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Kaempferol and its derivatives are naturally occurring phytochemicals with promising bioactivities. This flavonol can reduce the lipid oxidation in the human body, prevent the organs and cell structure from deterioration and protect their functional integrity. This review has extensively highlighted the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activity of kaempferol. However, poor water solubility and low bioavailability of kaempferol greatly limit its applications. The utilization of advanced delivery systems can improve its stability, efficacy, and bioavailability. This is the first review that aimed to comprehensively collate some of the vital information published on biosynthesis, mechanism of action, bioactivities, bioavailability, and toxicological potential of kaempferol. Besides, it provides insights into the future direction on the improvement of bioavailability of kaempferol for wide applications.

Previously proso-millet, considered an underutilized cereal, has drawn considerable attention due to health benefits like good nutritional profile, low glycemic index, and gluten-free. The present review discusses starch extractability, structural characteristics, morphology, and physicochemical properties. Starch properties mainly depend on the amylose and amylopectin composition and distribution of brained chains. A very diverse starch structure and morphology were observed among the waxy and non-waxy cultivars. The amylose content ranged from 0.75 to 28.3% in many varieties, but exceptionally Hongmeizi variety showed a 32.3% as per the reported evidence. There are a positive correlation between the amylose content and cooking quality, thermal and pasting properties. The size and shape of smallest to largest starch granules varied between 0.3 and 17 μm and round to polygonal, respectively. The non-waxy starch varieties of proso-millet are widely used in food processing due to high resistance to swelling during heat treatment. Few food applications of proso-millet are bakery products like gluten-free bread, porridge, pasta, ready-to-eat breakfast cereals, infant foods, and distilleries. We can conclude that proso millet is an alternative to existing starch for its quality characteristics and provides insight to many food processing industries.

Cardiovascular dysfunction and cognitive decline are more common in traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Most people with a cervical or upper-thoracic SCI usually experience conditions called orthostatic hypotension and autonomic dysreflexia, which are described by the serious changes in systemic blood pressure. To evaluate baseline heart rate (HR), baseline blood pressure (BP) and ABPM monitoring in traumatic paraplegia patients. In this study, total 36 diagnosed of paraplegia patients was based on Asia Impairment Scale (AIS), paralysed by RTA, or fall from height within 7 days of injury were included in this study. The blood pressure was monitoring for 24 hour/2 day and repeated after 12th day of first monitoring. Ambulatory blood pressure was monitored by ABPM machine at HALF hourly from 6 am – 10 pm and one hourly from 10 pm – 6 am. All the continuous variables were compared by t- test. The night dipping (Systole) and morning surge (Systole) were significantly lower at 12th days as compared to within 7 Days (p=0.002). Whereas the diurnal Index (Diastole) and diurnal Index (MAP) were comparable in between within 7 days and 12th days. The mean SBP max and SBP min were significantly lower at 12th day as compared to within 7 days. Whereas DBP max and min were comparable in between within 7 days and at 12th days. The changes in min., max and mean double product (All, active periods, and passive periods) were also not found to be statistically significant in between within 7 days and at 12th day. The traumatic paraplegic patients have altered diurnal index, morning surge, night dipping and systolic blood pressure on APBM monitoring.

Controlled oral delivery of bioactive molecules remains a promising platform for the food and biomedical realm. Nonetheless, there are many bottlenecks to the efficient oral bioactive delivery that necessitates the development of advanced approaches. In recent years, prebiotic carbohydrates have drawn surging interest for targeted bioactive delivery due to their potential of multi-stimuli release mechanisms. Harnessing prebiotic-based vehicles confers novel possibilities for intact oral bioactive delivery, improving their bioavailability and efficacy. This critical review updates state of the art on progresses in oral delivery of natural active agents via prebiotic carbohydrates. We offer the latest advances concerning prebiotic-based vehicles (i.e., pH/time-dependent systems, enzyme-sensitive polymers, and colonic microbiota-dependent vehicles), emphasizing their key attributes to attaining controlled/targeted bioactive delivery to the intended locus. Finally, we discuss safety considerations, challenges, and future perspectives toward advances in the field.

Due to their complete non-biodegradability, current food packages have resulted in major environmental issues. Today’s smart consumer is looking for alternatives that are environmentally friendly, durable, recyclable, and naturally rather than synthetically derived. It is a well-established fact that complete replacement with environmentally friendly packaging materials is unattainable, and bio-based plastics should be the future of the food packaging industry. Natural biopolymers and nanotechnological interventions allow the creation of new, high-performance, light-weight, and environmentally friendly composite materials, which can replace non-biodegradable plastic packaging materials. This review summarizes the recent advancements in smart biogenic packaging, focusing on the shift from conventional to natural packaging, properties of various biogenic packaging materials, and the amalgamation of technologies, such as nanotechnology and encapsulation; to develop active and intelligent biogenic systems, such as the use of biosensors in food packaging. Lastly, challenges and opportunities in biogenic packaging are described, for their application in sustainable food packing systems.

Native starches are modified to overcome the shortcoming, including retrogradation, syneresis, and low water-holding potential, which limit their industrial applications. The enzymatic modification includes designing a starch with a new structure. The molecular mass, branch chain-length distribution, and amylose/amylopectin ratio can be altered by enzymatic reactions when the enzymes react with gelatinized starch. The enzymatic modification directly affects the properties of the modified starch, including in freeze-thaw stability of gels and retardation of retrogradation during storage. Various enzymatic modifications of starch have been attempted for novel applications to the food industry as food ingredients, the enhancement of product quality, and the improvement of the efficiency of food processing. This review article addresses the key enzymes used for starch modifications, their mechanism of action, functionality and discusses new challenges and opportunities for effective modification. Also, the current review will give a critical snapshot of the applications for starch modifications in food industries.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations reports, approximately half of the total harvested fruits and vegetables vanish before they reach the end consumer due to their perishable nature. Enzymatic browning is one of the most common problems faced by fruit and vegetable processing. The perishability of fruits and vegetables is contributed by the various browning enzymes (polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) and ripening or cell wall degrading enzyme (pectin methyl-esterase). In contrast, antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) assist in reversing the damage caused by reactive oxygen species or free radicals. The cold plasma technique has emerged as a novel, economic, and environmentally friendly approach that reduces the expression of ripening and browning enzymes while increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes; microorganisms are significantly inhibited, therefore improving the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. This review narrates the mechanism and principle involved in the use of cold plasma technique as a nonthermal agent and its application in impeding the activity of browning and ripening enzymes and increasing the expression of antioxidant enzymes for improving the shelf life and quality of fresh fruits and vegetables and preventing spoilage and pathogenic germs from growing. An overview of hurdles and sustainability advantages of cold plasma technology is presented.

Nutraceuticals, functional foods, immunity boosters, microcapsules, nanoemulsions, edible packaging and safe food are the new progressive terms, adopted to describe the food industry. Also the rising awareness among the consumers regarding these has created an opportunity for the food manufacturers and scientists worldwide to use food as a delivery vehicle. Packaging performs a very imminent role in the food supply chain as well as it is a consequential part of the process of food manufacturing. Edible packaging is a swiftly emerging art of science in which edible biopolymers like lipids, polysaccharides, proteins, resins etc. and other consumable constituents extracted from various non-conventional sources like microorganisms are used alone or imbibed together. These edible packaging are indispensable and are meant to be consumed with the food. This shift in paradigm from merely using food packaging as a source of protection to edible, environment friendly, delivery vehicles for bioactive compounds have opened new avenues for the packaging industry. This shift in paradigm from traditional food packaging to edible, environment friendly, delivery vehicles for bioactive compounds have opened new avenues for the packaging industry. Bioactive compounds imbibed in food systems are gradually degenerated, or may change their properties due to internal or external factors like oxidation reactions, or they may react with each other thus reducing their bioavailability and ultimately may result in unacceptable color or flavor. A combination of novel edible food packaging material and innovative technologies can serve as an excellent medium to control the bioavailability of these compounds in food matrices. One promising technology for overcoming the aforesaid problems is encapsulation. It can be used as a method for entrapment of desirable flavors, probiotics or other additives in order to apprehend the impediments of the conventional edible packaging. This review explains the concept of encapsulation by exploring various encapsulating materials and their potential role in augmenting the performance of edible coatings/films. The techniques, characteristics, applications, scope and thrust areas for research in encapsulation are discussed in detail with focus on development of sustainable edible packaging. Keywords: edible packaging; encapsulation; nanoemulsions; bioactive compounds

For maintaining health and preventing diseases, interest has started to develop towards the consumption of essential fatty acids (EFA). Consumption of EFA and prevention of heart disease, hypertension, inflammation, cancer prevention, neurological disorders, etc. are positively correlated. Linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) are essential fatty acids found in plant foods. On consumption, ALA serves as the substrate for the synthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are mainly responsible for associated health benefits. The health benefits of essential fatty acids are dependent on their metabolism, absorption and bioavailability in human gut. Before absorption of these compounds in the intestinal tract, these compounds are subjected to hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract by microflora and then absorbed and circulating in tissue through plasma. Since essential fatty acids have almost limitless benefits, more research on the absorption, metabolism, bioavailability and other properties of omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids is required. Therefore, this chapter summarizes the metabolism, absorption and bioavailability of EFA.

Nanoparticles (NPs) have acquired significance in technological breakthroughs due to their unique properties, such as size, shape, chemical composition, physiochemical stability, crystal structure, and larger surface area. There is a huge demand for packaging materials that can keep food fresher for extended periods of time. The incorporation of nanoscale fillers in the polymer matrix would assists in the alleviation of packaging material challenges while also improving functional qualities. Increased barrier properties, thermal properties like melting point and glass transition temperatures, and changed functionalities like surface wettability and hydrophobicity are all features of these polymers containing nanocomposites. Inorganic nanoparticles also have the potential to reduce the growth of bacteria within the packaging. By incorporating nano-sized components into biopolymer-based packaging materials, waste material generated during the packaging process may be reduced. The different inorganic nanoparticles such as titanium oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide, silver, and gold are the most preferred inorganic nanoparticles used in food packaging. Food systems can benefit from using these packaging materials and improve physicochemical and functional properties. The compatibility of inorganic nanoparticles and their various forms with different polymers make them excellent components for package fortification. This review article describes the various aspects of developing and applying inorganic nanoparticles in food packaging. This study provides diverse uses of metals and metal oxides nanoparticles in food packaging films for the development of improved packaging films that can extend the shelf life of food products. These packaging solutions containing nanoparticles would effectively preserve, protect, and maintain the quality of the food material.

Objective: To investigate sustained release of solid lipid nanoparticles containing Artemether and Lumefantrine against the P. falciparum by the combination of drugs that eventually will decrease the chance of drug resistance development. Methods: Artemether and Lumefantrine come under BCS class II (poor aqueous solubility and high permeability) and these drug molecules possess low oral bioavailability due to improper dissolution and incomplete absorption. Novel formulation of Artemether and Lumefantrine may eliminate all of shortcomings and may lead to enhance oral bioavailability due to increase in solubility of these drugs. Liquid crystalline nanoparticles (cubosomes or hexosomes) containing Artemether and Lumefantrine were formulated by Hydrotropic dilution method. In this method ethanolic solution of GMO with drug and aqueous solution of Poloxamer 407 were prepared by vortexing. Water phase containing the Poloxamer (10% w/v) added to the ethanolic phase drop wise with continuously vortexing resulting in the precipitation of the GMO. A milky suspension is formed which indicate the formation of liquid crystallineas Results: The average particle size of Artemether and Lumefantrine loaded SLNs decreased with increasing concentration of surfactant. SLNs of 193.5-194 nm with a Polydispersity index of (0.600 ± 0.10) were obtained at higher concentration of lipid and surfactant. Entrapment efficiency of Artemether and Lumefantrine were found 85% and 95.5% insolid lipid nanoparticles. Furthermore the stability of SLNs indicated with negligible drug leakage after 3 weeks in stability studies as per ICH guidelines. Physical and chemical stability study revealed no major change in particle size and entrapment efficiency of liquid crystalline nanoparticles. Conclusion: The result concluded that Artemether and Lumefantrine were loaded in solid lipid nanoparticles that exhibited sustained release from the designed dosage form against the P. falciparum and decrease the chances of drug resistance development during the treatment.

Nowadays, power demand is increasing day by day and also ageing of the networks makes the system difficult for power flow control through the transmission lines. The voltage variation in transmission line should be limited which is due to the load changes; these problems are solved by using FACTS devices. A new device has been introduced called distributed power flow converter (DPFC), where distributed FACTS concept is utilized and common DC-link has been removed as present in the UPFC, and transmission line is used for the exchange of real powers between shunt and series converters. In this paper proposed carrier-less hysteresis band control (HBC) method has been used for controlling the pulses in series and shunt converters individually. The DPFC has same controllability as of the UPFC; a DPFC requires multiple numbers of one-phase series converters in place of a three-phase series converter of large rating. DPFC with single-phase series converters reduces cost and increasing reliability of the power; the whole research is implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK.

In the present scenario where the power system uses the fossil fuels and conventional energy resources for fulfilling the consumers demand, to decrease this penetration and as per environmental concern the use of renewable energy sources is the only option. After this adaption the environmental and economic concerns are highly effective in positive way. Towards the new advancement adaption in this paper simulation study of an isolated microgrid consisting electrical vehicle (EV) charging station and multiple RESs. This isolated microgrid consist 15 MW diesel generator, 4.5 MW wind farm, 8MW PV farm and 10 MW residential load. In this paper main focus is charging of electric vehicle and relation between vehicle and grid. The study of model is done over a day (24 hour). Various and impactful results are discussed in this paper which are got after simulation of model. In this paper charging station has capacity of 5 profile of Vehicles. Moreover, the high penetration pf RESs reduced the GHG emissions.

Day by day increment in the necessity of the consumer side is observed so we use FACTS technology for utilising better functionality of the power system. HPFC is the useful device like UPFC that observed severally and selectively Performance characteristics over actual controllers. The main demerit of UPFC is so expensive from HPFC because of its full rating (MVA) of VSC's converter. So, the total cost of controller (HPFC) is reduces. This paper defines the study of performance improvisation in the power system by comparing the HPFC and UPFC. Here we used one topology of HPFC which is formed by two VSC's are connected in series and SVC is connected in shunt through the tie-lines. The outcomes of comparison on HPFC and UPFC are explained on SMIB system that observes the HPFC is economically better than other controllers with better performance.

This paper present amelioration power quality of hybrid power system integration with PV, wind and battery system by FACTS device. In transmission and distribution system power quality is major restraint. FACTS device have many merits in transmission like flexibility and high speed. Benefit of this system is the diverse sources can be connected to at one junction of power line, because of this these method are ascertaining to be an efficacious and ductile method for the development of the system. Harmonics produce when two diverse source connected to grid and it removed by using UPFC. The unified power flow control is the most promising device of fact family at which study in this paper is concentrated. In the study of this paper UPFC is modeled and interpretation of UPFC in a hybrid-grid connected system is examined. The extraordinary feature of the UPFC is such that it can control flow of real and reactive power as well as voltage amplitude at the same time at the UPFC nodes. The planned model is simulating in MATLAB/Simulink software.

Microgrid (MCG) musters of distribution system and distributed energy resources concurrently storage units and adjustable loads. Operating conditions for these systems are sovereign (Islanding mode) or depending (Grid connected mode). Various technologies are using now a days for making easeful the local generation using very small sources and the extendable (in time phrase)sources which are available in bulk and in the nature like wind, biomass, geothermal, sun radiation on earth etc. the planned accomplishment of local microgrid going through the view of study which contains residential type load whose nature may be critical or non-critical, a governed battery, pv system power by solar radiation as RES, distribution network of any grid which integrate an islanding MCG into grid through a pole mounted transformer. Different load conditions are examined over a 24-hour time phrase and the variation results on battery POC (Phrase of Charge) examined on MATLAB2018a software and relative imposition is examined for the time limit at various parameters of load for planned groundwork purpose.

Due to hike in price of conventional source of energy we attentive toward non -conventional source of energy. This paper with present of a hybrid solar-wind energy system with gird connected. Hybrid solar-wind system consist wind, solar source and ac loads. In solar dc output system is raised by boost converter. MPPT technique is used to maximize the output of solar system. The wind subsystem is made of a permanent magnet synchronous generator and rectifier, boost converter for maximum output. Voltage regulator is used for controlling the hybrid solar & wind system. Modeling of hybrid PV and wind turbine which is controlled by voltage regulator is explained. To increase reliability & reduce reliance on one single source we connected these two systems.

Vegetation and climate during later part of Late Pleistocene have been reconstructed from Ziro valley, Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalaya based on pollen data along with carbon isotope and magnetic susceptibility data The study reveals that the area and the vicinity is occupied by mixed broad leaved – conifer forest and pine grass savanah at variable densities at least since 66,000yr BP. The phases of expansions and declines of Oaks with decline and increase of Pines and grasses probably occurred under increase (warm–moist) and decrease (cool–dry) of S.W. monsoon precipitation respectively. The increasing trend of S.W. monsoon and temperature is recorded during ∼44,000 to 34,000 cal yr BP synchronizing with the peat development, and which peaked at around 35,000 cal yr BP. This may link to the interstadial phase during the last major glacial cycle in the Himalayan region. It is also reflected in the decline of δ13C value indicating dominance of C-3 type of vegetation. The increased values of χFD%, and lower values χLF magnetic susceptibility, recorded during the phase of the peat deposit, further advocate's higher monsoon intensity. Impact of expansion of glacier felt with peak (LGM) around 20,000 cal yr BP is perceived. Tree line had moved to lower altitudes due to increased aridity and low temperature. During this time existence of savannah type of vegetation is also evident by the increase of C4 taxa. Decreased FD% and increased χLF susceptibility also indicate reduced S.W. monsoon intensity.

The relationship of streamflow records of the Lachen River with tree-ring parameters of total tree-ring width (TRW), earlywood width (EWW) and latewood width (LWW) chronologies of Larix griffithiana from Lachen, North Sikkim, Eastern Himalaya was generated. These chronologies correlate significantly with the observed discharge of the Lachen River where the EWW chronology explains 61.2% of the streamflow variance. Based on this result, Lachen River discharge for the period of previous year March to current year February was reconstructed using EWW chronology, which extends back to AD 1790. In the smoothed reconstructed data the period of extreme low streamflows were during AD 1791–1805, 1813–1822 and 1914–1925 and the extreme highs were during AD 1823–1835, 1879–1890, 1926–1946 and 1980–1989. The streamflow is also found to be lower than average during the monsoon failure (or East India Drought) of AD 1792–1796 and past great droughts of AD 1876–1878. The lower tree growth during AD 1816–1822 is consistent with that of the Tambora volcanic eruption of Indonesia in AD 1815. High spectral power at 4–8 years in the reconstructed streamflow is similar to that of ENSO range.

Pseudomonas is an efficient plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria; however, among the limiting factors for its commercialization, tolerance for high temperature is the most critical one. After screening 2,500 Pseudomnas sp. strains, a high temperature tolerant-strain Pseudomonas putida NBRI0987 was isolated from the drought-exposed rhizosphere of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. cv. Radhey), which was grown under rain-fed conditions. P. putida NBRI0987 tolerated a temperature of 40 degrees C foror = 5 days. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a Pseudomnas sp. demonstrating survival estimated by counting viable cells under such a high temperature. P. putida NBRI0987 colony-forming unit (CFU)/ml on day 10 in both the absence and presence of MgSO4 x 7H2O (MgSO4) in combination with glycerol at 40 degrees C were 0.0 and 1.7 x 10(11), respectively. MgSO4 plus glycerol also enhanced the ability of P. putida NBRI0987 to tolerate high temperatures by inducing its ability to form biofilm. However, production of alginate was not critical for biofilm formation. The present study demonstrates overexpression of stress sigma factor sigma(S) (RpoS) when P. putida NBRI0987 is grown under high-temperature stress at 40 degrees C compared with 30 degrees C. We present evidence, albeit indirect, that the adaptation of P. putida NBRI0987 to high temperatures is a complex multilevel regulatory process in which many different genes can be involved.