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9. The NORMAN Suspect List Exchange (NORMAN-SLE): facilitating European and worldwide collaboration on suspect screening in high resolution mass spectrometry

Author

Mohammed Taha, Hiba, Aalizadeh, Reza, Alygizakis, Nikiforos, Antignac, Jean-Philippe, Arp, Hans Peter H., Bade, Richard, Baker, Nancy, Belova, Lidia, Bijlsma, Lubertus, Bolton, Evan E., Brack, Werner, Celma, Alberto, Chen, Wen-Ling, Cheng, Tiejun, Chirsir, Parviel, Čirka, Ľuboš, D’Agostino, Lisa A., Djoumbou Feunang, Yannick, Dulio, Valeria, Fischer, Stellan, Gago-Ferrero, Pablo, Galani, Aikaterini, Geueke, Birgit, Głowacka, Natalia, Glüge, Juliane, Groh, Ksenia, Grosse, Sylvia, Haglund, Peter, Hakkinen, Pertti J., Hale, Sarah E., Hernandez, Felix, Janssen, Elisabeth M.-L., Jonkers, Tim, Kiefer, Karin, Kirchner, Michal, Koschorreck, Jan, Krauss, Martin, Krier, Jessy, Lamoree, Marja H., Letzel, Marion, Letzel, Thomas, Li, Qingliang, Little, James, Liu, Yanna, Lunderberg, David M., Martin, Jonathan W., McEachran, Andrew D., McLean, John A., Meier, Christiane, Meijer, Jeroen, Menger, Frank, Merino, Carla, Muncke, Jane, Muschket, Matthias, Neumann, Michael, Neveu, Vanessa, Ng, Kelsey, Oberacher, Herbert, O’Brien, Jake, Oswald, Peter, Oswaldova, Martina, Picache, Jaqueline A., Postigo, Cristina, Ramirez, Noelia, Reemtsma, Thorsten, Renaud, Justin, Rostkowski, Pawel, Rüdel, Heinz, Salek, Reza M., Samanipour, Saer, Scheringer, Martin, Schliebner, Ivo, Schulz, Wolfgang, Schulze, Tobias, Sengl, Manfred, Shoemaker, Benjamin A., Sims, Kerry, Singer, Heinz, Singh, Randolph R., Sumarah, Mark, Thiessen, Paul A., Thomas, Kevin V., Torres, Sonia, Trier, Xenia, van Wezel, Annemarie P., Vermeulen, Roel C. H., Vlaanderen, Jelle J., von der Ohe, Peter C., Wang, Zhanyun, Williams, Antony J., Willighagen, Egon L., Wishart, David S., Zhang, Jian, Thomaidis, Nikolaos S., Hollender, Juliane, Slobodnik, Jaroslav, and Schymanski, Emma L.

Published
2022
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14. Sorption of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances and their precursors on activated carbon under realistic drinking water conditions : Insights into sorbent variability and PFAS structural effects

Author

Sadia, Mohammad, Beut, Lola Beltrán, Pranić, Marko, van Wezel, Annemarie P., ter Laak, Thomas L., Sadia, Mohammad, Beut, Lola Beltrán, Pranić, Marko, van Wezel, Annemarie P., and ter Laak, Thomas L.

Abstract

Recent stringent drinking water quality standards create challenges for water utilities to meet these standards. Advanced treatment techniques will have to be applied on many drinking water production locations to meet these quality standards. This study investigated the sorption of per- and polyfluorinated-alkyl substances (PFAS) onto granular activated carbon (GAC). The study was performed at environmentally relevant PFAS concentrations and a realistic water-to-GAC ratio, providing a realism often overlooked in existing studies. Three different forms of GAC were evaluated, differing in micropore and mesopore structures. Tap water spiked with 5 ng/L of each of 31 PFAS was used in the sorption experiments, i.e. perfluorocarboxylic acids (C4–C12), perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSA, C5–C10) including linear and branched isomers, and three groups of PFAS precursors (per-/polyfluoroalkyl ether acids, sulfonamides, and sulfonamide acetic acids). The three studied GAC did not exhibit distinct differences in PFAS sorption. The removal of PFAS was below 50 % for most studied PFAS, except for the short-chain PFAS precursors. Sorption was affected by both the carbon chain length and functional groups for PFAS, while this was not observed for PFAS precursors. The presence of ether linkages and sulfonamide groups notably enhanced sorption. Linear and branched PFSA demonstrated similar sorption behavior, whereas branched isomers of the sulfonamide acetic acid precursors exhibited significantly higher sorption. This indicates that sorption was determined by both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Given the relatively low PFAS removal by GAC under environmentally relevant test conditions, further improvements in sorbents are required to ensure that PFAS concentrations in produced drinking water comply with drinking water standards.

Published
2024

20. Exploring Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Presence and Potential Leaching from Reverse Osmosis Membranes: Implications for Drinking Water Treatment

Author

Sadia, Mohammad, ter Laak, Thomas L., Cornelissen, Emile R., and van Wezel, Annemarie P.

Abstract

Reverse osmosis (RO) is increasingly used in drinking water production to effectively remove micropollutants, such as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). However, RO membranes themselves may contain PFAS, which can potentially leach into treated drinking water. Leaching experiments and direct total oxidizable precursor assays revealed the presence and leaching potential of PFOS (branched and linear), PFBA, PFHxA, PFNA, and PFOA in five selected commercial RO membranes. This resulted in the release of tens of milligrams of ΣPFAS per membrane element used in drinking water production. Depending on assumptions made regarding leaching kinetics and volume of produced water per membrane element, predicted concentrations of ΣPFAS in the produced water ranged from less than one up to hundreds of pg/L. These concentrations are two to four orders of magnitude lower than those currently observed in Dutch drinking waters. The origin of PFAS in the membranes remains unclear. Further research is needed to bridge the gap between the laboratory conditions as used in this study and the real-world conditions and for a full understanding of potential leaching scenarios. Such an understanding is critical for water producers using RO technologies to proactively manage and mitigate potential PFAS contamination.

Published
2024
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23. Managing PMT/vPvM substances in consumer products through the concepts of essential-use and functional substitution: a case-study for cosmetics

Author

van Dijk, Joanke, Figuière, Romain, Dekker, Stefan C, van Wezel, Annemarie P, Cousins, Ian T, van Dijk, Joanke, Figuière, Romain, Dekker, Stefan C, van Wezel, Annemarie P, and Cousins, Ian T

Abstract

Measures are needed to protect water sources from substances that are mobile, persistent and toxic (PMT) or very persistent and very mobile (vPvM). PMT/vPvM substances are used in a diverse range of applications, including consumer products. The combined application of the essential-use and functional substitution concepts has been proposed to phase out substances of concern and support the transition to safer and more sustainable chemicals, a key goal of the European Commission's Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability. Here, we first identified the market share of PMT/vPvM containing cosmetic products. We found that 6.4% of cosmetic products available on the European market contain PMT or vPvM substances. PMT/vPvM substances were most often found in hair care products. Based on their high occurrence, the substances Allura red (CAS 25956-17-6), benzophenone-4 (CAS 4065-45-6) and climbazole (CAS 38083-17-9) were selected as case-studies for assessment of their functionality, availability of safer alternatives and essentiality. Following the functional substitution framework, we found that the technical function of Allura red was not necessary for the performance of some cosmetic products, making the use non-essential. For other applications of Allura red, as well as all applications of benzophenone-4 and climbazole, the technical function of the chemical was considered necessary for the performance. Via the alternative's assessment procedure, which used experimental and in silico data and three different multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) strategies, safer alternatives were identified for all case-study chemicals. All assessed uses of PMT/vPvM substances were thus deemed non-essential and should consequently be phased out.

Published
2023

28. Prioritisation of water pollutants: the EU Project SOLUTIONS proposes a methodological framework for the integration of mixture risk assessments into prioritisation procedures under the European Water Framework Directive

Author

Faust, Michael, Backhaus, Thomas, Altenburger, Rolf, Dulio, Valeria, van Gils, Jos, Ginebreda, Antoni, Kortenkamp, Andreas, Munthe, John, Posthuma, Leo, Slobodnik, Jaroslav, Tollefsen, Knut Erik, van Wezel, Annemarie, and Brack, Werner

Published
2019
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40. ECORISK2050: An Innovative Training Network for predicting the effects of global change on the emission, fate, effects, and risks of chemicals in aquatic ecosystems

Author

Welch, Samuel A., Lane, Taylor, Desrousseaux, Alizée O.S., van Dijk, Joanke, Mangold-Döring, Annika, Gajraj, Rudrani, Hader, John D., Hermann, Markus, Parvathi Ayillyath Kutteyeri, Anju, Mentzel, Sophie, Nagesh, Poornima, Polazzo, Francesco, Roth, Sabrina K., Boxall, Alistair B.A., Chefetz, Benny, Dekker, Stefan C., Eitzinger, Josef, Grung, Merete, MacLeod, Matthew, Moe, S. Jannicke, Rico, Andreu, Sobek, Anna, van Wezel, Annemarie P., van den Brink, Paul, Global Ecohydrology and Sustainability, Environmental Governance, Environmental Sciences, Global Ecohydrology and Sustainability, Environmental Governance, and Environmental Sciences

Subjects
Environmental Risk Assessment, Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, WIMEK, PCPPs, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Emerging chemicals, Innovative training network, Articles, General Medicine, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatische Ecologie en Waterkwaliteitsbeheer, Ecotoxicology, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural pollution, 13. Climate action, 11. Sustainability, Climate change, Open Letter, General, Global change, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

By 2050, the global population is predicted to reach nine billion, with almost three quarters living in cities. The road to 2050 will be marked by changes in land use, climate, and the management of water and food across the world. These global changes (GCs) will likely affect the emissions, transport, and fate of chemicals, and thus the exposure of the natural environment to chemicals. ECORISK2050 is a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Innovative Training Network that brings together an interdisciplinary consortium of academic, industry and governmental partners to deliver a new generation of scientists, with the skills required to study and manage the effects of GCs on chemical risks to the aquatic environment. The research and training goals are to: (1) assess how inputs and behaviour of chemicals from agriculture and urban environments are affected by different environmental conditions, and how different GC scenarios will drive changes in chemical risks to human and ecosystem health; (2) identify short-to-medium term adaptation and mitigation strategies, to abate unacceptable increases to risks, and (3) develop tools for use by industry and policymakers for the assessment and management of the impacts of GC-related drivers on chemical risks. This project will deliver the next generation of scientists, consultants, and industry and governmental decision-makers who have the knowledge and skillsets required to address the changing pressures associated with chemicals emitted by agricultural and urban activities, on aquatic systems on the path to 2050 and beyond.

Published
2022
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41. Development of chemical emission scenarios using the Shared Socio-economic Pathways

Author

Nagesh, Poornima, de Boer, Hugo J., van Wezel, Annemarie P., Dekker, Stefan C., van Vuuren, Detlef P., Nagesh, Poornima, de Boer, Hugo J., van Wezel, Annemarie P., Dekker, Stefan C., and van Vuuren, Detlef P.

Abstract

The widespread use of chemicals has led to significant water quality concerns, and their use is still increasing. Hence, there is an urgent need to understand the possible future trends in chemical emissions to water systems. This paper proposes a general framework for developing emission scenarios for chemicals to water using the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) based on an emission-factor approach. The proposed approach involves three steps: (i) identification of the main drivers of emissions, (ii) quantification of emission factors based on analysis of publicly available data, and (iii) projection of emissions based on projected changes in the drivers and emission factors. The approach was tested in Europe for five chemical groups and on a national scale for five specific chemicals representing pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and industrial chemicals. The resulting emission scenarios show widely diverging trends of increased emissions by 240% for ibuprofen in SSP3 (regional rivalry) to a 68% decrease for diclofenac in SSP1 (sustainable development) by 2050. While emissions typically decrease in SSP1, they follow the historical trend in SSP2 (middle-of-the-road scenario) and show an increase in the regional rivalry scenario SSP3 for most selected chemicals. Overall, the framework allows understanding of future chemical emissions trends as a function of the socio-economic trends as captured in the SSPs. Our scenarios for chemical emissions can thus be used to model future aqueous emissions to support risk assessment. While the framework can be easily extended to other pharmaceuticals and pesticides, it heavily leans on the availability and quality of historical emission data and a detailed understanding of emission sources for industrial chemicals.

Published
2022

42. The NORMAN Suspect List Exchange (NORMAN-SLE) : facilitating European and worldwide collaboration on suspect screening in high resolution mass spectrometry

Author

Taha, Hiba Mohammed, Aalizadeh, Reza, Alygizakis, Nikiforos, Antignac, Jean-Philippe, Arp, Hans Peter H., Bade, Richard, Baker, Nancy, Belova, Lidia, Bijlsma, Lubertus, Bolton, Evan E., Brack, Werner, Celma, Alberto, Chen, Wen-Ling, Cheng, Tiejun, Chirsir, Parviel, Čirka, Ľuboš, D'Agostino, Lisa A., Feunang, Yannick Djoumbou, Dulio, Valeria, Fischer, Stellan, Gago-Ferrero, Pablo, Galani, Aikaterini, Geueke, Birgit, Głowacka, Natalia, Glüge, Juliane, Groh, Ksenia, Grosse, Sylvia, Haglund, Peter, Hakkinen, Pertti J., Hale, Sarah E., Hernandez, Felix, Janssen, Elisabeth M.-L., Jonkers, Tim, Kiefer, Karin, Kirchner, Michal, Koschorreck, Jan, Krauss, Martin, Krier, Jessy, Lamoree, Marja H., Letzel, Marion, Letzel, Thomas, Li, Qingliang, Little, James, Liu, Yanna, Lunderberg, David M., Martin, Jonathan W., McEachran, Andrew D., McLean, John A., Meier, Christiane, Meijer, Jeroen, Menger, Frank, Merino, Carla, Muncke, Jane, Muschket, Matthias, Neumann, Michael, Neveu, Vanessa, Ng, Kelsey, Oberacher, Herbert, O'Brien, Jake, Oswald, Peter, Oswaldova, Martina, Picache, Jaqueline A., Postigo, Cristina, Ramirez, Noelia, Reemtsma, Thorsten, Renaud, Justin, Rostkowski, Pawel, Rüdel, Heinz, Salek, Reza M., Samanipour, Saer, Scheringer, Martin, Schliebner, Ivo, Schulz, Wolfgang, Schulze, Tobias, Sengl, Manfred, Shoemaker, Benjamin A., Sims, Kerry, Singer, Heinz, Singh, Randolph R., Sumarah, Mark, Thiessen, Paul A., Thomas, Kevin V., Torres, Sonia, Trier, Xenia, van Wezel, Annemarie P., Vermeulen, Roel C. H., Vlaanderen, Jelle J., von der Ohe, Peter C., Wang, Zhanyun, Williams, Antony J., Willighagen, Egon L., Wishart, David S., Zhang, Jian, Thomaidis, Nikolaos S., Hollender, Juliane, Slobodnik, Jaroslav, Schymanski, Emma L., Taha, Hiba Mohammed, Aalizadeh, Reza, Alygizakis, Nikiforos, Antignac, Jean-Philippe, Arp, Hans Peter H., Bade, Richard, Baker, Nancy, Belova, Lidia, Bijlsma, Lubertus, Bolton, Evan E., Brack, Werner, Celma, Alberto, Chen, Wen-Ling, Cheng, Tiejun, Chirsir, Parviel, Čirka, Ľuboš, D'Agostino, Lisa A., Feunang, Yannick Djoumbou, Dulio, Valeria, Fischer, Stellan, Gago-Ferrero, Pablo, Galani, Aikaterini, Geueke, Birgit, Głowacka, Natalia, Glüge, Juliane, Groh, Ksenia, Grosse, Sylvia, Haglund, Peter, Hakkinen, Pertti J., Hale, Sarah E., Hernandez, Felix, Janssen, Elisabeth M.-L., Jonkers, Tim, Kiefer, Karin, Kirchner, Michal, Koschorreck, Jan, Krauss, Martin, Krier, Jessy, Lamoree, Marja H., Letzel, Marion, Letzel, Thomas, Li, Qingliang, Little, James, Liu, Yanna, Lunderberg, David M., Martin, Jonathan W., McEachran, Andrew D., McLean, John A., Meier, Christiane, Meijer, Jeroen, Menger, Frank, Merino, Carla, Muncke, Jane, Muschket, Matthias, Neumann, Michael, Neveu, Vanessa, Ng, Kelsey, Oberacher, Herbert, O'Brien, Jake, Oswald, Peter, Oswaldova, Martina, Picache, Jaqueline A., Postigo, Cristina, Ramirez, Noelia, Reemtsma, Thorsten, Renaud, Justin, Rostkowski, Pawel, Rüdel, Heinz, Salek, Reza M., Samanipour, Saer, Scheringer, Martin, Schliebner, Ivo, Schulz, Wolfgang, Schulze, Tobias, Sengl, Manfred, Shoemaker, Benjamin A., Sims, Kerry, Singer, Heinz, Singh, Randolph R., Sumarah, Mark, Thiessen, Paul A., Thomas, Kevin V., Torres, Sonia, Trier, Xenia, van Wezel, Annemarie P., Vermeulen, Roel C. H., Vlaanderen, Jelle J., von der Ohe, Peter C., Wang, Zhanyun, Williams, Antony J., Willighagen, Egon L., Wishart, David S., Zhang, Jian, Thomaidis, Nikolaos S., Hollender, Juliane, Slobodnik, Jaroslav, and Schymanski, Emma L.

Abstract

Background: The NORMAN Association (https://www.norman-network.com/) initiated the NORMAN Suspect List Exchange (NORMAN-SLE; https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/) in 2015, following the NORMAN collaborative trial on non-target screening of environmental water samples by mass spectrometry. Since then, this exchange of information on chemicals that are expected to occur in the environment, along with the accompanying expert knowledge and references, has become a valuable knowledge base for “suspect screening” lists. The NORMAN-SLE now serves as a FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) chemical information resource worldwide. Results: The NORMAN-SLE contains 99 separate suspect list collections (as of May 2022) from over 70 contributors around the world, totalling over 100,000 unique substances. The substance classes include per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), pharmaceuticals, pesticides, natural toxins, high production volume substances covered under the European REACH regulation (EC: 1272/2008), priority contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and regulatory lists from NORMAN partners. Several lists focus on transformation products (TPs) and complex features detected in the environment with various levels of provenance and structural information. Each list is available for separate download. The merged, curated collection is also available as the NORMAN Substance Database (NORMAN SusDat). Both the NORMAN-SLE and NORMAN SusDat are integrated within the NORMAN Database System (NDS). The individual NORMAN-SLE lists receive digital object identifiers (DOIs) and traceable versioning via a Zenodo community (https://zenodo.org/communities/norman-sle), with a total of > 40,000 unique views, > 50,000 unique downloads and 40 citations (May 2022). NORMAN-SLE content is progressively integrated into large open chemical databases such as PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and the US EPA’s CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (https://comptox.epa.gov

Published
2022
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43. patRoon 2.0: Improved non-target analysis workflows including automated transformation product screening

Author

Helmus, Rick, van de Velde, Bas, Brunner, Andrea M., ter Laak, Thomas L., van Wezel, Annemarie P., Schymanski, Emma, Helmus, Rick, van de Velde, Bas, Brunner, Andrea M., ter Laak, Thomas L., van Wezel, Annemarie P., and Schymanski, Emma

Abstract

Non-target analysis (NTA) via chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is used to monitor and identify organic chemicals in the environment. Biotic and abiotic processes can transform original chemicals (parents) into transformation products (TPs). These TPs can be of equal or more concern than their parent compounds and are therefore critical to monitor and identify in the environment (Escher & Fenner, 2011; Farré et al., 2008), often with NTA. Given the amount of data generated by NTA, advanced automated data processing workflows are essential. The open-source, R-based (R Core Team, 2021) platform patRoon (Helmus, ter Laak, et al., 2021) offers automated, straightforward, flexible and comprehensive NTA workflows. This article describes improvements introduced in patRoon 2.0, including extensive TP screening and simultaneous processing of positive and negative HRMS data. The updated documentation and code are available via https://rickhelmus.github.io/patRoon and archived in Helmus, Velde, et al. (2021).

Published
2022

44. ECORISK2050: An Innovative Training Network for predicting the effects of global change on the emission, fate, effects, and risks of chemicals in aquatic ecosystems

Author

Global Ecohydrology and Sustainability, Environmental Governance, Environmental Sciences, Welch, Samuel A., Lane, Taylor, Desrousseaux, Alizée O.S., van Dijk, Joanke, Mangold-Döring, Annika, Gajraj, Rudrani, Hader, John D., Hermann, Markus, Parvathi Ayillyath Kutteyeri, Anju, Mentzel, Sophie, Nagesh, Poornima, Polazzo, Francesco, Roth, Sabrina K., Boxall, Alistair B.A., Chefetz, Benny, Dekker, Stefan C., Eitzinger, Josef, Grung, Merete, MacLeod, Matthew, Moe, S. Jannicke, Rico, Andreu, Sobek, Anna, van Wezel, Annemarie P., van den Brink, Paul, Global Ecohydrology and Sustainability, Environmental Governance, Environmental Sciences, Welch, Samuel A., Lane, Taylor, Desrousseaux, Alizée O.S., van Dijk, Joanke, Mangold-Döring, Annika, Gajraj, Rudrani, Hader, John D., Hermann, Markus, Parvathi Ayillyath Kutteyeri, Anju, Mentzel, Sophie, Nagesh, Poornima, Polazzo, Francesco, Roth, Sabrina K., Boxall, Alistair B.A., Chefetz, Benny, Dekker, Stefan C., Eitzinger, Josef, Grung, Merete, MacLeod, Matthew, Moe, S. Jannicke, Rico, Andreu, Sobek, Anna, van Wezel, Annemarie P., and van den Brink, Paul

Published
2022

45. The NORMAN Suspect List Exchange (NORMAN-SLE): Facilitating European and worldwide collaboration on suspect screening in high resolution mass spectrometry

Author

IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, Mohammed Taha, Hiba, Aalizadeh, Reza, Alygizakis, Nikiforos, Antignac, Jean-Philippe, Arp, Hans Peter H, Bade, Richard, Baker, Nancy, Belova, Lidia, Bijlsma, Lubertus, Bolton, Evan E, Brack, Werner, Celma, Alberto, Chen, Wen-Ling, Cheng, Tiejun, Chirsir, Parviel, Čirka, Ľuboš, D'Agostino, Lisa A, Djoumbou Feunang, Yannick, Dulio, Valeria, Fischer, Stellan, Gago-Ferrero, Pablo, Galani, Aikaterini, Geueke, Birgit, Głowacka, Natalia, Glüge, Juliane, Groh, Ksenia, Grosse, Sylvia, Haglund, Peter, Hakkinen, Pertti J, Hale, Sarah E, Hernandez, Felix, Janssen, Elisabeth M-L, Jonkers, Tim, Kiefer, Karin, Kirchner, Michal, Koschorreck, Jan, Krauss, Martin, Krier, Jessy, Lamoree, Marja H, Letzel, Marion, Letzel, Thomas, Li, Qingliang, Little, James, Liu, Yanna, Lunderberg, David M, Martin, Jonathan W, McEachran, Andrew D, McLean, John A, Meier, Christiane, Meijer, Jeroen, Menger, Frank, Merino, Carla, Muncke, Jane, Muschket, Matthias, Neumann, Michael, Neveu, Vanessa, Ng, Kelsey, Oberacher, Herbert, O'Brien, Jake, Oswald, Peter, Oswaldova, Martina, Picache, Jaqueline A, Postigo, Cristina, Ramirez, Noelia, Reemtsma, Thorsten, Renaud, Justin, Rostkowski, Pawel, Rüdel, Heinz, Salek, Reza M, Samanipour, Saer, Scheringer, Martin, Schliebner, Ivo, Schulz, Wolfgang, Schulze, Tobias, Sengl, Manfred, Shoemaker, Benjamin A, Sims, Kerry, Singer, Heinz, Singh, Randolph R, Sumarah, Mark, Thiessen, Paul A, Thomas, Kevin V, Torres, Sonia, Trier, Xenia, van Wezel, Annemarie P, Vermeulen, Roel C H, Vlaanderen, Jelle J, von der Ohe, Peter C, Wang, Zhanyun, Williams, Antony J, Willighagen, Egon L, Wishart, David S, Zhang, Jian, Thomaidis, Nikolaos S, Hollender, Juliane, Slobodnik, Jaroslav, Schymanski, Emma L, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, Mohammed Taha, Hiba, Aalizadeh, Reza, Alygizakis, Nikiforos, Antignac, Jean-Philippe, Arp, Hans Peter H, Bade, Richard, Baker, Nancy, Belova, Lidia, Bijlsma, Lubertus, Bolton, Evan E, Brack, Werner, Celma, Alberto, Chen, Wen-Ling, Cheng, Tiejun, Chirsir, Parviel, Čirka, Ľuboš, D'Agostino, Lisa A, Djoumbou Feunang, Yannick, Dulio, Valeria, Fischer, Stellan, Gago-Ferrero, Pablo, Galani, Aikaterini, Geueke, Birgit, Głowacka, Natalia, Glüge, Juliane, Groh, Ksenia, Grosse, Sylvia, Haglund, Peter, Hakkinen, Pertti J, Hale, Sarah E, Hernandez, Felix, Janssen, Elisabeth M-L, Jonkers, Tim, Kiefer, Karin, Kirchner, Michal, Koschorreck, Jan, Krauss, Martin, Krier, Jessy, Lamoree, Marja H, Letzel, Marion, Letzel, Thomas, Li, Qingliang, Little, James, Liu, Yanna, Lunderberg, David M, Martin, Jonathan W, McEachran, Andrew D, McLean, John A, Meier, Christiane, Meijer, Jeroen, Menger, Frank, Merino, Carla, Muncke, Jane, Muschket, Matthias, Neumann, Michael, Neveu, Vanessa, Ng, Kelsey, Oberacher, Herbert, O'Brien, Jake, Oswald, Peter, Oswaldova, Martina, Picache, Jaqueline A, Postigo, Cristina, Ramirez, Noelia, Reemtsma, Thorsten, Renaud, Justin, Rostkowski, Pawel, Rüdel, Heinz, Salek, Reza M, Samanipour, Saer, Scheringer, Martin, Schliebner, Ivo, Schulz, Wolfgang, Schulze, Tobias, Sengl, Manfred, Shoemaker, Benjamin A, Sims, Kerry, Singer, Heinz, Singh, Randolph R, Sumarah, Mark, Thiessen, Paul A, Thomas, Kevin V, Torres, Sonia, Trier, Xenia, van Wezel, Annemarie P, Vermeulen, Roel C H, Vlaanderen, Jelle J, von der Ohe, Peter C, Wang, Zhanyun, Williams, Antony J, Willighagen, Egon L, Wishart, David S, Zhang, Jian, Thomaidis, Nikolaos S, Hollender, Juliane, Slobodnik, Jaroslav, and Schymanski, Emma L

Published
2022

46. Development of chemical emission scenarios using the Shared Socio-economic Pathways

Author

Global Ecohydrology and Sustainability, Environmental Sciences, Nagesh, Poornima, de Boer, Hugo J., van Wezel, Annemarie P., Dekker, Stefan C., van Vuuren, Detlef P., Global Ecohydrology and Sustainability, Environmental Sciences, Nagesh, Poornima, de Boer, Hugo J., van Wezel, Annemarie P., Dekker, Stefan C., and van Vuuren, Detlef P.

Published
2022

47. The NORMAN Suspect List Exchange (NORMAN-SLE):facilitating European and worldwide collaboration on suspect screening in high resolution mass spectrometry

Author

Mohammed Taha, Hiba, Aalizadeh, Reza, Alygizakis, Nikiforos, Antignac, Jean Philippe, Arp, Hans Peter H., Bade, Richard, Baker, Nancy, Belova, Lidia, Bijlsma, Lubertus, Bolton, Evan E., Brack, Werner, Celma, Alberto, Chen, Wen Ling, Cheng, Tiejun, Chirsir, Parviel, Čirka, Ľuboš, D’Agostino, Lisa A., Djoumbou Feunang, Yannick, Dulio, Valeria, Fischer, Stellan, Gago-Ferrero, Pablo, Galani, Aikaterini, Geueke, Birgit, Głowacka, Natalia, Glüge, Juliane, Groh, Ksenia, Grosse, Sylvia, Haglund, Peter, Hakkinen, Pertti J., Hale, Sarah E., Hernandez, Felix, Janssen, Elisabeth M.L., Jonkers, Tim, Kiefer, Karin, Kirchner, Michal, Koschorreck, Jan, Krauss, Martin, Krier, Jessy, Lamoree, Marja H., Letzel, Marion, Letzel, Thomas, Li, Qingliang, Little, James, Liu, Yanna, Lunderberg, David M., Martin, Jonathan W., McEachran, Andrew D., McLean, John A., Meier, Christiane, Meijer, Jeroen, Menger, Frank, Merino, Carla, Muncke, Jane, Muschket, Matthias, Neumann, Michael, Neveu, Vanessa, Ng, Kelsey, Oberacher, Herbert, O’Brien, Jake, Oswald, Peter, Oswaldova, Martina, Picache, Jaqueline A., Postigo, Cristina, Ramirez, Noelia, Reemtsma, Thorsten, Renaud, Justin, Rostkowski, Pawel, Rüdel, Heinz, Salek, Reza M., Samanipour, Saer, Scheringer, Martin, Schliebner, Ivo, Schulz, Wolfgang, Schulze, Tobias, Sengl, Manfred, Shoemaker, Benjamin A., Sims, Kerry, Singer, Heinz, Singh, Randolph R., Sumarah, Mark, Thiessen, Paul A., Thomas, Kevin V., Torres, Sonia, Trier, Xenia, van Wezel, Annemarie P., Vermeulen, Roel C.H., Vlaanderen, Jelle J., von der Ohe, Peter C., Wang, Zhanyun, Williams, Antony J., Willighagen, Egon L., Wishart, David S., Zhang, Jian, Thomaidis, Nikolaos S., Hollender, Juliane, Slobodnik, Jaroslav, Schymanski, Emma L., Mohammed Taha, Hiba, Aalizadeh, Reza, Alygizakis, Nikiforos, Antignac, Jean Philippe, Arp, Hans Peter H., Bade, Richard, Baker, Nancy, Belova, Lidia, Bijlsma, Lubertus, Bolton, Evan E., Brack, Werner, Celma, Alberto, Chen, Wen Ling, Cheng, Tiejun, Chirsir, Parviel, Čirka, Ľuboš, D’Agostino, Lisa A., Djoumbou Feunang, Yannick, Dulio, Valeria, Fischer, Stellan, Gago-Ferrero, Pablo, Galani, Aikaterini, Geueke, Birgit, Głowacka, Natalia, Glüge, Juliane, Groh, Ksenia, Grosse, Sylvia, Haglund, Peter, Hakkinen, Pertti J., Hale, Sarah E., Hernandez, Felix, Janssen, Elisabeth M.L., Jonkers, Tim, Kiefer, Karin, Kirchner, Michal, Koschorreck, Jan, Krauss, Martin, Krier, Jessy, Lamoree, Marja H., Letzel, Marion, Letzel, Thomas, Li, Qingliang, Little, James, Liu, Yanna, Lunderberg, David M., Martin, Jonathan W., McEachran, Andrew D., McLean, John A., Meier, Christiane, Meijer, Jeroen, Menger, Frank, Merino, Carla, Muncke, Jane, Muschket, Matthias, Neumann, Michael, Neveu, Vanessa, Ng, Kelsey, Oberacher, Herbert, O’Brien, Jake, Oswald, Peter, Oswaldova, Martina, Picache, Jaqueline A., Postigo, Cristina, Ramirez, Noelia, Reemtsma, Thorsten, Renaud, Justin, Rostkowski, Pawel, Rüdel, Heinz, Salek, Reza M., Samanipour, Saer, Scheringer, Martin, Schliebner, Ivo, Schulz, Wolfgang, Schulze, Tobias, Sengl, Manfred, Shoemaker, Benjamin A., Sims, Kerry, Singer, Heinz, Singh, Randolph R., Sumarah, Mark, Thiessen, Paul A., Thomas, Kevin V., Torres, Sonia, Trier, Xenia, van Wezel, Annemarie P., Vermeulen, Roel C.H., Vlaanderen, Jelle J., von der Ohe, Peter C., Wang, Zhanyun, Williams, Antony J., Willighagen, Egon L., Wishart, David S., Zhang, Jian, Thomaidis, Nikolaos S., Hollender, Juliane, Slobodnik, Jaroslav, and Schymanski, Emma L.

Abstract

Background: The NORMAN Association (https://www.norman-network.com/) initiated the NORMAN Suspect List Exchange (NORMAN-SLE; https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/) in 2015, following the NORMAN collaborative trial on non-target screening of environmental water samples by mass spectrometry. Since then, this exchange of information on chemicals that are expected to occur in the environment, along with the accompanying expert knowledge and references, has become a valuable knowledge base for “suspect screening” lists. The NORMAN-SLE now serves as a FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) chemical information resource worldwide. Results: The NORMAN-SLE contains 99 separate suspect list collections (as of May 2022) from over 70 contributors around the world, totalling over 100,000 unique substances. The substance classes include per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), pharmaceuticals, pesticides, natural toxins, high production volume substances covered under the European REACH regulation (EC: 1272/2008), priority contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and regulatory lists from NORMAN partners. Several lists focus on transformation products (TPs) and complex features detected in the environment with various levels of provenance and structural information. Each list is available for separate download. The merged, curated collection is also available as the NORMAN Substance Database (NORMAN SusDat). Both the NORMAN-SLE and NORMAN SusDat are integrated within the NORMAN Database System (NDS). The individual NORMAN-SLE lists receive digital object identifiers (DOIs) and traceable versioning via a Zenodo community (https://zenodo.org/communities/norman-sle), with a total of > 40,000 unique views, > 50,000 unique downloads and 40 citations (May 2022). NORMAN-SLE content is progressively integrated into large open chemical databases such as PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and the US EPA’s CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (https://comptox.epa.

Published
2022

48. The NORMAN Suspect List Exchange (NORMAN-SLE): facilitating European and worldwide collaboration on suspect screening in high resolution mass spectrometry

Author

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, 0000-0001-7820-4335, 0000-0001-9167-9060, 0000-0002-5727-4999, 0000-0001-9512-9314, 0000-0002-0747-8838, 0000-0003-2724-9183, 0000-0002-8351-9435, 0000-0001-7147-384X, 0000-0001-7005-8775, 0000-0002-5959-6190, 0000-0001-9269-6524, 0000-0001-9763-8737, 0000-0001-5143-0543, 0000-0002-4486-3356, 0000-0002-9932-8609, 0000-0001-9351-6855, 0000-0002-9734-324X, 0000-0001-7850-184X, 0000-0002-9436-9954, 0000-0002-5987-0399, 0000-0003-1112-6867, 0000-0002-0749-3982, 0000-0002-1740-9422, 0000-0003-1997-2750, 0000-0002-3778-4721, 0000-0003-2293-7913, 0000-0002-8295-9738, 0000-0002-7743-9199, 0000-0003-1268-3083, 0000-0002-5475-6730, 0000-0002-6415-6173, 0000-0002-6917-3431, 0000-0002-1043-3278, 0000-0002-0362-4244, 0000-0001-6986-5545, 0000-0002-7373-7738, 0000-0003-1008-8790, 0000-0002-6453-236X, 0000-0001-7893-9876, 0000-0002-4439-9194, 0000-0001-6265-4294, 0000-0003-1423-330X, 0000-0001-8918-6419, 0000-0003-3126-5186, 0000-0002-4551-6823, 0000-0002-1808-8835, 0000-0002-8793-5516, 0000-0002-6942-0594, 0000-0001-6672-8414, 0000-0002-2558-4431, 0000-0002-8501-7789, 0000-0003-2396-2993, 0000-0002-0963-8268, 0000-0001-9336-9656, 0000-0003-3088-9771, 0000-0002-1948-9243, 0000-0002-7344-7044, 0000-0002-9251-0790, 0000-0003-1606-0764, 0000-0001-6974-0224, 0000-0001-9778-4283, 0000-0002-4175-4787, 0000-0001-8604-1732, 0000-0001-8270-6979, 0000-0002-0809-7826, 0000-0002-1553-3868, 0000-0002-9744-8914, 0000-0002-1356-285X, 0000-0001-6273-4083, 0000-0002-8542-3699, 0000-0003-4500-3400, 0000-0003-0977-1656, 0000-0002-1992-2086, 0000-0002-2155-100X, 0000-0001-8881-0793, 0000-0001-6067-8321, 0000-0002-6875-957X, 0000-0003-4082-8163, 0000-0001-7350-8962, 0000-0001-9914-7659, 0000-0002-2668-4821, 0000-0001-7542-0286, 0000-0002-3207-2434, 0000-0002-6192-4632, 0000-0002-4624-4735, 0000-0002-4660-274X, 0000-0003-2622-6318, 0000-0001-6868-8145, Mohammed Taha, Hiba, Aalizadeh, Reza, Alygizakis, Nikiforos, Antignac, Jean-Philippe, Arp, Hans Peter H., Bade, Richard, Baker, Nancy, Belova, Lidia, Bijlsma, Lubertus, Bolton, Evan E., Brack, Werner, Celma, Alberto, Chen, Wen-Ling, Cheng, Tiejun, Chirsir, Parviel, Čirka, Ľuboš, D'Agostino, Lisa A., Djoumbou Feunang, Yannick, Dulio, Valeria, Fischer, Stellan, Gago-Ferrero, Pablo, Galani, Aikaterini, Geueke, Birgit, Głowacka, Natalia, Glüge, Juliane, Groh, Ksenia, Grosse, Sylvia, Haglund, Peter, Hakkinen, Pertti J., Hale, Sarah E., Hernandez, Felix, Janssen, Elisabeth M-L., Jonkers, Tim, Kiefer, Karin, Kirchner, Michal, Koschorreck, Jan, Krauss, Martin, Krier, Jessy, Lamoree, Marja H., Letzel, Marion, Letzel, Thomas, Li, Qingliang, Little, James, Liu, Yanna, Lunderberg, David M., Martin, Jonathan W., McEachran, Andrew D., McLean, John A., Meier, Christiane, Meijer, Jeroen, Menger, Frank, Merino, Carla, Muncke, Jane, Muschket, Matthias, Neumann, Michael, Neveu, Vanessa, Ng, Kelsey, Oberacher, Herbert, O'Brien, Jake, Oswald, Peter, Oswaldova, Martina, Picache, Jaqueline A., Postigo, Cristina, Ramírez, Noelia, Reemtsma, Thorsten, Renaud, Justin, Rostkowski, Pawel, Rüdel, Heinz, Salek, Reza M., Samanipour, Saer, Scheringer, Martin, Schliebner, Ivo, Schulz, Wolfgang, Schulze, Tobias, Sengl, Manfred, Shoemaker, Benjamin A., Sims, Kerry, Singer, Heinz, Singh, Randolph R., Sumarah, Mark, Thiessen, Paul A., Thomas, Kevin V., Torres, Sonia, Trier, Xenia, van Wezel, Annemarie P., Vermeulen, Roel C. H., Vlaanderen, Jelle J., von der Ohe, Peter C., Wang, Zhanyun, Williams, Antony J., Willighagen, Egon L., Wishart, David S., Zhang, Jian, Thomaidis, Nikolaos S., Hollender, Juliane, Slobodnik, Jaroslav, Schymanski, Emma L., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, 0000-0001-7820-4335, 0000-0001-9167-9060, 0000-0002-5727-4999, 0000-0001-9512-9314, 0000-0002-0747-8838, 0000-0003-2724-9183, 0000-0002-8351-9435, 0000-0001-7147-384X, 0000-0001-7005-8775, 0000-0002-5959-6190, 0000-0001-9269-6524, 0000-0001-9763-8737, 0000-0001-5143-0543, 0000-0002-4486-3356, 0000-0002-9932-8609, 0000-0001-9351-6855, 0000-0002-9734-324X, 0000-0001-7850-184X, 0000-0002-9436-9954, 0000-0002-5987-0399, 0000-0003-1112-6867, 0000-0002-0749-3982, 0000-0002-1740-9422, 0000-0003-1997-2750, 0000-0002-3778-4721, 0000-0003-2293-7913, 0000-0002-8295-9738, 0000-0002-7743-9199, 0000-0003-1268-3083, 0000-0002-5475-6730, 0000-0002-6415-6173, 0000-0002-6917-3431, 0000-0002-1043-3278, 0000-0002-0362-4244, 0000-0001-6986-5545, 0000-0002-7373-7738, 0000-0003-1008-8790, 0000-0002-6453-236X, 0000-0001-7893-9876, 0000-0002-4439-9194, 0000-0001-6265-4294, 0000-0003-1423-330X, 0000-0001-8918-6419, 0000-0003-3126-5186, 0000-0002-4551-6823, 0000-0002-1808-8835, 0000-0002-8793-5516, 0000-0002-6942-0594, 0000-0001-6672-8414, 0000-0002-2558-4431, 0000-0002-8501-7789, 0000-0003-2396-2993, 0000-0002-0963-8268, 0000-0001-9336-9656, 0000-0003-3088-9771, 0000-0002-1948-9243, 0000-0002-7344-7044, 0000-0002-9251-0790, 0000-0003-1606-0764, 0000-0001-6974-0224, 0000-0001-9778-4283, 0000-0002-4175-4787, 0000-0001-8604-1732, 0000-0001-8270-6979, 0000-0002-0809-7826, 0000-0002-1553-3868, 0000-0002-9744-8914, 0000-0002-1356-285X, 0000-0001-6273-4083, 0000-0002-8542-3699, 0000-0003-4500-3400, 0000-0003-0977-1656, 0000-0002-1992-2086, 0000-0002-2155-100X, 0000-0001-8881-0793, 0000-0001-6067-8321, 0000-0002-6875-957X, 0000-0003-4082-8163, 0000-0001-7350-8962, 0000-0001-9914-7659, 0000-0002-2668-4821, 0000-0001-7542-0286, 0000-0002-3207-2434, 0000-0002-6192-4632, 0000-0002-4624-4735, 0000-0002-4660-274X, 0000-0003-2622-6318, 0000-0001-6868-8145, Mohammed Taha, Hiba, Aalizadeh, Reza, Alygizakis, Nikiforos, Antignac, Jean-Philippe, Arp, Hans Peter H., Bade, Richard, Baker, Nancy, Belova, Lidia, Bijlsma, Lubertus, Bolton, Evan E., Brack, Werner, Celma, Alberto, Chen, Wen-Ling, Cheng, Tiejun, Chirsir, Parviel, Čirka, Ľuboš, D'Agostino, Lisa A., Djoumbou Feunang, Yannick, Dulio, Valeria, Fischer, Stellan, Gago-Ferrero, Pablo, Galani, Aikaterini, Geueke, Birgit, Głowacka, Natalia, Glüge, Juliane, Groh, Ksenia, Grosse, Sylvia, Haglund, Peter, Hakkinen, Pertti J., Hale, Sarah E., Hernandez, Felix, Janssen, Elisabeth M-L., Jonkers, Tim, Kiefer, Karin, Kirchner, Michal, Koschorreck, Jan, Krauss, Martin, Krier, Jessy, Lamoree, Marja H., Letzel, Marion, Letzel, Thomas, Li, Qingliang, Little, James, Liu, Yanna, Lunderberg, David M., Martin, Jonathan W., McEachran, Andrew D., McLean, John A., Meier, Christiane, Meijer, Jeroen, Menger, Frank, Merino, Carla, Muncke, Jane, Muschket, Matthias, Neumann, Michael, Neveu, Vanessa, Ng, Kelsey, Oberacher, Herbert, O'Brien, Jake, Oswald, Peter, Oswaldova, Martina, Picache, Jaqueline A., Postigo, Cristina, Ramírez, Noelia, Reemtsma, Thorsten, Renaud, Justin, Rostkowski, Pawel, Rüdel, Heinz, Salek, Reza M., Samanipour, Saer, Scheringer, Martin, Schliebner, Ivo, Schulz, Wolfgang, Schulze, Tobias, Sengl, Manfred, Shoemaker, Benjamin A., Sims, Kerry, Singer, Heinz, Singh, Randolph R., Sumarah, Mark, Thiessen, Paul A., Thomas, Kevin V., Torres, Sonia, Trier, Xenia, van Wezel, Annemarie P., Vermeulen, Roel C. H., Vlaanderen, Jelle J., von der Ohe, Peter C., Wang, Zhanyun, Williams, Antony J., Willighagen, Egon L., Wishart, David S., Zhang, Jian, Thomaidis, Nikolaos S., Hollender, Juliane, Slobodnik, Jaroslav, and Schymanski, Emma L.

Abstract

The NORMAN Association (https://www.norman-network.com/) initiated the NORMAN Suspect List Exchange (NORMAN-SLE; https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/) in 2015, following the NORMAN collaborative trial on non-target screening of environmental water samples by mass spectrometry. Since then, this exchange of information on chemicals that are expected to occur in the environment, along with the accompanying expert knowledge and references, has become a valuable knowledge base for "suspect screening" lists. The NORMAN-SLE now serves as a FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) chemical information resource worldwide.

Published
2022

50. Additional file 2 of The NORMAN Suspect List Exchange (NORMAN-SLE): facilitating European and worldwide collaboration on suspect screening in high resolution mass spectrometry

Author

Mohammed Taha, Hiba, Aalizadeh, Reza, Alygizakis, Nikiforos, Antignac, Jean-Philippe, Arp, Hans Peter H., Bade, Richard, Baker, Nancy, Belova, Lidia, Bijlsma, Lubertus, Bolton, Evan E., Brack, Werner, Celma, Alberto, Chen, Wen-Ling, Cheng, Tiejun, Chirsir, Parviel, Čirka, Ľuboš, D’Agostino, Lisa A., Djoumbou Feunang, Yannick, Dulio, Valeria, Fischer, Stellan, Gago-Ferrero, Pablo, Galani, Aikaterini, Geueke, Birgit, Głowacka, Natalia, Glüge, Juliane, Groh, Ksenia, Grosse, Sylvia, Haglund, Peter, Hakkinen, Pertti J., Hale, Sarah E., Hernandez, Felix, Janssen, Elisabeth M.-L., Jonkers, Tim, Kiefer, Karin, Kirchner, Michal, Koschorreck, Jan, Krauss, Martin, Krier, Jessy, Lamoree, Marja H., Letzel, Marion, Letzel, Thomas, Li, Qingliang, Little, James, Liu, Yanna, Lunderberg, David M., Martin, Jonathan W., McEachran, Andrew D., McLean, John A., Meier, Christiane, Meijer, Jeroen, Menger, Frank, Merino, Carla, Muncke, Jane, Muschket, Matthias, Neumann, Michael, Neveu, Vanessa, Ng, Kelsey, Oberacher, Herbert, O’Brien, Jake, Oswald, Peter, Oswaldova, Martina, Picache, Jaqueline A., Postigo, Cristina, Ramirez, Noelia, Reemtsma, Thorsten, Renaud, Justin, Rostkowski, Pawel, Rüdel, Heinz, Salek, Reza M., Samanipour, Saer, Scheringer, Martin, Schliebner, Ivo, Schulz, Wolfgang, Schulze, Tobias, Sengl, Manfred, Shoemaker, Benjamin A., Sims, Kerry, Singer, Heinz, Singh, Randolph R., Sumarah, Mark, Thiessen, Paul A., Thomas, Kevin V., Torres, Sonia, Trier, Xenia, van Wezel, Annemarie P., Vermeulen, Roel C. H., Vlaanderen, Jelle J., von der Ohe, Peter C., Wang, Zhanyun, Williams, Antony J., Willighagen, Egon L., Wishart, David S., Zhang, Jian, Thomaidis, Nikolaos S., Hollender, Juliane, Slobodnik, Jaroslav, and Schymanski, Emma L.

Subjects
Pharmacology, Ecology, 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified, FOS: Chemical sciences, FOS: Biological sciences, Computational Biology, Marine Biology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Biotechnology, Cancer
Abstract

Additional file 2: Overview of the NORMAN-SLE website (DOCX format) as of 30 May 2022 [82].

Published
2022
Full Text
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