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Psychological well-being, characterized by feelings, cognitions, and strategies that are associated with positive functioning (including hedonic and eudaimonic well-being), has been linked with better physical health and greater longevity. Importantly, psychological well-being can be strengthened with interventions, providing a strategy for improving population health. But are the effects of well-being interventions meaningful, durable, and scalable enough to improve health at a population-level? To assess this possibility, a cross-disciplinary group of scholars convened to review current knowledge and develop a research agenda. Here we summarize and build on the key insights from this convening, which were: (1) existing interventions should continue to be adapted to achieve a large-enough effect to result in downstream improvements in psychological functioning and health, (2) research should determine the durability of interventions needed to drive population-level and lasting changes, (3) a shift from individual-level care and treatment to a public-health model of population-level prevention is needed and will require new infrastructure that can deliver interventions at scale, (4) interventions should be accessible and effective in racially, ethnically, and geographically diverse samples. A discussion examining the key future research questions follows.

BackgroundEstimates of effect heterogeneity (i.e. the extent to which the causal effect of one exposure varies across strata of a second exposure) can be biased if the exposure-outcome relationship is subject to uncontrolled confounding whose severity differs across strata of the second exposure.MethodsWe propose methods, analogous to the E-value for total effects, that help to assess the sensitivity of effect heterogeneity estimates to possible uncontrolled confounding. These E-value analogues characterize the severity of uncontrolled confounding strengths that would be required, hypothetically, to 'explain away' an estimate of multiplicative or additive effect heterogeneity in the sense that appropriately controlling for those confounder(s) would have shifted the effect heterogeneity estimate to the null, or alternatively would have shifted its confidence interval to include the null. One can also consider shifting the estimate or confidence interval to an arbitrary non-null value. All of these E-values can be obtained using the R package EValue.ResultsWe illustrate applying the proposed E-value analogues to studies on: (i) effect heterogeneity by sex of the effect of educational attainment on dementia incidence and (ii) effect heterogeneity by age on the effect of obesity on all-cause mortality.ConclusionReporting these proposed E-values could help characterize the robustness of effect heterogeneity estimates to potential uncontrolled confounding.

COVID-19 has infected millions of people and upended the lives of most humans on the planet. Researchers from across the psychological sciences have sought to document and investigate the impact of COVID-19 in myriad ways, causing an explosion of research that is broad in scope, varied in methods, and challenging to consolidate. Because policy and practice aimed at helping people live healthier and happier lives requires insight from robust patterns of evidence, this article provides a rapid and thorough summary of high-quality studies available through early 2021 examining the mental-health consequences of living through the COVID-19 pandemic. Our review of the evidence indicates that anxiety, depression, and distress increased in the early months of the pandemic. Meanwhile, suicide rates, life satisfaction, and loneliness remained largely stable throughout the first year of the pandemic. In response to these insights, we present seven recommendations (one urgent, two short-term, and four ongoing) to support mental health during the pandemic and beyond.