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A síndrome de Burnout é muito comum no meio médico, ela ocorre devido a uma somatória de fatores que os desestabilizam tanto físico quanto emocionalmente. A síndrome de Burnout: É uma síndrome que é composta pelos tripés exaustão emocional, despersonalização e falta de realização profissional. Aspectos sociodemográficos como idade, sexo e estado civil estão interligados ao aparecimento dessa síndrome. As características clínicas são dadas por dificuldade de concentração, excesso de trabalho e funções que exigem um alto grau de responsabilidade e desgaste mental. O diagnóstico é dado por exaustão emocional e a despersonalização, associada a mudança de comportamento brusca. O tratamento e a prevenção ocorrem pelo gerenciamento do estresse, habilidades de comunicação, autocuidado e mindfulness.

Os cuidados paliativos figuram com desígnio de assegurar a qualidade de vida do enfermo, bem como de seus acompanhantes no decorrer do recurso terapêutico, envolvendo além de mecanismos biológicos, instrumentos psicossociais e espirituais. Ademais, a escuta qualificada é uma competência imprescindível para viabilizar momentos reconfortantes para todos envolvidos. Como objetivo esta pesquisa evidenciou a importância dos cuidados paliativos aos pacientes oncológicos, uma vez que nesse momento, tais cuidados poderão ser realizados de forma humanística, para eles e sua família. Constitui uma revisão bibliográfica em que foram selecionadas as bases de dados LILACS e MEDLINE, contemplando todos os artigos publicados nos últimos cinco anos, entre os anos 2017 e 2022. A busca ativa para verificação de dados foi amparada pela utilização de critérios de inclusão e exclusão, com a finalidade de se tornar mais efetiva. Utilizando-se todos os aparatos para a busca de dados, obteve-se 181 artigos, destes apenas 15 foram aplicados à discussão. A pesquisa concerne aos cuidados paliativos relacionados à humanização. Nesse processo dispõe de uma atuação multiprofissional para que seja o mais efetivo possível, como forma de valorizar a autonomia do indivíduo e seus familiares em um momento de acolhimento de toda equipe profissional. Nesse sentido, fica evidente que os cuidados paliativos devem ser singulares e personalizados de acordo com as características de cada paciente e o estágio em que se encontra. A positividade das ações de manutenção à qualidade de vida, priorizando os desejos do indivíduo e da família, atrelada a empatia dos profissionais para com as pessoas em sua nova realidade, colabora para o bem-estar físico e emocional. A atenção ao paciente oncológico, portanto, não deve ser generalizada, estabelecendo a necessidade de profissionais humanizados e preparados para atender o paciente e seus acompanhantes.

A Covid-19, identificada primeiramente na cidade de Wuhan na China, foi declarada emergência de saúde em meados do mês de março de 2020. Assim, a pandemia trouxe mudanças drásticas a nível mundial, sendo uma das consequências danos psicológicos, em especial o aumento do nível de depressão. Este estudo foi realizado através de revisão de literatura integrativa em determinadas bases de dados como LILACS, MEDLINE e Index Psicologia Periódicos, abrangendo o intervalo de tempo dos últimos cinco anos, entre 2017 e 2022, tendo como objetivo a análise da depressão em universitários de medicina durante o período da devastadora pandemia da Covid-19 bem como o impacto que este período acarretou nesses estudantes de forma geral, como adaptação aos meios de estudo e continuidade desses estudos durante o período de isolamento. Estudantes de medicina seguem uma carga horária exaustiva e com a instalação do período pandêmico diversas consequências foram sofridas pelos estudantes, como dificuldade de concentração, ansiedade e depressão e insônia e sofrimento mental. Sugere-se então a melhoria da rede de apoio da saúde mental aos universitários para que esses estudantes possam continuar seus estudos de maneira adequada, bem como que tenham suporte de mentorias para o enfrentamento de possíveis pandemias futuramente. Ademais, é de muita importância que no decorrer dos anos futuros se tenham mais estudos que abordam a temática em foco.

Curcuma longa L. é uma planta que é usada como especiaria culinária em muitos locais do mundo, porém o seu uso vai além da culinária. Essa erva apresenta grandes efeitos terapêuticos medicinais que podem ser benéficos para os seres humanos. Este artigo tem como objetivo demonstrar as diversas atividades biológicas da curcumina. A curcumina é uma molécula simétrica, com fórmula C21H20O6, peso molecular de 368,38 g/mol. Essa molécula possui inúmeras propriedades medicinais, dentre elas as atividades antimicrobiana, antioxidante, antitumoral e anti-inflamatória. Esse composto possui um amplo espectro de ação contra diversos tipos de vírus, fungos e bactérias, incluindo micro-organismos resistentes às terapias atuais. É possível ainda observar as ações antioxidantes da curcumina diante de doenças neurodegenerativas, transtornos mentais, doenças cardiovasculares devido às suas ações contra os efeitos dos EROs. A curcumina ainda apresentou ser eficaz através de diversas formulações contra células cancerígenas, na qual realizou efeitos antiproliferativos, inibindo inúmeras vias de sinalização celular apresentando efeitos antitumorais. Além de todos esses fatores, a curcumina apresentou efeitos anti-inflamatórios, regulando citocinas imunológicas pró inflamatórias como as interleucinas e prostaglandinas. A continuação e ampliação de estudos in vitro e in vivo sobre esses os efeitos da curcumina são de suma importância para o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos baseados em sua estrutura química ou mesmo de seus derivados.

O artigo abordará, de início, o que é saúde mental e como a atenção básica lida com os usuários que necessitam de atendimento psicossocial, principalmente o público infantojuvenil. Somado a isso, há critérios que mostram quais são as dificuldades que a APS (Atenção Primária à Saúde) tem em proporcionar o melhor atendimento aos pacientes, dentre eles o fato de que as UBS’s precisam melhorar sua Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (Raps), além de aperfeiçoar a base teórica dos profissionais. É necessário também preparar todos os níveis de atenção básica para melhor cuidar de quem necessite e conseguir fazer o acompanhamento dos usuários em tempo integral. Na análise citada cabe, também, entender a importância do apoio matricial, como peça fundamental na melhoria do atendimento multiprofissional e como as barreiras no acolhimento dos usuários do SUS ainda existem, principalmente no que tange o ambiente dos postos, o preparo das equipes PSF, sobrecarga dos profissionais, a alta demanda, essencialmente na pandemia do COVID – 19. Por fim, é importante salientar que mesmo com as dificuldades o Brasil ainda é capaz de se tornar um país promissor, propiciando, assim, um melhor atendimento psicossocial, dando auxílios mais individualizados com o intuito de reduzir estigmas pré-estabelecidos com quem é acometido por problemas mentais.

This study investigated the effect of the quorum sensing molecules (QSMs) farnesol, 2-phenylehtanol, tyrosol and tryptophol against planktonic cells, filamentation and biofilms of Sporothrix spp. T...

Candida tropicalis is a prominent non-Candida albicans Candida species involved in cases of candidemia, mainly causing infections in patients in intensive care units and (or) those presenting neutropenia. In recent years, several studies have reported an increase in the recovery rates of azole-resistant C. tropicalis isolates. Understanding C. tropicalis resistance is of great importance, since resistant strains are implicated in persistent or recurrent and breakthrough infections. In this review, we address the main mechanisms underlying C. tropicalis resistance to the major antifungal classes used to treat candidiasis. The main genetic basis involved in C. tropicalis antifungal resistance is discussed. A better understanding of the epidemiology of resistant strains and the mechanisms involved in C. tropicalis resistance can help improve diagnosis and assessment of the antifungal susceptibility of this Candida species to improve clinical management.

Introduction.Cryptococcusspecies are pathogens commonly associated with cases of meningoencephalitis in individuals who are immunosuppressed due to AIDS.Aim.The aim was to evaluate the effects of the antiretroviral darunavir alone or associated with fluconazole, 5-flucytosine and amphotericin B against planktonic cells and biofilms ofCryptococcusspecies.Methodology.Susceptibility testing of darunavir and the common antifungals against 12 members of theCryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattiispecies complex was evaluated by broth microdilution. The interaction between darunavir and antifungals against planktonic cells was tested by a checkerboard assay. The effects of darunavir against biofilm metabolic activity and biomass were evaluated by the XTT reduction assay and crystal violet staining, respectively.Results.Darunavir combined with amphotericin B showed a synergistic interaction against planktonic cells. No antagonistic interaction was observed between darunavir and the antifungals used. AllCryptococcusspecies strains were strong biofilm producers. Darunavir alone reduced biofilm metabolic activity and biomass when added during and after biofilm formation (PPConclusion.Darunavir presents antifungal activity against planktonic cells ofCryptococcusspecies and synergism with amphotericin B. In addition, darunavir led to reduced biofilm formation and showed activity against mature biofilms ofCryptococcusspecies. Activity of the antifungals against mature biofilms was enhanced in the presence of darunavir.

Introduction. Sporotrichosis, caused by species of the Sporothrix schenckii complex, is the most prevalent subcutaneous mycosis in many areas of Latin America. Statins are a class of drugs widely used for lowering high sterol levels through their action on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in the synthesis of sterol. Aim. In this study, the antifungal activity of statins (simvastatin, atorvastatin, pravastatin) against planktonic cells and biofilms of S. schenckii complex species was evaluated, as well as the interaction of pravastatin with classical antifungals (amphotericin B, itraconazole, terbinafine). Methodology. Eighteen strains of Sporothrix species were used. The antifungal susceptibility assay was performed using the broth microdilution method. Mature biofilms were exposed to statins and metabolic activity was measured by the XTT reduction assay. Results. MICs of statins ranged from 8 to 512 μg ml−1 and from 8 to 256 μg ml−1 for filamentous and yeast forms, respectively. Regarding mature biofilms, MICs of 50 % inhibition (SMIC50) were 128 μg ml−1 for simvastatin and atorvastatin and >2048 μg ml−1 for pravastatin. MICs of 90 % inhibition (SMIC90) were 512 μg ml−1 for simvastatin and >2048 μg ml−1 for atorvastatin and pravastatin. Conclusion. These results highlight the antifungal and antibiofilm potential of statins against S. schenckii complex species.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of diclofenac on minimum inhibitory concentrations of antifungals against planktonic cells and biofilms of Candida tropicalis. Susceptibility testing of plan...

Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii are fungal pathogens that affect the central nervous system, mainly in immunocompromised individuals. Due to the limited pharmacological arsenal available for the treatment of cryptococcosis associated with cases of antifungal resistance of Cryptococcus spp. reported in some studies, the search for new compounds with antifungal potential becomes relevant. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of phenothiazines (promethazine and chlorpromazine) on C. neoformans/C. gattii planktonic cells and biofilms. In vitro planktonic susceptibility testing was performed using the broth microdilution assay. The effect of phenothiazines was evaluated against biofilm formation and mature Cryptococcus biofilms. Biofilm morphology and ultrastructure were also evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Promethazine and chlorpromazine showed antifungal activity against planktonic cells, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 8–32 μg/ml and 4–16 μg/ml, respectively. As for biofilm formation, phenothiazines reduced biomass by 60% and metabolic activity by 90% at 64 μg/ml; while in mature biofilms, reductions of 85% and 90% in biomass and metabolic activity, respectively, were observed at 1024 μg/ml. Promethazine and chlorpromazine were also able to disrupt and fragment biofilms. In conclusion, promethazine and chlorpromazine have antifungal activity against planktonic cells and biofilms of Cryptococcus spp. These data show the potential of promethazine and chlorpromazine as antibiofilm drugs.

Aim: This study investigated the effect of terpinen-4-ol against Sporothrix schenckii complex and its interactions with antifungals. Materials & methods: The antifungal activity of terpinen-4-ol was evaluated by broth microdilution. The potential effect on cellular ergosterol concentration was evaluated by spectrophotometry. The antibiofilm activity was evaluated by violet crystal staining and XTT reduction assay. The potential pharmacological interactions with antifungals were evaluated by the checkerboard assay. Results: terpinen-4-ol (T-OH) showed minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 4 to 32 mg/l decreasing cellular ergosterol content and presented a SMIC ranging from 64 to 1024 mg/l for Sporothrix spp. The combinations of T-OH with itraconazole or terbinafine were synergistic. Conclusion: T-OH has antifungal activity against Sporothrix spp. and acts synergistically with standard antifungals.

Trichosporon spp. have been increasingly recognized as an important pathogen of invasive and disseminated infections in immunocompromised patients. These species are prone to form biofilms in medical devices such as catheters and prosthesis, which are associated with antifungal resistance and therapeutic failure. Therefore, new antifungals with a broader anti-biofilm activity need to be discovered. In the present study we evaluate the inhibitory potential of sodium butyrate (NaBut) - a histone deacetylase inhibitor that can alter chromatin conformation - against planktonic and sessile cells of T. asahii and T. inkin. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of NaBut against planktonic cells was evaluated by microdilution and morphological changes were analyzed by optical microscopy on malt agar supplemented with NaBut. Biofilms were evaluated during adhesion, development and after maturation for metabolic activity and biomass, as well as regarding ultrastructure by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. NaBut inhibited the growth of planktonic cells by 50% at 60 mM or 120 mM (p 0.05) and also reduced filamentation of Trichosporon spp. NaBut reduced adhesion of Trichosporon cells by 45% (10xMIC) on average (p 0.05). During biofilm development, NatBut (10xMIC) reduced metabolic activity and biomass up to 63% and 81%, respectively (p 0.05). Mature biofilms were affected by NaBut (10xMIC), showing reduction of metabolic activity and biomass of approximately 48% and 77%, respectively (p 0.05). Ultrastructure analysis showed that NaBut (MIC and 10xMIC) was able to disassemble mature biofilms. The present study describes the antifungal and anti-biofilm potential of NaBut against these opportunist emerging fungi.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on growth and melanin production by Cryptococcus spp. Materials & methods: Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of omeprazole, esomeprazole, rabeprazole, pantoprazole and lansoprazole against Cryptococcus spp. were determined and the effect of PPIs on melanin production was evaluated, in the presence or absence of copper sulfate or glutathione. Results: PPIs showed MICs ranging from 125–1000 μg/ml and decreased melanization by Cryptococcus cells. Addition of copper sulfate or gluthatione restored melanogenesis of cells grown in the presence of PPIs. The presence of PPIs and glyphosate decreased copper sulfate toxicity (1 mM). Conclusion: PPIs inhibited melanogenesis of Cryptococcus spp., possibly by chelating copper or inhibiting copper ATPase transport.

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. There are many complications presented by the current treatment, as high toxicity, high cost and parasite resistance, making the development of new therapeutic agents indispensable. The present study aims to evaluate the leishmanicidal potential of ruthenium nitrosyl complex cis-[Ru(bpy)2(SO3)(NO)](PF6) against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. The effect of this metal complex on parasite-host interaction was evaluated by in vitro efficacy test in dermal fibrobast cells in the presence of different concentrations (1, 10, 50 and 100 μM) and by in vivo efficacy tests performed in the presence of two different concentrations of complex (100 μg/kg/day or 300 μg/kg/day) evaluating its effect on the size of the lesion and the number of parasites present in the draining lymph nodes in hamsters. Even at the lowest concentration of 1 μM of ruthenium complex, it was observed a significant decrease of the infected cells, after 24 h exposure in vitro, with total reduction at 50 μM of the ruthenium complex. In the in vivo cutaneous infection model, administration of daily doses of 300 μg/kg/day of complex reduced significantly lesion size by 51% (p

Chlamydoconidium-producing

Commiphora leptophloeos is known as “amburana-de-espinhos” or “Imburana” in Brazil. This plant species has been used as a material for combustion and construction, as well as medicinally. Traditional communities use this plant in the treatment of such as flu, urinary diseases and injuries, its pharmacological properties are attributed to the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiotic-modulating activity of the ethanolic extract of C. leptophloeos leaves. The chemical characterization of the extract was performed by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, confirming the presence of phenols and flavonoids of recognized pharmacological activity. To evaluate the antibacterial activity and ability of the extract to modulate the antibiotic activity of aminoglycosides towards resistant bacteria, the microdilution method was used in broth with determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The microorganisms used in the assays included standard and multi-drug resistant strains of Peudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and Bonferroni’s posttest. The ethanolic extract of the leaves of Commiphora leptophloeos presented no clinically relevant intrinsic antibacterial activity with MIC ≥ 2048 μg/mL. However, modulation tests revealed that the extract significantly reduced the MIC values ​​of the antibiotics, indicating that the extract enhanced the action of the antibiotics against resistant microorganisms. In conclusion, C. leptophloeos has antibiotic-modulating potential. However, further research is recommended to better clarify the mechanism of action of the tested plant extract, guiding the development of new alternatives for the treatment of infections resistant to conventional therapies.

This study investigated the effect of the quorum sensing molecules (QSMs) farnesol, 2-phenylehtanol, tyrosol and tryptophol against planktonic cells, filamentation and biofilms of

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of diclofenac on minimum inhibitory concentrations of antifungals against planktonic cells and biofilms of

This work aimed to evaluate the ability of Sporothrix species to attach and form biofilm on the surface of cat claws as an ex vivo model. A total of 14 strains (5 Sporothrix brasiliensis, 3 Sporothrix schenckii s. str., 3 Sporothrix globosa and 3 Sporothrix mexicana) were used. The biofilms were incubated for periods of 01, 03, 07, 10 and fifteenth 15 days. Their metabolic activities were evaluated by the XTT reduction assay and the morphology and structure were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analysis of the SEM images revealed that all the species can form biofilms on cat claws. The metabolic activity in the ex vivo biofilms was similar to that found in in vitro biofilms when incubated for the same period. This is the first report of an ex vivo biofilm model involving cat claws. The ability to form biofilms on cat claws can increase the viable period of the fungus and consequently the number of possibly infected animals and people.

The present study evaluated the antifungal activity of the chelators deferiprone (DFP) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and their effect on biofilm formation of the S. schenckii complex. Eighteen strains of Sporothrix spp. (seven S. brasiliensis, three S. globosa, three S. mexicana and five Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto) were used. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for EDTA and DFP against filamentous forms of Sporothrix spp. ranged from 32 to 128 μg/ml. For antifungal drugs, MIC values ranged from 0.25 to 4 μg/ml for amphotericin B, from 0.25 to 4 μg/ml for itraconazole, and from 0.03 to 0.25 μg/ml for terbinafine. The chelators caused inhibition of Sporothrix spp. in yeast form at concentrations ranging from 16 to 64 μg/ml (for EDTA) and 8 to 32 μg/ml (for DFP). For antifungal drugs, MIC values observed against the yeast varied from 0.03 to 0.5 μg/ml for AMB, 0.03 to 1 μg/ml for ITC, and 0.03 to 0.13 μg/ml for TRB. Both DFP and EDTA presented synergistic interaction with antifungals against Sporothrix spp. in both filamentous and yeast form. Biofilms formed in the presence of the chelators (512 μg/ml) showed a reduction of 47% in biomass and 45% in metabolic activity. Our data reveal that DFP and EDTA reduced the growth of planktonic cells of Sporothrix spp., had synergistic interaction with antifungal drugs against this pathogen, and reduced biofilm formation of Sporothrix spp. Lay summary Our data reveal that iron chelators deferiprone and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid reduced the growth of planktonic cells of Sporothrix spp. as well as had synergistic interaction with antifungal drugs against this pathogen and reduced biofilm formation of Sporothrix spp.

This study evaluated the effect of the protease inhibitor ritonavir (RIT) on Trichosporon asahii and Trichosporon inkin. Susceptibility to RIT was assessed by the broth microdilution assay and the effect of RIT on protease activity was evaluated using azoalbumin as substrate. RIT was tested for its anti-biofilm properties and RIT-treated biofilms were assessed regarding protease activity, ultrastructure and matrix composition. In addition, antifungal susceptibility, surface hydrophobicity and biofilm formation were evaluated after pre-incubation of planktonic cells with RIT for 15 days. RIT (200 μg ml−1) inhibited Trichosporon growth. RIT (100 μg ml−1) also reduced protease activity of planktonic and biofilm cells, decreased cell adhesion and biofilm formation, and altered the structure of the biofilm and the protein composition of the biofilm matrix. Pre-incubation with RIT (100 μg ml−1) increased the susceptibility to amphotericin B, and reduced surface hydrophobicity and cell adhesion. These re...

Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and ex vivo biofilm-forming ability of dermatophytes on a nail fragment. Methodology. Initially, four isolates of Trichophyton rubrum, six of Trichophyton tonsurans, three of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, ten of Microsporum canis and three of Microsporum gypseum were tested for production biomass by crystal violet assay. Then, one strain per species presenting the best biofilm production was chosen for further studies by optical microscopy (Congo red staining), confocal laser scanning (LIVE/DEAD staining) and scanning electron (secondary electron) microscopy. Results. Biomass quantification by crystal violet assay, optical microscope images of Congo red staining, confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope images revealed that all species studied are able to form biofilms both in vitro and ex vivo, with variable density and architecture. M. gypseum, T. rubrum and T. tonsurans produced robust biofilms, with abundant matrix and biomass, while M. canis produced the weakest biofilms compared to other species. Conclusion. This study sheds light on biofilms of different dermatophyte species, which will contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of dermatophytosis. Further studies of this type are necessary to investigate the processes involved in the formation and composition of dermatophyte biofilms.

It is well known that prolonged antibiotic therapy alters the mucosal microbiota composition, increasing the risk of invasive fungal infection (IFI) in immunocompromised patients. The present study investigated the direct effect of β-lactam antibiotics cefepime (CEF) and amoxicillin (AMOX) on biofilm production by Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Antibacterials at the peak plasmatic concentration of each drug were tested against biofilms grown on polystyrene surfaces. Biofilms were evaluated for biomass production, metabolic activity, carbohydrate and protein contents, proteolytic activity, ultrastructure, and tolerance to antifungals. CEF and AMOX enhanced biofilm production by C. albicans ATCC 10231, stimulating biomass production, metabolic activity, viable cell counts, and proteolytic activity, as well as increased biovolume and thickness of these structures. Nevertheless, AMOX induced more significant changes in C. albicans biofilms than CEF. In addition, it was shown that AMOX increased the amount of chitin in these biofilms, making them more tolerant to caspofungin. Finally, it was seen that, in response to AMOX, C. albicans biofilms produce Hsp70 - a protein with chaperone function related to stressful conditions. These results may have a direct impact on the pathophysiology of opportunistic IFIs in patients at risk.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro hemolytic activity and biofilm antifungal susceptibility of veterinary and human Candida tropicalis strains, as well as their pathogenesis against Caenorhabditis elegans. Twenty veterinary isolates and 20 human clinical isolates of C. tropicalis were used. The strains were evaluated for their hemolytic activity and biofilm production. Biofilm susceptibility to itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin was assessed using broth microdilution assay. The in vivo evaluation of strain pathogenicity was investigated using the nematode C. elegans. Hemolytic factor was observed in 95% of the strains and 97.5% of the isolates showed ability to form biofilm. Caspofungin and amphotericin B showed better results than azole antifungals against mature biofilms. Paradoxical effect on mature biofilm metabolic activity was observed at elevated concentrations of caspofungin (8-64μg/mL). Azole antifungals were not able to inhibit mature C. tropicalis biofilms, even at the higher tested concentrations. High mortality rates of C. elegans were observed when the worms were exposed to with C. tropicalis strains, reaching up to 96%, 96h after exposure of the worms to C. tropicalis strains. These results reinforce the high pathogenicity of C. tropicalis from veterinary and human sources and show the effectiveness of caspofungin and amphotericin B against mature biofilms of this species.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the antileishmanials meglumine antimoniate and pentamidine against Sporothrix schenckii complex. Materials & methods: The antifungal activity of the two antileishmanials was assessed by broth microdilution. The interaction between the antileishmanials and antifungal drugs (amphotericin B, itraconazole and terbinafine) was evaluated by the checkerboard assay. The effect of prior exposure of Sporothrix spp. yeast cells to antileishmanials was evaluated by broth microdilution. Results: Only pentamidine showed antifungal activity against Sporothrix spp. Synergistic interactions were observed between pentamidine and the antifungals. Also, the pre-exposure to meglumine antimoniate reduced the susceptibility of Sardinella brasiliensis and S. schenckii sensu stricto to amphotericin B and itraconazole. Conclusion: Pentamidine showed antifungal activity against Sporothrix spp., indicating it is a possible therapeutic alternative for the treatment of sporotrichosis.

The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of a bacterial biosurfactant (TIM96) on clinical strains of Trichosporon. Additionally, the effect of TIM96 on the ergosterol content, cell membrane integrity, and the hydrophobicity of planktonic cells was assessed. The inhibitory activity of TIM96 against Trichosporon biofilms was evaluated by analyzing metabolic activity, biomass and morphology. MIC values ranged from 78.125 to 312.5 μg ml

Coconut water is considered to be a natural isotonic drink and its marketing is gradually increasing. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of the coconut water produced and bottled in the Northeast of Brazil. Products form ten industries from different states in the Northeast of Brazil were analyzed. The most probable number (MPN) method was used to quantify the coliforms. Samples showing positive for coliforms were seeded on ChromAgar Orient plates and the bacteria identified from isolated colonies using the automated system Vitek 2 (BioMérieux), according to the manufacturer's instructions for the preparation of the inoculum, incubation, reading and interpretation. The samples showed thermotolerant coliform counts between 6.0×102 and 2.6×104 MPN/100 mL. The presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella morganii and Providencia alcalifaciens was observed. The implementation of preventive methods and monitoring of the water quality by the industries is required.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of promethazine on the antifungal minimum inhibitory concentrations against planktonic cells and mature biofilms of Candida tropicalis, as well as investigate its potential mechanisms of cell damage against this yeast species. Three C. tropicalis isolates (two azole-resistant and one azole-susceptible) were evaluated for their planktonic and biofilm susceptibility to promethazine alone and in combination with itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, and caspofungin. The antifungal activity of promethazine against C. tropicalis was investigated by performing time-kill curve assays and assessing rhodamine 6G efflux, cell size/granularity, membrane integrity, and mitochondrial transmembrane potential, through flow cytometry. Promethazine showed antifungal activity against planktonic cells and biofilms at concentrations of 64 and 128 μg/ml, respectively. The addition of two subinhibitory concentrations of promethazine reduced the antifungal MICs for all tested azole drugs against planktonic growth, reversing the resistance phenotype to all azoles. Promethazine decreased the efflux of rhodamine 6G in an azole-resistant strain. Moreover, promethazine decreased cell size/granularity and caused membrane damage, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. In conclusion, promethazine presented synergy with azole antifungals against resistant C. tropicalis and exhibited in vitro cytotoxicity against C. tropicalis, altering cell size/granularity, membrane integrity, and mitochondrial function, demonstrating potential mechanisms of cell damage against this yeast species.

Melanin is an important virulence factor for several microorganisms, including Cryptococcus neoformans sensu lato and Cryptococcus gattii sensu lato, thus, the assessment of melanin production and its quantification may contribute to the understanding of microbial pathogenesis. The objective of this study was to standardise an alternative method for the production and indirect quantification of melanin in C. neoformans sensu lato and C. gattii sensu lato. Eight C. neoformans sensu lato and three C. gattii sensu lato, identified through URA5 methodology, Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 (negative control) and one Hortaea werneckii (positive control) were inoculated on minimal medium agar with or without L-DOPA, in duplicate, and incubated at 35°C, for 7 days. Pictures were taken from the third to the seventh day, under standardised conditions in a photographic chamber. Then, photographs were analysed using grayscale images. All Cryptococcus spp. strains produced melanin after growth on minimal medium agar containing L-DOPA. C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019 did not produce melanin on medium containing L-DOPA, while H. werneckii presented the strongest pigmentation. This new method allows the indirect analysis of melanin production through pixel quantification in grayscale images, enabling the study of substances that can modulate melanin production.

The Candida genus is composed by yeast that commensally live as part of human and animal microbiota. In the last years, C. parapsilosis complex, composed by the cryptic species C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis, has been frequently implicated in human nosocomial infections in Europe and Latin America. In veterinary medicine, C. parapsilosis sensu lato infections have been reported in different animal species. Several putative virulence factors have been associated with the pathogenicity of this species complex, including biofilm formation and the production of proteases, phospholipases, lipases and other hydrolytic enzymes. Additionally, these species have developed antifungal resistance, especially to azole derivatives and echinocandins. Thus, considering the pathogenic potential of the C. parapsilosis species complex, along with the emergence of antifungal resistant strains, this review was designed to approach historical and biological aspects, microbiological features, virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility traits of C. parapsilosis complex from animals.

Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae) is a plant with high nutritional and medicinal value. Native to India, it is now widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Its different parts are sources of proteins, vitamins and minerals and present different pharmacological and biotechnological potential. Moreover, M. oleifera seeds are widely used in water and effluent treatment, for their coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation properties, their ability of improving water quality, by reducing organic matter and microbial load, with special applicability in intensive animal production systems, such as aquaculture. In addition, due to its high nutritional value and several medicinal properties, this tree may act as a nutritional and medical alternative for socially neglected populations. In this context, this review gathers information on M. oleifera, emphasizing its chemical constituents, nutritional, pharmacological and antimicrobial properties, applications in the treatment of water effluents, and ecological and social aspects.

Sporotrichosis, caused by species of Sporothrix schenckii complex, is the most prevalent subcutaneous mycosis in many areas of Latin America. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of Sporothrix spp. to form biofilms in vitro and to characterize the growth kinetics, morphology, and antifungal susceptibility of biofilms against classical antifungals. We investigated the ability of strains to produce biofilms in vitro and determined the effects of exposure to amphotericin B, itraconazole, caspofungin, ketoconazole, voriconazole, and fluconazole at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against planktonic form and at 10× MIC and 50× MIC on the biomass and metabolic activity of these biofilms. Biofilm structure was analyzed by optical microscopy using Congo-red staining, confocal and scanning electron microscopy. Strains were classified for biofilm-forming ability, through the analysis of absorbance of crystal violet retained by biomass of mature biofilms. We found that all S. brasiliensis (n = 10), S. schenckii sensu stricto (n = 2), S. globosa (n = 2), and S. mexicana (n = 4) strains were strong biofilm-producers. The analyzed biofilms had dense network of hyphae and conidia immersed in extracellular matrix, with presence of water channels. Antifungal drugs at the three tested concentrations showed different effects on biomass and metabolic activity of biofilms. However, the best inhibitory response was observed with 50× MIC of amphotericin B and caspofungin, which reduced these parameters. Furthermore, high drug concentrations, especially amphotericin B and caspofungin, showed antifungal activity against these biofilms, probably because they damaged the architecture and extracellular matrix, allowing diffusion of the drugs.

Objective: To report atypical morphological features of Trichophyton (T.) tonsurans strains associated with tinea capitis. Methods: Eighty-two T. tonsurans strains isolated in Ceará, Brazil, were analyzed regarding macro and micromorphological features and nutritional patterns. Results: Fifty-two samples presented abundant chlamydoconidia, which were produced in chains. Macroscopically, these strains developed small glabrous colonies that were firmly attached to the surface of the culture medium, with few or no aerial mycelia and intense rusty yellow pigmentation. Seven strains did not grow with stimulus from thiamine. Samples were heterogeneous regarding urease production and none presented in vitro hair perforation. Conclusions: The observation of T. tonsurans strains with distinct phenotypic features indicates the need to revise the taxonomic criteria for routine identification of this dermatophyte.

Introduction: Annona coriacea Mart. (araticum) is a widely distributed tree in the cerrado. Its value is attributed principally to the consumption of its fruit which possesses a large nutritive potential. The objective was to identify the chemical profile and evaluate the antimicrobial and cytoprotective activity of the hydroethanol extract of A. coriacea Mart. (HEAC) leaves against the toxicity of mercury chloride. Materials and Methods: The characterization of components was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by microdilution method in broth with strains of Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For evaluation of the modulatory and cytoprotective activity of aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin and amikacin) and mercury chloride (HgCl 2 ), the substances were associated with the HEAC at subinhibitory concentrations (MIC/8). Results and Discussion: The HPLC analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids such as Luteolin (1.84%) and Quercetin (1.19%) in elevated concentrations. The HEAC presented an MIC ≥512 μg/mL and significant antagonistic action in aminoglycosides modulation, and it also showed cytoprotective activity to S. aureus (significance P E. coli (significance P Conclusions: The results acquired in this study show that the HEAC presents cytoprotective activity over the tested strains in vitro and can also present antagonistic effect when associated with aminoglycosides, reinforcing the necessity of taking caution when combining natural and pharmaceutical products.