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Many plants have evolved nutrient rewards to attract pollinators to flowers, but most research has focused on the sugar content of floral nectar resources. Concentrations of sodium in floral nectar (a micronutrient in low concentrations in nectar) can vary substantially both among and within co‐occurring species. It is hypothesized that sodium concentrations in floral nectar might play an important and underappreciated role in plant–pollinator interactions, especially because many animals, including pollinators, are sodium limited in nature. Yet, the consequences of variation in sodium concentrations in floral nectar remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigate whether enriching floral nectar with sodium influences the composition, diversity, and frequency of plant–pollinator interactions. We experimentally enriched sodium concentrations in four plant species in a subalpine meadow in Colorado, USA. We found that flowers with sodium‐enriched nectar received more visits from a greater diversity of pollinators throughout the season. Different pollinator species foraged more frequently on flowers enriched with sodium and showed evidence of other changes to foraging behavior, including greater dietary evenness. These findings are consistent with the "salty nectar hypothesis," providing evidence for the importance of sodium limitation in pollinators and suggesting that even small nectar constituents can shape plant–pollinator interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Priority effects, where the order and timing of species arrival influence the assembly of ecological communities, have been observed in a variety of taxa and habitats. However, the genetic and molecular basis of priority effects remains unclear, hindering a better understanding of when priority effects will be strong. We sought to gain such an understanding for the nectar yeast Metschnikowia reukaufii commonly found in the nectar of our study plant, the hummingbird‐pollinated Diplacus (Mimulus) aurantiacus. In this plant, M. reukaufii can experience strong priority effects when it reaches flowers after other nectar yeasts, such as M. rancensis. After inoculation into two contrasting types of synthetic nectar simulating early arrival of M. rancensis, we conducted whole‐transcriptome sequencing of 108 strains of M. reukaufii. We found that several genes were differentially expressed in M. reukaufii strains when the nectar had been conditioned by growth of M. rancensis. Many of these genes were associated with amino acid metabolism, suggesting that M. reukaufii strains responded molecularly to the reduction in amino acid availability caused by M. rancensis. Furthermore, investigation of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) revealed that genes involved in amino acid transport and resistance to antifungal compounds were enriched in some genetic variants of M. reukaufii. We also found that gene expression was associated with population growth rate, particularly when amino acids were limited. These results suggest that intraspecific genetic variation in the ability of nectar yeasts to respond to nutrient limitation and direct fungal competition underpins priority effects in this microbial system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]