapy is a very significant task. Unfortunately, the availability of a chemotherapy administration checklist still lags behind. The aim is to develop a chemotherapy administration checklist for patients receiving chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted at the oncology day care and in-patient department (IPD) wards of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Methodological research design was used in this study. It took place in five phases: preliminary phase includes literature review, focussed group discussion, assessment of current practices, generation of item pool, and preparation of preliminary draft; then its validation by modified Delphi technique, pilot testing; final try out, and evaluation phase. A total of 260 patients were enrolled. RESULTS: The content validity index was 0.97. To perform factor analysis and principal component analysis KMO and Bartlett's test of sphericity was used, which allows the data for factor analysis to yield eight components. A total of 26 items were formulated. The scoring was done dichotomously; a score of 1 is for done and 0 for not done and not applicable. Cronbach's alpha was used to find out the internal consistency of the checklist was found to be 0.72. For interrater reliability, the Cohen kappa's value was found to be 0.91. CONCLUSIONS: Chemotherapy administration checklist was a valid and reliable checklist. This checklist is feasible and easy to incorporate into clinical practices.